Unit 1 Flashcards
Definition: Science
A process/approach to understanding the natural world.
Predominantly evidence based.
Definition: Hypothesis
An idea or possible explanation to the question which hasn’t been tested yet. (Needs to be testable/ plausible)
Definition: Scientific Theory
A hypothesis that has overwhelming evidence that is widely accepted by the general public.
What are the 6 steps to the scientific method?
1-Observation 2-Question 3-Hypothesis 4-Experiment 5-Analysis/result 6-Peer review/replication
Definition: Independent variable
Something that is manipulated in the experiment.
“The independent Variable coincides with the ___ axis.”
X-axis
Definition: Dependent variable
What is being measured as the effect of the controlled experiment.
“The dependent Variable coincides with the ___ axis.”
Y-axis
When do you accept or reject the null or alternative hypothesis?
- If the P-value is low, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
- If the P-value is high, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.
Definition: Molecule
A combination of atoms from a chemical bond
Definition: Organelles
Cell organs
Definition: Cell/s
The smallest/simplest structural and functional unit of life.
Definition: Tissues
A group of cells that merge together to serve a similar function.
Definition: Organs
A collection of tissues that work together to form a structure and serve a similar function.
Definition: Organ system
A collection of organs that work together to serve a function.
Definition: Organism
A single individual.
Definition: Population
A group of organisms of the same species.
Definition: Community
A landscape with all biotic factors.
Definition: Ecosystem
A landscape with all biotic and Abiotic factors.
Definition: Biosphere
Entire planet earth.
Definition: Evolution
The genetic variation that enhances survival and have adapted to changing environments
“With DNA structure, T would connect to ____.”
A
“With DNA structure, C would connect to ____.”
G
“With DNA structure, G would connect to ____.”
C
“With DNA structure, A would connect to ____.”
T
What are 7 properties common to all life?
- Order
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Energy use
- Regulation
- Response to stimuli or environment
- Evolutionary adaptation
Definition: Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells that reproduce Asexually
Definition: Archaea
Prokaryotic cells that look similar to bacteria, but live in very extreme environments (Heat or freezing).
Definition: Eukarya
Eukaryotic cells (Animals, plants, fungi, protists)
Definition: Protist
An “other” category that sums up everything that isn’t a plant, animal, or fungus.
Definition: Prokaryotic cell/s
Very small cells with no membrane-bound organelles. There is no nucleus to sustain DNA.
Definition: Eukaryotic cell/s
A very large cell that has organelles and a nucleus to sustain DNA.
True or False: Controlled variables are something you want to keep constant/unchanged in the experiment.
True
Definition: Experimental group
A group where the independent variable is in effect.
Definition: Confounding variable
variables that affect the result which arent taken into consideration.
Definition: (Ho) Null Hypothesis
There is no difference between the experimental group and the control group.
Definition: (Ha) Alternative Hypothesis
There may be a cause/effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
What were Charles Darwins’ 2 Observations?
1-Members of a population vary in inherited traits. no two individuals will have identical genetics.
2-All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. With competition, there will be winners and losers.
What were Charles Darwins’ 2 Inferences?
1-Individuals who have inherited traits enhance their chances of survival/ability to reproduce.
2-Unequal ability to survive/produce will result in favored traits that enhance the survival of new generations.
Definition: Atom
The smallest unit that retains the chemical properties of an element.
An atom is made up of how many subatomic particles?
3
Definition: Proton
A positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom.
Definition: Neutron
A particle with no charge in the nucleus of the atom.
Definition: Electron
A Negatively charged particle in the orbit of the nucleus.
Definition: Atomic number
The number of protons in an element.
Definition: Atomic Mass
The number of protons + the number of neutrons.
Definition: Isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons as its normal “version”, but the number of neutrons differs.
Definition: Electron Shell/Orbitals
Rings around the nucleus that contain electrons.
Definition: Valence shell
The outermost electron shell.. (Likely to have incomplete orbitals.)
Definition: Octet Rule
The contendancy for atoms to want to fill out their valence shell with the maximum number of electrons.
The outermost shell of the atom can hold a maximum of how many electrons?
8
Definition: Covalent Bond
Share electrons with other atoms to complete orbitals.
Definition: Electro-negativity
An atoms ability to pull on electrons. (Covalent bond).
Definition: Non-polar covalent bond:
A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.
Definition: Polar covalent bond:
Covalent bonds where electrons are not shared equally.
Definition: Ion
An atom/molecule that has some sort of charge positively or negatively. (Results in a gain or loss of electrons.)
Definition: Ionic Bond
When 2 or more ions with opposite charges come together from polar charge attraction.
Definition: Hydrogen bond
Formed by the attraction of opposite charges.
Definition: Chemical reaction
Breaking of existing chemical bonds to rearrange the atoms and form a new chemical bond.
Definition: Molecule cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same type to stick together.
Definition: Adhesion
Molecules that are different stick together.
True or False: Gas/Water vapor molecules are free moving and do not form hydrogen bonds.
True
True or False: Acids consist of a high pH level.
False; Acids consist of the lower portion of the spectrum (1-7).
Definition: Base
A substance with a higher concentration of OH- ions tan H+ or any substance that will donate OH-.
True or False: Water is not capable of ionization.
False
Definition: Isomer
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different shape.
(Different shaped isomers have different functions.)
What are the 4 classes of biological molecules ?
1-Carbohydrates
2-Lipids
3-Acid (Nucleic)
4-Protein
Definition: Micro Molecules
A large organic molecule (Polymer) that is made up of smaller components (monomers).
Definition: Dehydration Synthesis
Links together monomers to create polymers, but a molecule of water needs to be removed.
Definition: Hydrolysis
Removes the connection between monomers to create polymers; by adding water.
Definition: Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides together.
Definition: Polysaccharide
More than two monosaccharides linked together to create a structure or storage.
Definition: Starch
An energy storage structure found in plants.
Definition: Glycogen
A storage structure found in animals.
Definition: Cellulose
Makes up the cell walls of a plant.
Definition: Chitin
Found in exoskeletons of arthropods or fungal cell walls.
What is the structure of a polysaccharide ?
Has multiple strands tied together by hydrogen bonds or durability.
Definition: Lipids
Made up of Hydrologic compounds (Do not mix with water).
What is the function of a fat in the human body ?
Longterm energy storage.
Definition: Unsaturated fat
Fatty acids in a fat molecule that contain more than one double bond of carbon and does not contain the max number of Hydrogen.
Definition: Saturated Fats
Contain the max number of hydrogen but no double bonds. (can become solid and stick to blood vessel walls)
Definition: Trans fats
An unsaturated fat that has been artificially forced into a saturated state by including hydrogen.
Definition: Phospholipids
Components of cell membranes that contain a phosphate group instead of a 3rd party acid chain.
Definition: Steroid
A lipid with a carbon skeleton fused to 4 rings. This functions as a hormone and includes cholesterol.
Definition: Protein
Functionally and structurally the most diverse of the biological molecules by shape/function. (Contains 20 amino acids of different type.)
Definition: Denaturation
When a protein changes its shape/function.
Definition: Nucleic acid
Comes in forms of DNA and RNA. Contains 5 different types of Nitrogen.
Definition: Cell theory
All living things are made up of 1 or more cells and are able to reproduce.
What do both plant and animal cells have in common?
- A plasma membrane
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Cytoplasm
Definition: Ribosome function
Organelles that make protein/s
What structures do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
- Chloroplast
- Cell walls
- Central ventricle
Definition: Nucleus
A membrane that protects the cells DNA. RNA is produced to translate the DNA code “like a zipper”.
Definition: Ribosomes
Organelles made of RNA/proteins that decipher the code from RNA to protein.
Definition: Roles of the Endomembrane System
- Storage
- Protein export
- Distribution
- Synthesis
Definition: Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids and helps to detoxify in the cell.
Definition: Rough ER
Produces new phospholipid. Has ribosomes that help the synthesis of a protein.
How do ribosomes create a protein with Rough ER?
1-Ribosome converts RNA to DNA chain.
2-Sugars added to convert DNA chain to protein.
3-New protein pushed into Rough ER terminal.
4-Protein transported throughout the cell.
Definition: Golgi apparatus
Store and process proteins from transport. “warehouse of the cell.”
Definition: Lysosome
Ingests/digests damaged organelles and recycles them.
Definition: Vacuoles
Large vesicles that help to digest food, store/regulate water.
Definition: Mitochondria
Responsible for cellular respiration from glucose to ATP. The innermost layer has DNA.
Definition: Chloroplast
Converts light energy to glucose in plants. (Has DNA and thylakoids that absorb light.)
Definition: Endosymbiont Theory
Mitochondria/chloroplast were prokaryote cells that created a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells.
Definition: Cytoskeleton
filaments that support the structure of the cell. Anchors organelles and is a “highway” for transport vesicles.
Definition: Microtubules
Is a “highway” for transport vesicles/organelles.
Definition: Intermediate filaments
Reinforces the shape of the cell/anchors organelles.
Definition: Microfilaments
Found in muscle cells help muscles contract.
Definition: Flagella
A long tail-like structure to help with movement.
Definition: Cilia
Tiny hairs that function like miniature legs to help with movement.
