Unit 0: Research Flashcards
informed consent (ethics)
a doctor explaining to a patient about the potential risks and benefits of a proposed surgery, including alternative treatment options, before asking them to sign a consent form
informed assent (ethics)
I have been encouraged to ask questions and all of my questions have been answered to my satisfaction.
confidentiality (ethics)
a student supervisor’s discussion of a client/patient record for the purposes of education in a university clinic is not a violation of confidentiality
anonymity (ethics)
names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, or videos.
deception (ethics)
one study team member tells participants that they will be engaged in a cooperative task with other participants
debriefing (ethics)
can be used during an experiment whereby the researchers had to use some form of deception for the purpose of the study
correlation (correlation)
the height and weight of a person are related, and taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people
positive correlation (correlation)
The more hours an employee works, for instance, the larger that employee’s paycheck will be at the end of the week
negative correlation (correlation)
The more it rains, the less you can water the garden. The more you cook at home, the less you might eat out
scatterplot (correlation)
visualizing the relationship between a person’s height and their weight
correlation coefficient (correlation)
when two stocks move in the same direction, the correlation coefficient is positive
illusory correlation (correlation)
if an individual has a bad experience with a lawyer and they immediately assume all lawyers are bad people
regression towards the mean
(correlation)
a student who gets a surprisingly high grade on a quiz will probably score closer to their average on the next quiz, even if they study the same amount
descriptive statistics (statistics)
the average height of a group of people
measure of central tendency (statistics)
mean (average), median (middle value), and mode (most frequent value)
mode (statistics)
the most often occurring number in a data set
mean (statistics)
the average value in a set of data
median (statistics)
the middle of a set of numbers
range (statistics)
a statistical value that describes the difference between the largest and smallest values
skewed distribution (statistics)
income and wealth are classic examples of right skewed distributions
measures of variation (statistics)
the range, the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set
standard deviation (statistics)
The data follows a normal distribution with a mean score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
percentile rank (statistics)
a student scoring at the 35th percentile scored as well as, or better than, 35 percent of students in the norm group
normal curve (statistics)
used to characterize complex constructs containing continuous random variables
inferential statistics (statistics)
the practice of using sampled data to draw conclusions
statistically significant (statistics)
it’s unlikely to be explained solely by chance
qualitative data (experiment)
information about someone’s experiences, thoughts, and feelings that can’t be easily measured with numbers
quantitative data (experiment)
information that can be measured and expressed as numbers
experiment (experiment)
an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested
experimental group (experiment)
if someone wanted to see if music helps people sleep longer
control group (experiment)
If you want to explore the effect of salt on plant growth, the control group would be a set of plants
random assignment (experiment)
if doctors want to know whether a medication causes patients to be cured
independent variable (experiment)
if someone were studying the effect of different dosages to treat symptoms, the independent variable would be the dose
dependent variable (experiment)
if someone was studying the effects of pollution on asthma, the incidence of asthma would be the dependent variable
confounding variable (experiment)
the relationship between ice cream sales and shark attacks
third variable (experiment)
correlation between the number of fire hydrants in a city and the number of dogs in a city
placebo effect (experiment)
a sugar pill that’s used in a control group during a clinical trial
longitudinal design (experiment)
You are studying the effect of low-carb diets on weight loss
cross sectional design (experiment)
a data collection of smoking habits and lung cancer incidence in a given population
cross sequential design (experiment)
studying the impact of a new educational program on different age groups of students by first collecting data
single blind (experiment)
Yogurt Tasting
double blind (experiment)
the researchers who interact with the participants would not know who was receiving the actual drug and who was receiving a placebo
research confederates (research)
when a male confederate interacted with a baby, women liked him better than when he ignored the baby
critical thinking (research)
feminist, radical educational, and participatory action research
cognitive bias (research)
stereotype that women are less competent or less committed to their jobs
hindsight bias (research)
if you type the question “are dogs better than cats?” into an online search engine, articles that argue in favor of dogs will appear first
confirmation bias (research)
the tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our preexisting beliefs
overconfidence bias (research)
the tendency people have to be more confident in their own abilities, such as driving
theory (research)
systems of ideas that can explain certain aspects of human thoughts, behaviors and emotions
hypothesis (research)
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
falsifiability (research)
the idea that a theory or statement can be proven wrong
replicate (research)
a way to test an existing experiment result in order to reproduce similar results using similar conditions and methods
operational definition (research)
describes behavior so that it is observable and measurable
case study (research)
the use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon
naturalistic observation (research)
a qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings
survey (research)
a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals
population (research)
all individuals who share particular characteristics and can be considered as part of a larger group from which samples are drawn
sample (research)
the method by which participants are selected to be included in a study
random sample (research)
a sampling technique where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
representative sample (research)
a subset of a population that seeks to accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger group
sampling bias (research)
the collection of samples that do not accurately represent the entire group
convenience sample (research)
a qualitative research sampling strategy that involves selecting participants based on their accessibility and availability to the researcher
social desirability bias (research)
tendency to underreport socially undesirable attitudes and behaviors
self report bias (research)
the tendency of individuals to provide inaccurate or distorted information about themselves, their behaviors, or their experiences when asked to self-report
experimenter bias (research)
a type of cognitive bias that occurs when experimenters allow their expectations to affect their interpretation of observations
