Unit 02 (04, 05, 06, 07, 09)

Question 1

nucleoid

Answer 1

central part of a prokaryotic cell’s central part where the chromosome is located

Question 2

what type of cells have a nucleoid

Answer 2

prokaryotic

Question 3

what organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

Answer 3

plant cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, central vacuole

Question 4

what organelles do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?

Answer 4

centrosomes, lysosomes

Question 5

nucleus function

Answer 5

houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis

Question 6

nucleolus function

Answer 6

assembles ribosome subunits

Question 7

golgi apparatus function

Answer 7

sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

Question 8

lysosome function

Answer 8

digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

Question 9

contractile vacuole function

Answer 9

an osmoregulatory vesicle; maintains water pressure

Question 10

ribosome function

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

mitochondria function

Answer 11

carries out cellular respiration, creates ATP

Question 12

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 12

describes the plasma membrane’s structure as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity)

Question 13

selectively permeable

Answer 13

membrane characteristic that allows some substances through (also known as semipermeable)

Question 14

what is the difference between passive and active transport (energy and concentration gradient)?

Answer 14

passive transport moves with the concentration gradient and requires no energy; active transport moves against the gradient requiring energy

Question 15

passive transport

Answer 15

method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy; moves along/with the concentration gradient and requires no energy to move

Question 16

active transport

Answer 16

method of transporting material that requires energy; material moves against the concentration gradient and requires energy to move

Question 17

osmosis

Answer 17

transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the water’s concentration gradient across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane

Question 18

diffusion

Answer 18

passive transport process of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient

Question 19

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 19

lysis of the cell, bloat/burst

Question 20

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 20

cell will shrivel/shrink

Question 21

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a isotonic solution?

Answer 21

nothing

Question 22

what molecules function for membrane transport?

Answer 22

transport protein
membrane protein that facilitates a substance’s passage across a membrane by binding it

Question 23

endocytosis

Answer 23

type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell

Question 24

exocytosis

Answer 24

process of passing bulk material out of a cell (Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the plasma membrane’s interior.)

Question 25

pinocytosis

Answer 25

“cell drinking”. a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid (Pinocytosis results in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to merge with a lysosome)

Question 26

phagocytosis

Answer 26

(the condition of “cell eating”) is the process by which a cell takes in large particles, such as other cells or relatively large particles.

Question 27

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 27

variation of endocytosis that involves using specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles

Question 28

hypotonic solution

Answer 28

situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell (In living systems, the point of reference is always the cytoplasm, so the prefix hypo- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower solute concentration, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.)

Question 29

hypertonic solution

Answer 29

situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell (cytoplasm), resulting in water moving out of the cell; Because the cell has a relatively higher water concentration, water will leave the cell.

Question 30

isotonic solution

Answer 30

the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. If the cell’s osmolarity matches that of the situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net water movement into or out of the cell

Question 31

endergonic

Answer 31

describes chemical reactions that require energy input; have a positive ∆G (energy is entering the system)

Question 32

exergonic

Answer 32

describes chemical reactions that release free energy; have a negative ∆G (Think: exergonic means energy is exiting the system. We also refer to these reactions as spontaneous reactions, because they can occur without adding energy into the system.)

Question 33

enzyme’s function

Answer 33

reduces the activation energy required to reach the transition state (Enzymes do this by binding to the reactant molecules, and holding them in such a way as to make the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.)

Question 34

oxidation reaction

Answer 34

strips an electron from an atom in a compound

Question 35

reduction reaction

Answer 35

The addition of an electron stripped from one compound to another compound

Question 36

redox reaction

Answer 36

chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

Question 37

metabolic pathway common to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Answer 37

glycolysis

Question 38

Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Answer 38

O2

Question 39

glycolysis

Answer 39

process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

Question 40

electron transport chain

Answer 40

group of proteins between PSII and PSI that pass energized electrons and use the energy released by the electrons to move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid lumen