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BIOL2030 > Unicellular eukaryotes/ Phylum Porifera (Sponges) > Flashcards

Unicellular eukaryotes/ Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoplasm

A
  • gel like, plasmagel that provides structure
  • Filamentous actin
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2
Q

Endoplasm

A
  • fluid like, plasmasol
  • Globular actin
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3
Q

Filopodia

A
  • much slimmer than lobopodia, contain only ectoplasm and lack hyaline cap
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4
Q

Reticulopodia

A
  • elaborate, extremely think filaments that branch and coalesce (extends and reduces) repeatedly in highly complex patterns
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5
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • can synthesize their own food
  • they do not eat other organisms or substances derived from them
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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A
  • obtain organic molecules synthesized by other organisms
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7
Q

phagotroph (holozoic)

A
  • ingest visible particles
  • phagocytosis and endocytosis
  • LOBOPODIA extended around particle
    ** Amoebas use lobopodia for feeding
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8
Q

osmotroph (saprozoic)

A
  • ingest soluble food
  • you can’t see the food because it is already dissolved in water
  • pinocytosis
  • endocytosis
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9
Q

Why are autotrophs flexible?

A
  • they have chloroplasts and can perform photosynthesis
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10
Q

Euglena viridis

A
  • Normally photoautotrophic
  • contain chloroplasts
  • WHEN THEY ARE KEPT IN DARK, IT BECOMES OSMOTROPHIC but they are norMally PHOTOAUTOTROPH!!!!
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11
Q

Feeding Mechanisms of Unicellular eukaryotes

A
  • Didinium
  • Stentor
  • Suctorian
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12
Q

Didinium

A

Free living ciliophoran that uses a non-ciliated cytopharynx (nose) to engulf prey. A voracious predator of paramecium.

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13
Q

Stentor (Vorticella)

A

Free-living ciliophoran that transforms into a horn like structure. Utilizes cilia to generate feeding current towards horn

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14
Q

Suctorian

A

Sessile. Utilizes tentacles to snag
other protozoans and suck their cytoplasm.

  • THEY JUST SIT AND WHEN SOMETHING MOVES AROUND, THEY TRAP THEM
  • tentacles are hollow
  • the knobby tips of the
    tentacles have an opening and
    contain haptocysts
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15
Q

EXOCYTOSIS

A
  • EXCRETION
  • Elimination of undigested material within digestive vacuole occurs via fusion with cell surface
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16
Q

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

A

-EXCRETION
- Metabolic wastes (eg., end products of nitrogen metabolism, such as ammonia) diffuses across cell membrane

17
Q

CYTOPROCT

A
  • EXCRETION
  • Permanent excretory pore (usualy stays in one place)
  • Waste material accumulates in a vacuole adjacent to the cytoproct and is periodically discharged (eg., in ciliates)
18
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

commonly found in freshwater unicellular eukaryotes and generally absent in marine/ parasitic forms

-dilution in cytoplasm by loss of ion and osmosis leads to death, so;
- they are more found in freshwater unicellular eukaryotes because contractile vacuoles collect excess water and pumps it out of the cell

19
Q

Hydromineral balance is regulated by?

A

specialized organelles called contractile vacuoles

20
Q

What does filling and expulsion rates depend on in Osmoregulation?

A
  • organism size (contractile vacuole is faster in smaller organisms
  • ionic/osmotic gradient
21
Q

What are Phylum Porifera (Sponges)?

A
  • They are sessile multicellular organisms with no organs.
22
Q

What are Filter feeders?

A

In Sponges (Phylum porifera), it is a SYSTEM OF CANALS through which water is pumped into the body and food particles collected.
- possess functionally distinct cell types

23
Q

What are the distinct cell types of Phylum Porifera (Sponges)?

A
  • Choanocytes
  • Archeotypes
  • Secretory cells
24
Q

Choanocytes (pass down food vacuoles)

A

In Phylum Porifera (Sponges), they are responsible for collecting food.
- THEY ARE FEEDING BY FILTERING PARTICLES OUT OF WATER.
- Ovoid cells that line canal system and chambers

2 parts:
- exposed end (a collar forming a filtering device)
- embedded end

  • flagellar motion pulls water through a “filter”
25
Q

Archeotypes

A
  • In Phylum Porifera (Sponges), they are responsible for digesting food.
  • THEY ARE THE STEM CELLS OF SPONGES (TOTIPOTENT)
    ***** GIVE RISE TO OTHE CELL TYPES IN SPONGE
  • They receive and digest food particles from choanocytes
  • Amoeboid cells move through gelatinous matrix (mesohyl) in sponge
26
Q

Secretory cells

A
  • Produce spicules through secretions
  • THEY ARE THE SKELETONS OF SPONGES THAT PROVIDE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

SPICULES:
- Mineral (calcium)
- Protein (collagen, spongin)

27
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of secretory cells?

A

a. Sclerocytes (mineral spicules)
b. Spongocytes (spongin spicules)
c. Collencytes (collagen spicules)

28
Q

Pinacocytes

A
  • Form a protective lining (pinacoderm) that faces the external environment
  • also line some internal canals where choanocytes are present
29
Q

Porocytes

A
  • only found in some sponges (Asconoid)
  • form channels in pinacoderm through which water flows to the inside of the sponge (Ostia)
30
Q

Asconoids

A
  • flagellated spongocoels
31
Q

Syconoids

A
  • flagelleted canals
32
Q

Leuconoids

A
  • flagellated chambers
  • most sponges are leuconoid
  • usually have more than 1 osculum
  • NO SPONGOCOEL
33
Q

What is asexual reproduction in a sponge?

A
  1. Gemmules
  2. Fragmentation
  3. Budding
34
Q

Gemmules

A
  • archaeotypes cluster together inside the sponge and phagocytose (engulf) other cells to store nutrients
  • cells on outer perimeter secrete thick protective covering of spongin with (capsule)
  • well developed system in freshwater sponges
  • habitat prone to seasonal freezing and periodic desiccation
  • some marine sponges have less developed mechanism
35
Q

Sexual reproduction in sponges

A

elusive processes because no specific reproductive structure

  • Viviparous sponges (usually monoecious)
  • Oviparous sponges (usually dioecious)
36
Q

Viviparous sponges (usually monoecious)

A
  • sperm formed from choanocytes (spermatocysts= special flagellated chamber)
  • eggs formed from archeotypes (sometimes choanocytes), distributed throughout mesohyl
  • parenchymula: flagellated larvae
37
Q

Oviparous sponges (usually dioecious)

A
  • release egg and sperm to the environment (usually a mass population event at one time of the year)
  • fertilization and development all occur in the environment
  • eggs with nurse cells snag sperm of other individuals and soon become negatively buoyant and sink

Male sponge: sperm release
Female sponge: egg release

BIOL2030 (3 decks)

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