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Biology 100 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition: Science

A

A process/approach to understanding the natural world.

Predominantly evidence based.

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2
Q

Definition: Hypothesis

A

An idea or possible explanation to the question which hasn’t been tested yet. (Needs to be testable/ plausible)

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3
Q

Definition: Scientific Theory

A

A hypothesis that has overwhelming evidence that is widely accepted by the general public.

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4
Q

What are the 6 steps to the scientific method?

A 
1-Observation 
2-Question 
3-Hypothesis 
4-Experiment 
5-Analysis/result
6-Peer review/replication
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5
Q

Definition: Independent variable

A

Something that is manipulated in the experiment.

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6
Q

“The independent Variable coincides with the ___ axis.”

A

X-axis

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7
Q

Definition: Dependent variable

A

What is being measured as the effect of the controlled experiment.

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8
Q

“The dependent Variable coincides with the ___ axis.”

A

Y-axis

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9
Q

When do you accept or reject the null or alternative hypothesis?

A
  • If the P-value is low, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
  • If the P-value is high, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.
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10
Q

Definition: Molecule

A

A combination of atoms from a chemical bond

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11
Q

Definition: Organelles

A

Cell organs

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12
Q

Definition: Cell/s

A

The smallest/simplest structural and functional unit of life.

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13
Q

Definition: Tissues

A

A group of cells that merge together to serve a similar function.

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14
Q

Definition: Organs

A

A collection of tissues that work together to form a structure and serve a similar function.

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15
Q

Definition: Organ system

A

A collection of organs that work together to serve a function.

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16
Q

Definition: Organism

A

A single individual.

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17
Q

Definition: Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species.

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18
Q

Definition: Community

A

A landscape with all biotic factors.

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19
Q

Definition: Ecosystem

A

A landscape with all biotic and Abiotic factors.

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20
Q

Definition: Biosphere

A

Entire planet earth.

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21
Q

Definition: Evolution

A

The genetic variation that enhances survival and have adapted to changing environments

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22
Q

“With DNA structure, T would connect to ____.”

A

A

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23
Q

“With DNA structure, C would connect to ____.”

A

G

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24
Q

“With DNA structure, G would connect to ____.”

A

C

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25
Q

“With DNA structure, A would connect to ____.”

A

T

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26
Q

What are 7 properties common to all life?

A
  • Order
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Energy use
  • Regulation
  • Response to stimuli or environment
  • Evolutionary adaptation
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27
Q

Definition: Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells that reproduce Asexually

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28
Q

Definition: Archaea

A

Prokaryotic cells that look similar to bacteria, but live in very extreme environments (Heat or freezing).

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29
Q

Definition: Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic cells (Animals, plants, fungi, protists)

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30
Q

Definition: Protist

A

An “other” category that sums up everything that isn’t a plant, animal, or fungus.

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31
Q

Definition: Prokaryotic cell/s

A

Very small cells with no membrane-bound organelles. There is no nucleus to sustain DNA.

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32
Q

Definition: Eukaryotic cell/s

A

A very large cell that has organelles and a nucleus to sustain DNA.

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33
Q

True or False: Controlled variables are something you want to keep constant/unchanged in the experiment.

A

True

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34
Q

Definition: Experimental group

A

A group where the independent variable is in effect.

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35
Q

Definition: Confounding variable

A

variables that affect the result which arent taken into consideration.

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36
Q

Definition: (Ho) Null Hypothesis

A

There is no difference between the experimental group and the control group.

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37
Q

Definition: (Ha) Alternative Hypothesis

A

There may be a cause/effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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38
Q

What were Charles Darwins’ 2 Observations?

A

1-Members of a population vary in inherited traits. no two individuals will have identical genetics.
2-All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. With competition, there will be winners and losers.

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39
Q

What were Charles Darwins’ 2 Inferences?

A

1-Individuals who have inherited traits enhance their chances of survival/ability to reproduce.
2-Unequal ability to survive/produce will result in favored traits that enhance the survival of new generations.

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40
Q

Definition: Atom

A

The smallest unit that retains the chemical properties of an element.

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41
Q

An atom is made up of how many subatomic particles?

A

3

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42
Q

Definition: Proton

A

A positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom.

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43
Q

Definition: Neutron

A

A particle with no charge in the nucleus of the atom.

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44
Q

Definition: Electron

A

A Negatively charged particle in the orbit of the nucleus.

45
Q

Definition: Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an element.

46
Q

Definition: Atomic Mass

A

The number of protons + the number of neutrons.

47
Q

Definition: Isotope

A

Atoms with the same number of protons as its normal “version”, but the number of neutrons differs.

48
Q

Definition: Electron Shell/Orbitals

A

Rings around the nucleus that contain electrons.

49
Q

Definition: Valence shell

A

The outermost electron shell.. (Likely to have incomplete orbitals.)

50
Q

Definition: Octet Rule

A

The contendancy for atoms to want to fill out their valence shell with the maximum number of electrons.

51
Q

The outermost shell of the atom can hold a maximum of how many electrons?

A

8

52
Q

Definition: Covalent Bond

A

Share electrons with other atoms to complete orbitals.

53
Q

Definition: Electro-negativity

A

An atoms ability to pull on electrons. (Covalent bond).

54
Q

Definition: Non-polar covalent bond:

A

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.

55
Q

Definition: Polar covalent bond:

A

Covalent bonds where electrons are not shared equally.

56
Q

Definition: Ion

A

An atom/molecule that has some sort of charge positively or negatively. (Results in a gain or loss of electrons.)

57
Q

Definition: Ionic Bond

A

When 2 or more ions with opposite charges come together from polar charge attraction.

58
Q

Definition: Hydrogen bond

A

Formed by the attraction of opposite charges.

59
Q

Definition: Chemical reaction

A

Breaking of existing chemical bonds to rearrange the atoms and form a new chemical bond.

60
Q

Definition: Molecule cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules of the same type to stick together.

61
Q

Definition: Adhesion

A

Molecules that are different stick together.

62
Q

True or False: Gas/Water vapor molecules are free moving and do not form hydrogen bonds.

A

True

63
Q

True or False: Acids consist of a high pH level.

A

False; Acids consist of the lower portion of the spectrum (1-7).

64
Q

Definition: Base

A

A substance with a higher concentration of OH- ions tan H+ or any substance that will donate OH-.

65
Q

True or False: Water is not capable of ionization.

A

False

66
Q

Definition: Isomer

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different shape.
(Different shaped isomers have different functions.)

67
Q

What are the 4 classes of biological molecules ?

A

1-Carbohydrates
2-Lipids
3-Acid (Nucleic)
4-Protein

68
Q

Definition: Micro Molecules

A

A large organic molecule (Polymer) that is made up of smaller components (monomers).

69
Q

Definition: Dehydration Synthesis

A

Links together monomers to create polymers, but a molecule of water needs to be removed.

70
Q

Definition: Hydrolysis

A

Removes the connection between monomers to create polymers; by adding water.

71
Q

Definition: Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides together.

72
Q

Definition: Polysaccharide

A

More than two monosaccharides linked together to create a structure or storage.

73
Q

Definition: Starch

A

An energy storage structure found in plants.

74
Q

Definition: Glycogen

A

A storage structure found in animals.

75
Q

Definition: Cellulose

A

Makes up the cell walls of a plant.

76
Q

Definition: Chitin

A

Found in exoskeletons of arthropods or fungal cell walls.

77
Q

What is the structure of a polysaccharide ?

A

Has multiple strands tied together by hydrogen bonds or durability.

78
Q

Definition: Lipids

A

Made up of Hydrologic compounds (Do not mix with water).

79
Q

What is the function of a fat in the human body ?

A

Longterm energy storage.

80
Q

Definition: Unsaturated fat

A

Fatty acids in a fat molecule that contain more than one double bond of carbon and does not contain the max number of Hydrogen.

81
Q

Definition: Saturated Fats

A

Contain the max number of hydrogen but no double bonds. (can become solid and stick to blood vessel walls)

82
Q

Definition: Trans fats

A

An unsaturated fat that has been artificially forced into a saturated state by including hydrogen.

83
Q

Definition: Phospholipids

A

Components of cell membranes that contain a phosphate group instead of a 3rd party acid chain.

84
Q

Definition: Steroid

A

A lipid with a carbon skeleton fused to 4 rings. This functions as a hormone and includes cholesterol.

85
Q

Definition: Protein

A

Functionally and structurally the most diverse of the biological molecules by shape/function. (Contains 20 amino acids of different type.)

86
Q

Definition: Denaturation

A

When a protein changes its shape/function.

87
Q

Definition: Nucleic acid

A

Comes in forms of DNA and RNA. Contains 5 different types of Nitrogen.

88
Q

Definition: Cell theory

A

All living things are made up of 1 or more cells and are able to reproduce.

89
Q

What do both plant and animal cells have in common?

A
  • A plasma membrane
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
90
Q

Definition: Ribosome function

A

Organelles that make protein/s

91
Q

What structures do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Chloroplast
  • Cell walls
  • Central ventricle
92
Q

Definition: Nucleus

A

A membrane that protects the cells DNA. RNA is produced to translate the DNA code “like a zipper”.

93
Q

Definition: Ribosomes

A

Organelles made of RNA/proteins that decipher the code from RNA to protein.

94
Q

Definition: Roles of the Endomembrane System

A
  • Storage
  • Protein export
  • Distribution
  • Synthesis
95
Q

Definition: Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids and helps to detoxify in the cell.

96
Q

Definition: Rough ER

A

Produces new phospholipid. Has ribosomes that help the synthesis of a protein.

97
Q

How do ribosomes create a protein with Rough ER?

A

1-Ribosome converts RNA to DNA chain.
2-Sugars added to convert DNA chain to protein.
3-New protein pushed into Rough ER terminal.
4-Protein transported throughout the cell.

98
Q

Definition: Golgi apparatus

A

Store and process proteins from transport. “warehouse of the cell.”

99
Q

Definition: Lysosome

A

Ingests/digests damaged organelles and recycles them.

100
Q

Definition: Vacuoles

A

Large vesicles that help to digest food, store/regulate water.

101
Q

Definition: Mitochondria

A

Responsible for cellular respiration from glucose to ATP. The innermost layer has DNA.

102
Q

Definition: Chloroplast

A

Converts light energy to glucose in plants. (Has DNA and thylakoids that absorb light.)

103
Q

Definition: Endosymbiont Theory

A

Mitochondria/chloroplast were prokaryote cells that created a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells.

104
Q

Definition: Cytoskeleton

A

filaments that support the structure of the cell. Anchors organelles and is a “highway” for transport vesicles.

105
Q

Definition: Microtubules

A

Is a “highway” for transport vesicles/organelles.

106
Q

Definition: Intermediate filaments

A

Reinforces the shape of the cell/anchors organelles.

107
Q

Definition: Microfilaments

A

Found in muscle cells help muscles contract.

108
Q

Definition: Flagella

A

A long tail-like structure to help with movement.

109
Q

Definition: Cilia

A

Tiny hairs that function like miniature legs to help with movement.

Biology 100 (2 decks)

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