Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the scientific study of the structure of living organisms and the organization and relationships of their parts
2
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
the study of the structure of the developing organism (including embryonic development, and throughout the lifespan)
3
Q
Neuroanatomy
A
the study of the structure of the nervous system
4
Q
Applied Anatomy
A
sub-discipline concerned with diagnosis, treatment, management, surgical intervention of these structures
you “apply” your anatomical knowledge in practice…
5
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
the macroscopic study of organisms, looking at the larger body systems
6
Q
Anatomic Variability
A
the morphological uniqueness of inherited characteristics, or individual differences in anatomical structures
7
Q
Physiology
A
the scientific study of the function of living organisms and their parts
8
Q
Pathology
A
the study of structural and functional changes that are imposed upon living organisms as a result of some type of disease, injury, or disorder (the study of what’s atypical)
9
Q
Coronal Plane
A
divides the body from front to back
10
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
divides the body from side to side
11
Q
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
A
divides the body from top to bottom
12
Q
Anterior/Ventral
A
towards the front, or belly
13
Q
Posterior/Dorsal
A
towards the back, or dorsum
14
Q
Caudal/Caudad
A
towards the tail
15
Q
Cranial/Cephalad/Rostral
A
towards the head
16
Q
Inferior/Infra-
A
below
17
Q
Superior/Supra-
A
Above
18
Q
Central
A
located centrally, or towards the middle
19
Q
Peripheral
A
more superficially located, or away from the center
20
Q
Lateral
A
towards the sides
21
Q
Medial
A
towards the midline
22
Q
Contra-
A
referring to the opposite side
23
Q
Ipsi-
A
referring to the same side
24
Q
Deep
A
something away from the body surface, more internal
25
Superficial
something closer to the surface
26
Ecto-/External/Extra-/Extrinsic
referring to something from the outside, or internal
27
Endo-/Internal/Intra-/Intrinsic
referring to something towards the inside
28
Distal
referring to something farther from some point
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Proximal
referring to something closer to some point
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Post-
after
31
Pre-
Before
32
Prone
referring to the position of being face-down
33
Supine
referring to the position of being face-up
34
Axial
referring to the skeleton of the head and the trunk
35
Appendicular
referring to the limb skeletal system (arms/legs/appendages)
36
Nervous System
the overriding system that controls all aspects of speech perception and production, language, hearing, swallowing, phonation
37
Auditory System
responsible for speech perception
38
What are the subsystems/phases of speech production?
respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory systems
39
Respiratory System
includes the lungs, thorax, abdominal/back/chest cavity muscles
40
Phonatory System
includes the larynx, which houses the vocal folds
41
Articulatory System
includes the supralaryngeal vocal tract and articulators (lips, teeth, tongue, etc.)
42
Resonatory System
includes the supralaryngeal vocal tract, refers to the actual location of resonance providing the quality of phonation/resonation of typical speech
43
Epithelial Tissue
lines the surface of the body, the passages that communicate with the external environment, and internal cavities/membranes that are continuous with the skin.
This functions to protect the body and secrete fluids.
44
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
1. Epithelial Tissue Proper: lines the skin and internal membranes continuous with the skin, reproductive tracts, and digestive tract.
2. Endothelial Tissue: makes up the lining of the blood vessels and lymph glands (arteries and veins requiring elastic tissue), surrounds connective tissue and smooth muscles
3. Mesothelial Tissue: lines the internal body cavities and secretes a serous fluid...4 lined cavities are: cardiac cavity, two pleural cavities, and peritoneal cavity
45
Connective Tissue
tissues that hold structures together, providing support to body structures and aiding in maintenance
46
Matrix
extracellular substance within connective tissue, formed mostly by protein fibers (like collagen) and some fluids
47
Loose Connective Tissue
fills spaces and is considered the "packing material" of the body, helps to bind parts together
48
Dense Connective Tissue
consists of tightly packed bundles of extracellular fibers, including tendons and ligaments and fascia
49
Specialized Connective Tissue
includes cartilage and bone
50
Tendons
tough, non-elastic cords associated with attaching muscle to bone, muscle to cartilage, or muscle to muscle
51
Ligaments
tough cords with elastic fibers joining bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
52
Fascia
fibrous tissue that underlines the skin, helping to separate muscles into functional groups
53
Cartilage
a specialized connective tissue that can be rigid, flexible, or semielastic. Three main types are fibrous, hyaline, and elastic cartilage
54
Fibrous Cartilage
coarse in appearance and slightly compressible, helps to absorb shock in the body and provide cushioning between bones, like the between vertebral disks
55
Hyaline Cartilage
most abundant cartilage in the body. Bluish/whitish in appearance, strong with some amount of flexibility. Found in the rib cage, larynx, and nose
56
Elastic Cartilage
yellow and opaque in appearance, the most flexible of the cartilage types. Makes up the outer ear and epiglottis
57
Bone
comprised of cartilage and matrix, intermixed with minerals (specifically calcium), forming a dense/compact outer layer covered in periosteum and a porous inner region containing the marrow.
These rigid structures provide skeletal support for the body and protection for vital organs. There are 200+ in the body, classified according to shape (flat, long, or short/irregular)
58
Joints
connections between bones/cartilages within the body where connected pieces may articulate
Classifications are:
1. immoveable (fibrous) = synarthrodial, or no articulation
2. yielding (cartilaginous) = amphiarthrodial, or some articulation but no extreme movement (like the vertebral column)
3. movable (synovial) = diarthrodial, smooth movments assisted by serous fluid with a greater range of mobility
59
Muscle Tissue
involved in all movements and voluntary behaviors, controlled by neural stimulation. This tissue is made up of groups of similar cells that contract together to perform the same function
60
Striated Muscle Tissue
makes up skeletal muscles, surrounded by a thin layer of endomysium.
Groups of fasiculi are encased by epimysium, then many of these bundles are encased in fascia to surround and bundle the entire muscle
61
Fasiculi
bundles of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
62
Flexion
bringing two points together
63
Extension
bringing two points apart
64
Neurons
communicating, signal-sending cells
65
Glial Cells
helper cells to neurons
66
Neuromuscular Junction
synapse between neuron and muscle fiber where a chemical signal is released for the muscle to either contract or remain stable
67
Endoneurium
covering of individual nerve fibers/axons in PNS
68
Perineurium
covering of groups of nerve fibers, or fascicles
69
Epineurium
covering of bundles of fascicles
70
Vascular Tissue
fluid tissues functioning to bring food/glucose/O2 to cells, remove waste from the body, distribute heat throughout the body, and defend the body against infection
Some consider this connective tissue
71
Organ
two or more tissue types combined to form a functional unit
72
Systems
two or more organs combined to form a functional unit
73
What systems make up the vocal tract?
the respiratory system, laryngeal system, resonant chambers, and articulators
74
Prosencephalon
a smooth, anterior bulge that is the forebrain feature of a developing embryo
75
Trilaminar
in reference to a 3-week old embryo that has an outer (ectoderm), middle (mesoderm), and inner (endoderm) layer of cells
76
Oral Groove
a primitive mouth caudal to the prosencephalon
77
Notochord
develops from the middle layer of cells, or the mesoderm.
Defines the craniocaudal axis, and vertebrae form around its center
