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BIOL2030 > Animal architecture and Unicellular eukaryotes > Flashcards

Animal architecture and Unicellular eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasmic level of organization

A
  • All life functions within a cell
  • Differentiated organelles that perform specific functions
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2
Q

Cellular level of organization

A
  • Aggregation of cells exhibiting functional differentiation
  • Division of labor between cells (eg., reproduction, nutrition)
  • CELLS NOT ORGANIZED INTO TISSUES
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3
Q

Cell-tissue level of organization

A

-Aggregation of cells into tissues
- tissues are defined by patterns and layers

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4
Q

Tissue-organ level of organization

A

-Aggregation of tissues into organs
- Organs are made up of more than one kind of tissue (parenchyma and stroma)

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5
Q

parenchyma

A

cells that carry out main function of the organ (ie., secreting cells of pancreas: insulin)

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6
Q

stroma

A

cells/ connective tissue that support organ structure (ie., capsuled pancreas: provide structural support for pancreas)

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7
Q

Which organs work together to constitute the digestive system?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, esophagus, intestine, pharynx, stomach)
  2. Accessory digestive organs ( salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas)
  • both carry out nutrition in the body
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8
Q

Tissue

A
  • An organization of like cells
  • The fundamental structure of which animal organs are composed
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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Sheet of cells that cover an external or internal surface
  • Different types exist
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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse group of tissues, specialized to bind and support other tissues
- collagen is main protein

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11
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Specialized for voluntary and involuntary movement of various organs

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Specialized for reception and conduction of stimuli and impulses

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13
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A
  • flattened cells (like carpet)
  • facilitates movement of gases and other molecules (blood, capillaries, lungs)
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14
Q

simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • short, boxlike cells
  • active secretory of absorptive functions (kidney, salivary glands)
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15
Q

simple columnar epithelia

A
  • tall elongated cells
  • often associated with highly absorptive surfaces (intestinal tract)
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16
Q

stratified squamous epithelia

A
  • layered to withstand mild mechanical abrasion (layers of cells on top of one another)
  • basal cells push upward (oral cavity, esophagus)
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17
Q

Transitional epithelia

A
  • stratified but specialized to accomodate stretching (urinary tract, bladder)
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18
Q

Noncellular components

A
  • remove cells from fluids and connective tissues
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19
Q

Body fluids

A
  • Multicellular animals contain two fluid compartment:
    1. intracellular space (within cells)
    2. extracellular space (outside cells)
20
Q

Blood plasma

A

fluid portion of blood outside cells
- extracellular space

21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

occupies space surrounding cells

22
Q

extracellular structural elements

A

SUPPORTIVE MATERIAL
- loose connective “tissue”
- cartilage
- bone
-cuticle

23
Q

Asymmetry

A

no body axis and no plane of symmetry

24
Q

Spherical symmetry

A
  • any plane passing through center divides equally
  • rare, only found in unicellular eukaryotes (radiolarians)
  • no differentiation along an axis
25
Q

Radial symmetry

A
  • divided equally by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis
  • rare, eg., polyps, some sponges
  • most forms are modified (pentaradial)
26
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A
  • body parts oriented around a single anterior to posterior axis
  • division around the saggital plane results in two equal halves
  • associated with cephalization
  • animal usually moves head first such that the anterior of the animal confronts environment first
27
Q

The coelom

A
  • fluid filled cavity between outer body wall and gut
  • enables internal organ to grow larger and become more sophisticated
  • fluid cushions internal organs which prevents injury
  • allows compartmentalization of body parts
  • acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, providing support for soft-bodied animals
28
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • no true coelom (no body cavity)
  • region between the ectoderm and gut are occupied
  • FLATWORM
  • parenchyma (mesoderm)
29
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • possess a pseudocoel
  • “tube within a tube” arrangement
  • ROUNDWORM
  • no peritoneum (no cellular membrane derived from mesoderm)
30
Q

Coelomate

A
  • true coelom lined with peritoneum
  • EARTHWORM
31
Q

What is the body cavity within bilateral animals?

A

The coelom

32
Q

Paraphyletic group

A
  • most recent common ancestor is also the ancestor of animals, plants and fungi
  • the group does not include all the descendants of the common ancestor
  • NOT A CLADE
33
Q

What are the three locomotions in unicellular eukaryotes?

A
  • Ciliary motion
  • Flagellar motion
  • Amoeboid motion
34
Q

Ciliary motion

A

Cilia: hair-like outgrowths from surface of the cell
- fastest ciliates are up to 720 cm/h
- CILIATES ARE THE FASTES UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES

35
Q

Flagellar motion

A

Flagella: whip-like outgrowth from surface of cell
- fastest flagellate up to 72 cm/h
- Flagellates are only 1/10 the speed of ciliates

36
Q

Amoeboid locomotion

A

Pseudopodia: a free form projection of the cell
- Pseudopodia are extremely slow (only 1.8 cm/h top speed)

37
Q

Ciliary locomotion

A

A cilium propels water parallel to the surface of attachment
- provides the means for ‘directed’ movement
- prevents stagnant layer of water accumulating around the body

38
Q

Ciliary beating (circular motion)

A

a circular motion with 2 components:
- power stroke
- recovery stroke

39
Q

Power stroke

A

stiffened cilia propel water parallel to cell surface

  • moves from the left
40
Q

recovery stroke

A

cilia bends towards body to reduce resistance

  • moves to right direction
41
Q

What is ciliary locomotion?

A
  • the body of is covered with cilia and the movement of organism is achieved by ciliary beating
42
Q

What is metachronal beating?

A

sequential action as opposed to synchronizing
- Cilia beat can reverse permitting
avoidance reaction
- Cilia beat obliquely (i.e. at an angle),
therefore organism moves in a spiral path

43
Q

Flagellar locomotion

A

Flagellum propels water parallel to the main axis of the flagellum
- bending in opposite directions along the flagellum to produce a wave action along the flagellum
- flagellated cells usually have only a few flagella or even just a single flagellum

44
Q

Tractellum

A
  • a flagellum that draws water toward and over the cell body
45
Q

What is the direction of movement in sessile flagellates?

A
  • Moves water across cell surface
    (i.e. prevents stagnation)
  • Brings food particles towards
    the organism
46
Q

Pulsellum

A

– a flagellum that
propels the cell in a cell body
first direction.

In free-living flagellates:
- Moves organism through
water like a tadpole

47
Q

AMOEBOID LOCOMOTION

A
  • Classic amoeboid locomotion uses cytoplasmic
    streaming & large blunt pseudopodia (lobopodia)

2 forms of actin:
- Globular actin (endoplasm: fluid state, plasmasol): subunits dissociated
- Filamentous actin (ectoplasm: gel-like, plasmagel); subunits into filamets, filaments crosslink

BIOL2030 (3 decks)

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