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A&P of Speech and Swallow Mechanism > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the scientific study of the structure of living organisms and the organization and relationships of their parts

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2
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of the developing organism (including embryonic development, and throughout the lifespan)

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3
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

the study of the structure of the nervous system

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4
Q

Applied Anatomy

A

sub-discipline concerned with diagnosis, treatment, management, surgical intervention of these structures

you “apply” your anatomical knowledge in practice…

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5
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

the macroscopic study of organisms, looking at the larger body systems

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6
Q

Anatomic Variability

A

the morphological uniqueness of inherited characteristics, or individual differences in anatomical structures

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7
Q

Physiology

A

the scientific study of the function of living organisms and their parts

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8
Q

Pathology

A

the study of structural and functional changes that are imposed upon living organisms as a result of some type of disease, injury, or disorder (the study of what’s atypical)

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9
Q

Coronal Plane

A

divides the body from front to back

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divides the body from side to side

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11
Q

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A

divides the body from top to bottom

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12
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

towards the front, or belly

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13
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

towards the back, or dorsum

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14
Q

Caudal/Caudad

A

towards the tail

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15
Q

Cranial/Cephalad/Rostral

A

towards the head

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16
Q

Inferior/Infra-

A

below

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17
Q

Superior/Supra-

A

Above

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18
Q

Central

A

located centrally, or towards the middle

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19
Q

Peripheral

A

more superficially located, or away from the center

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20
Q

Lateral

A

towards the sides

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21
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline

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22
Q

Contra-

A

referring to the opposite side

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23
Q

Ipsi-

A

referring to the same side

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24
Q

Deep

A

something away from the body surface, more internal

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25
Q

Superficial

A

something closer to the surface

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26
Q

Ecto-/External/Extra-/Extrinsic

A

referring to something from the outside, or internal

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27
Q

Endo-/Internal/Intra-/Intrinsic

A

referring to something towards the inside

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28
Q

Distal

A

referring to something farther from some point

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29
Q

Proximal

A

referring to something closer to some point

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30
Q

Post-

A

after

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31
Q

Pre-

A

Before

32
Q

Prone

A

referring to the position of being face-down

33
Q

Supine

A

referring to the position of being face-up

34
Q

Axial

A

referring to the skeleton of the head and the trunk

35
Q

Appendicular

A

referring to the limb skeletal system (arms/legs/appendages)

36
Q

Nervous System

A

the overriding system that controls all aspects of speech perception and production, language, hearing, swallowing, phonation

37
Q

Auditory System

A

responsible for speech perception

38
Q

What are the subsystems/phases of speech production?

A

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory systems

39
Q

Respiratory System

A

includes the lungs, thorax, abdominal/back/chest cavity muscles

40
Q

Phonatory System

A

includes the larynx, which houses the vocal folds

41
Q

Articulatory System

A

includes the supralaryngeal vocal tract and articulators (lips, teeth, tongue, etc.)

42
Q

Resonatory System

A

includes the supralaryngeal vocal tract, refers to the actual location of resonance providing the quality of phonation/resonation of typical speech

43
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

lines the surface of the body, the passages that communicate with the external environment, and internal cavities/membranes that are continuous with the skin.

This functions to protect the body and secrete fluids.

44
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue Proper: lines the skin and internal membranes continuous with the skin, reproductive tracts, and digestive tract.
  2. Endothelial Tissue: makes up the lining of the blood vessels and lymph glands (arteries and veins requiring elastic tissue), surrounds connective tissue and smooth muscles
  3. Mesothelial Tissue: lines the internal body cavities and secretes a serous fluid…4 lined cavities are: cardiac cavity, two pleural cavities, and peritoneal cavity
45
Q

Connective Tissue

A

tissues that hold structures together, providing support to body structures and aiding in maintenance

46
Q

Matrix

A

extracellular substance within connective tissue, formed mostly by protein fibers (like collagen) and some fluids

47
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

fills spaces and is considered the “packing material” of the body, helps to bind parts together

48
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

consists of tightly packed bundles of extracellular fibers, including tendons and ligaments and fascia

49
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

includes cartilage and bone

50
Q

Tendons

A

tough, non-elastic cords associated with attaching muscle to bone, muscle to cartilage, or muscle to muscle

51
Q

Ligaments

A

tough cords with elastic fibers joining bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage

52
Q

Fascia

A

fibrous tissue that underlines the skin, helping to separate muscles into functional groups

53
Q

Cartilage

A

a specialized connective tissue that can be rigid, flexible, or semielastic. Three main types are fibrous, hyaline, and elastic cartilage

54
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A

coarse in appearance and slightly compressible, helps to absorb shock in the body and provide cushioning between bones, like the between vertebral disks

55
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

most abundant cartilage in the body. Bluish/whitish in appearance, strong with some amount of flexibility. Found in the rib cage, larynx, and nose

56
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

yellow and opaque in appearance, the most flexible of the cartilage types. Makes up the outer ear and epiglottis

57
Q

Bone

A

comprised of cartilage and matrix, intermixed with minerals (specifically calcium), forming a dense/compact outer layer covered in periosteum and a porous inner region containing the marrow.

These rigid structures provide skeletal support for the body and protection for vital organs. There are 200+ in the body, classified according to shape (flat, long, or short/irregular)

58
Q

Joints

A

connections between bones/cartilages within the body where connected pieces may articulate

Classifications are:

  1. immoveable (fibrous) = synarthrodial, or no articulation
  2. yielding (cartilaginous) = amphiarthrodial, or some articulation but no extreme movement (like the vertebral column)
  3. movable (synovial) = diarthrodial, smooth movments assisted by serous fluid with a greater range of mobility
59
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

involved in all movements and voluntary behaviors, controlled by neural stimulation. This tissue is made up of groups of similar cells that contract together to perform the same function

60
Q

Striated Muscle Tissue

A

makes up skeletal muscles, surrounded by a thin layer of endomysium.

Groups of fasiculi are encased by epimysium, then many of these bundles are encased in fascia to surround and bundle the entire muscle

61
Q

Fasiculi

A

bundles of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

62
Q

Flexion

A

bringing two points together

63
Q

Extension

A

bringing two points apart

64
Q

Neurons

A

communicating, signal-sending cells

65
Q

Glial Cells

A

helper cells to neurons

66
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

synapse between neuron and muscle fiber where a chemical signal is released for the muscle to either contract or remain stable

67
Q

Endoneurium

A

covering of individual nerve fibers/axons in PNS

68
Q

Perineurium

A

covering of groups of nerve fibers, or fascicles

69
Q

Epineurium

A

covering of bundles of fascicles

70
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

fluid tissues functioning to bring food/glucose/O2 to cells, remove waste from the body, distribute heat throughout the body, and defend the body against infection

Some consider this connective tissue

71
Q

Organ

A

two or more tissue types combined to form a functional unit

72
Q

Systems

A

two or more organs combined to form a functional unit

73
Q

What systems make up the vocal tract?

A

the respiratory system, laryngeal system, resonant chambers, and articulators

74
Q

Prosencephalon

A

a smooth, anterior bulge that is the forebrain feature of a developing embryo

75
Q

Trilaminar

A

in reference to a 3-week old embryo that has an outer (ectoderm), middle (mesoderm), and inner (endoderm) layer of cells

76
Q

Oral Groove

A

a primitive mouth caudal to the prosencephalon

77
Q

Notochord

A

develops from the middle layer of cells, or the mesoderm.

Defines the craniocaudal axis, and vertebrae form around its center

A&P of Speech and Swallow Mechanism (4 decks)

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