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AP Psych Vocab > Unit 0 VOCAB > Flashcards

Unit 0 VOCAB Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent Variable

A

Factor manipulated in experiment

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

what is measured in experiment

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3
Q

Experiment vs. Non-experimental

A

E) researcher has control over experiment
NE). researcher is just observing

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4
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

observation naturally recorded w/out manipulation

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5
Q

Meta-analysis

A

statistically combined research

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6
Q

Confounding Variable

A

3rd Variable; influenced study and both independent and dependent variable (ex: biological diff)

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7
Q

Random assignment

A

assigning groups to minimize differences in groups

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8
Q

Population

A

group being studied

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9
Q

Sample

A

selecting participant of pop.to research and study

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10
Q

Random Sampling

A

random to represent it the pop. better b/c every participant has and equal chance

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11
Q

Convenience Samples

A

Samples selected b/c they are easy to study

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12
Q

Sampling Bias

A

B/c a specific participant is more liked they are a larger part of the study which results in an unrepresentative sample

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13
Q

Representative sample

A

group that closely matches the characteristics of majority of pop.

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14
Q

Generalizability

A

samples observation can be generalized for broader pop.

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15
Q

Experimental Group

A

group exposed to independent variable

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16
Q

Controlled Group

A

group not exposed to independent variable

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17
Q

Placebo group

A

a group receives an inert substance (placebo) instead of active drug

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18
Q

Placebo effect

A

participants react diff. b/c they know of treatment

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19
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

Subject of experiment doesn’t know what treatment group they are in

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20
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Both researcher and subject don’t know what treatment group they’re in

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21
Q

Experimental Bias

A

Influence of researcher/experimenter on an experiment/study

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22
Q

Case Study

A

Technique w/ individual or group

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23
Q

Correlation

A

Studying how 2 factors effect and influence another

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24
Q

Positive Correlation

A

when the two variables move in the same direction

25
Q

Negative correlation

A

value of 1 variable increases as the value of the other decreases

26
Q

Directionality problem

A

2 variables are related cause & effect is undetermined

27
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

third variable leads to mistaken causal relationship between 2 other variables

28
Q

Scatterplots

A

graphed cluster of dots which shows relationships b/w 2 variable

29
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

statistical index relationship b/w 2 things (from -1.00 to 1.00)

30
Q

Qualatitative measures

A

rating scale; measures/surveys participants’ opinions, attitudes, motivations, and more.

31
Q

Quanitative measures (e.g. structured interviews)

A

data taken from obs, interview, or open-ended question

32
Q

Surveys

A

self reported data of a participant through q&a’s

33
Q

Framing

A

how a situation is posed; how a question is worded influenced result/data

34
Q

Social desirability bias

A

participants change answers to appeal to others (inconclusive data)

35
Q

Self-Report Bias

A

self report characteristic v. obs from researchers (may lead to inconclusive data)

36
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction, often a theory

37
Q

Falsifiability

A

assertion, hypothesis, or theory can be shown to be false by an observation or experiment

38
Q

Operational definitions

A

exact statement of procedures/operations

39
Q

Replication and Peer review

A

repeating study usually w/ diff participants (to find trends)

40
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

safely and responsibly conduct a research study or provide treatments to clients

41
Q

Institutional review board

A

protect rights of pop. in research activities being conducted under its authority

42
Q

Informed consent

A

giving info to participants so they know if they want to participant

43
Q

Informed assent

A

process in which minors can choose to participate

44
Q

Protection From Harm

A

researcher must not embarrass, frighten, offend or harm participants

45
Q

Confidentiality of participants

A

prevent the identities of participants from being revealed

46
Q

Minimal deception

A

if participants are deceived is must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent

47
Q

Confederates

A

individuals who seem to be participants but are part of research team

48
Q

Debriefing

A

post-experiment explanation of study

49
Q

Central tendency

A

stat that identifies single value as rep. of the entire distribution of data

50
Q

Measures of variation

A

range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation

51
Q

Normal curve

A

bell shaped curve that describes distribution of many diff data

52
Q

Positive and negative skews

A
53
Q

Bimodal distributions

A

2 diff groups are visible in a histogram

54
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

variables much higher or lower than the mean are often much closer to the mean when measured a second time

55
Q

Statistical significance

A

result from data generated is likely to be attributable to a specific cause

56
Q

Effect sizes

A

tells how meaningful relationship between groups and variable are

57
Q

Cognitive biases

A

human thinking and reasoning that often do not comply with study values

58
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that supports preconceptions (distorted contradictory evidence)

AP Psych Vocab (2 decks)

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