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Biology 1100 Final > UNIT 03 (Ch 08, 10, 11, 12, 13) > Flashcards

UNIT 03 (Ch 08, 10, 11, 12, 13) Flashcards

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1
Q

autotroph

A

organism that produces organic molecules from small inorganic compounds

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2
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that consumes organic substances or other organisms for food

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3
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

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4
Q

thylakoid

A

disc-shaped, membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place;

(stacks of thylakoids are called grana)

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5
Q

grana

A

stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast

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6
Q

stroma

A

fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place

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7
Q

stomata

A

opening that regulates gas exchange and water evaporation between leaves and the environment, typically situated on the underside of leaves

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8
Q

what are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20

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9
Q

what are the reactants of aerobic respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

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10
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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11
Q

what are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

CO2, H20, ATP

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12
Q

What is the ultimate source of our food and oxygen?

A

the sun

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13
Q

sexual reproduction

A

mixing of genetic material from two individuals to produce genetically unique offspring

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14
Q

asexual reproduction

A

form of reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

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15
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical copies of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere and are created during DNA replication

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16
Q

what holds sister chromatids together?

A

cohesin

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17
Q

What phase does most eukaryotes spend the majority of their life cycle in?

A

interphase

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18
Q

Benign

A

a growth that is not cancerous and does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body

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19
Q

Malignant

A

a growth that is uncontrolled cancerous cells and can spread to nearby tissues or throughout the body

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20
Q

Cell cycle

A

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

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21
Q

Interphase

A

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

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22
Q

g1 phase

A

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

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23
Q

g2 phase

A

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

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24
Q

S phase

A

synthesis (of DNA), stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

25
Q

mitosis (with stages)

A

(also, karyokinesis: mitotic nuclear division) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei;

includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

26
Q

prophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

27
Q

prometaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

28
Q

metaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

29
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

30
Q

telophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

31
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

32
Q

condensin vs cohesin

A

condensin: proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

cohesin: proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together

33
Q

autosome

A

any of the non-sex chromosomes

34
Q

sex chromosome

A

chromosomes that determine a person’s sex

35
Q

Haploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

36
Q

Diploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

37
Q

Somatic cell

A

all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

38
Q

Gametes

A

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

39
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg (embryo)

40
Q

Karyotyping

A

a method to identify traits characterized by chromosomal abnormalities from a single cell.

41
Q

Homologue

A

a gene or biological feature that is descended from a common ancestor.

(The term “homolog” can also refer to a pair of chromosomes that separate during the first meiotic division.)

(Homologous chromosomes are matching pairs of chromosomes inherited from each parent.)

42
Q

locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

43
Q

What is Mendel’s typical experiment

A

cross-breeding pea plants with distinct, contrasting traits (like tall vs. short), allowing them to self-fertilize over multiple generations, and carefully counting the resulting offspring to observe how traits were inherited, revealing patterns of dominant and recessive alleles (P generation: The initial parental plants with contrasting traits. F1 generation: Offspring from the P generation cross, usually displaying only one dominant trait. F2 generation: Offspring from self-fertilizing the F1 generation, where the recessive trait reappears in a predictable ratio.)

44
Q

Dominant

A

a variant of a gene that expresses itself more strongly than other versions of the gene

45
Q

Recessive

A

trait that appears “latent” or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed

46
Q

Allele

A

gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

47
Q

Gene

A

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

48
Q

What is complete dominance inheritance

A

a genetic condition where one allele, completely masks the effect of another (recessive) allele.

49
Q

Carrier (and chances of passing on a disorder)

A

a person who has a mutated gene that causes a disease or trait but does not exhibit symptoms of the disease or trait;

50% chance that the child will be a carrier; 25% chance that the child will develop the disease if both parents are carriers

50
Q

complete dominant

A

a type of inheritance pattern in genetics where one allele is completely dominant over another, masking the recessive allele (ex: specific hair color, skin pigment, and brown eyes. Not all examples of complete dominance are common though. Dwarfism also shows complete dominance, but it is rare.)

51
Q

codominance

A

a type of inheritance where two different versions of a gene, or alleles, are expressed equally in an individual, resulting in both traits appearing.

(ex: a red roan cow and a white roan cow produce a baby that is both red and white)

(ex: A classic example of codominance is a person with AB blood type, where both the A allele and the B allele are expressed equally)

52
Q

incomplete dominant

A

neither allele is dominant so the two alleles combine to create a new phenotype.

(ex: when red and white snapdragon flowers are crossed, resulting in offspring with pink flowers; in this case, neither the red nor white allele is completely dominant, leading to a blended phenotype of pink in the heterozygous offspring)

53
Q

polygenic

A

phenotypic characteristic caused by two or more genes

54
Q

pleiotropy

A

a genetic phenomenon where a single gene or mutation affects multiple traits; Pleiotropy occurs when a DNA variant influences more than one trait. (An example of pleiotropy in humans is phenylketonuria (PKU), a disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This deficiency can lead to multiple phenotypes, including mental retardation, eczema, and pigment defects; also sickle cell, albinism)

55
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

Y

56
Q

Female sex chromosome

A

X

57
Q

why are sex-linked conditions tend to be more common among men than among women

A

Sex-linked conditions are more prevalent in men than women because males only have one X chromosome, so if a recessive gene for a sex-linked condition is present on that X chromosome, it will be expressed, while females, having two X chromosomes, can usually carry a recessive gene without showing the condition as they have a normal copy on the other X chromosome to compensate

58
Q

karyotype

A

an individual’s chromosome number and appearance;

includes the size, banding patterns, and centromere position; a genetic test that examines the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of cells from the body. It can help identify genetic problems that cause disorders or diseases, such as birth defects, cancer, or infertility.

Biology 1100 Final (4 decks)

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