UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 3rd Flashcards
The two of the most-debated views about beauty are?
- Beauty is objective
- Beauty is subjective
Who said “Beauty is when you can appreciate yourself. When you love yourself, that’s when you’re most beautiful.”
Zoe Kravitz
___ ________ asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful. He believed it to be the latter.
St. Augustine
_______ asserted that the chief form of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical sciences.
Aristotle
______ connected beauty as a response to love and desire. He asserted that beauty exists in the realm of Forms, and that objects are found beautiful because they are a reflection of the idea of beauty that already exists in the realm of Forms.
Plato
The two most-debated views about beauty are:
- Beauty is objective
- Beauty is subjective
“Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty, and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others”
David Hume
judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective”
Immanuel Kant
The term for makeup Egyptian hieroglyphic is derived from the root “______,” which means “to write, to engrave
sesh
Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks. In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on “looks” ____% of the time.
90
“The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight, however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the case with hearing: hearing music does not necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from the hearing” (Inquiry L. 1. X).
Francis Hutcheson
Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks. In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on “looks” 90% of the time.
These study results can be attributed to a cognitive bias called the “____ ______.”
halo effect
A ______ _______ is an error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information.
cognitive bias
The ____ ______ (also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle) refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive.
halo effect
evolutionary psychology found that faces hold certain fundamental and important characteristics that could indicate a person’s quality as a romantic partner and as a mate. Among the most important and consistent factors in facial attractiveness are structural qualities of the face. These structural qualities are also ___-______.
sex-typical
in the eyes of ______ experimental participants, an attractive man is generally one with relatively prominent cheekbones and eyebrow ridges and a relatively long lower face.
female
_____ raters generally found women to be attractive with prominent cheekbones, large eyes, small nose, a taller forehead, smooth skin, and an overall young or even childlike appearance.
male
Our ______ sculpt our faces. These sex-typical facial features of adult men and women are the result of the testosterone to estrogen ratio or estrogen to testosterone, respectively, acting on the individual during development. We are programmed to be drawn to strong indicators of (for women) and femaleness (for men) partly because they reflect an individual’s health (Fink & Penton- Voak, 2002).
hormones
A full-lipped, cheek-chiseled man in Ancient _______ knew two things that his beauty was a blessing (a gift of the gods no less) and that his perfect exterior hid an inner perfection
For the ______ a beautiful body was considered direct evidence of a beautiful mind. They even had a word for meant being gorgeous to look at, and hence being a good person
Greece and Greeks
______ has a significant impact on how a person feels about himself or herself, as well as his or her body image.
Culture
_____ _______ can either be a positive or a negative influence on body image and on self-esteem. Body image is generally defined as how one thinks and feels toward one’s body (Yam, 2013; Cash & Smolak, 2011).
Cultural traditions
The term self-esteem was coined by ____ _____ in 1800.
William James
The term ____-______ was coined by William James in 1800. James presented _____-_______ as the number of successes a person achieves in the domains of life that are important to him or her, divided by the number of failures that occurred in those areas
self-esteem
In the 1960s. _____ _______ defined self-esteem in terms of an attitude concerning one’s worth as a person (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem is about how you value yourself and how you feel others value you. Self-esteem is important because it can affect your mental health as well as how you behave.
behavioral scientists
____ ______ is how you view your physical body, whether you feel you are attractive. and how you feel some other people like your looks. For many people (especially teenagers) ____ _____ is closely linked to self-esteem.
Body image
If you have a _____ _____ ________, you probably like and accept yourself the way you are, even if you do not fit the popular notion of “beautiful” or “handsome.” This healthy attitude allows you to explore some other aspects of growing up, such as developing good friendships, becoming more independent from your parents, and challenging yourself physically and mentally. Developing these parts of yourself can help boost your self- esteem.
positive body image
_____ _______ is extremely important. You must also understand that you need to know the correct definition of ____ _____- so that your self-esteem will not suffer.
Physical beauty
A ___-____ ______ happens when your looks do not match your beauty standards. For example, if you believe that being thin is sexy and attractive, yet you are not thin (in fact you are on the heavier side) then you might believe you are unattractive (even though there are others who find you attractive).
self-image problem
The problem here is with your own beauty standards and not with your looks. To have a positive self-image and a higher self-esteem you must fix your false beliefs about ____ _____ first.
physical attractiveness
The _____ _______ is considered the “fundamental” sex because if a particular chemical prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into females.
female sex
Soon after the fertilization of an egg, the development of the reproductive system begins. For example, approximately one month after conception, _____ ______ also begin to develop. Rapid reproductive development happens inside the mother’s womb; but when the child is born until he/she reaches puberty, there is little change in the reproductive system.
primordial gonads
For a fertilized egg to become male, a cascade of chemical reactions must be present initiated by a single gene in the male Y chromosome called the _____ (____ ______ _______ ___ _________). Females do not have any Y chromosome; hence, they do not have the SRY gene (Lumen Learning Courses, WEB).
SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome)
the male and female embryos the same group of cells that will potentially develop into male or female gonads or sex glands. However, the presence of the SRY gene initiates the development of the ______ while suppressing the vital genes for female development.
testes
the male and female embryos the same group of cells that will potentially develop into male or female gonads or sex glands. However, the presence of the SRY gene initiates the development of the testes while suppressing the vital genes for ______ development.
female
_______ is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature. The outcome of puberty is different for boys and girls, but the hormonal process is similar.
Puberty
______ can be separated into five stages. The characteristics for each stage vary for girls and boys.
Puberty
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ____:
The ovaries enlarge and hormone production starts, but external development is not yet visible.
8 and 11 (STAGE 1) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ___ and ____:
No visible signs of development occur, but internally, male hormones become a lot more active. Sometimes a growth spurt begins at this time.
9 and 12 (STAGE 1) MALE
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ___:
The first external sign of puberty is usually breast development.
At first breast buds develop. The nipples will be tender and elevated.
The area around the nipple (the aureole) will increase in size.
8 and 14 (STAGE 2) FEMALE
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ___:
The first stage of pubic hair may also be present at this time. It may be coarse and curly or fine and straight.
Height and weight increase at this time. The body gets rounder and curvier.
8 and 14 (STAGE 2) FEMALE
What is the area around the nipple called? that will increase in size when in stage 2 of the development in both male and female
the aureole
Approximately between ages __ to ___:
Height increases, and the shape of the body changes.
Muscle tissue and fat develop at this time.
The aureole, the dark skin around the darkens and increases in size.
9 to 15 (STAGE 2) MALE
Approximately between ages __ to ___:
The testicles and scrotum grow, but the penis probably does not.
A little bit of pubic hair begins to grow at the base of the penis.
9 to 15 (STAGE 2) MALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ___:
Breast growth continues, and pubic hair gets coarser and darker.
During this stage, whitish discharge from the vagina may be present.
For some girls, the first menstrual period begins at this time.
9 to 15 (STAGE 3) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ____:
Also, boys continue to grow in height, and even their faces begin to appear more mature.
The shoulders broaden, making the hips look smaller.
Muscle tissue increases, and the voice starts to change and deepen.
Finally, facial hair begins to develop on the upper lip.
11 and 16 (STAGE 3) MALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ____:
The penis starts to grow during this stage. It tends to grow in length rather than width
Pubic hair is getting darker and coarser and spreading to where the legs meet the torso.
11 and 16 (STAGE 3) MALE
Approximately from ages ___ to ____:
Some girls notice that their aureoles get even darker and separate into a little mound rising above the rest of the breast.
Pubic hair may begin to have a more adult triangular pattern of growth.
10 to 16 (STAGE 4) FEMALE
Approximately ___ to ____:
At this time, the penis starts to grow in width, too.
The testicles and scrotum also continue to grow. Hair may begin to grow on the anus.
11 to 17 (STAGE 4) MALE
Approximately from ages ___ to ____:
If it did not happen in Stage Three. menarche (first menstruation) should start now.
Ovulation may start now, too. But it will not necessarily occur on a regular basis. (It is possible to have regular periods even if ovulation does not occur every month.)
10 to 16 (STAGE 4) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ____ and ____:
This is the final stage of development. Full height is reached, and young women are ovulating regularly.
Pubic hair is filled in, and the breasts are developed fully for the body.
12 and 19 (STAGE 5) FEMALE
Approximately ___ to ____:
The texture of the penis becomes more adult-looking, Underarm and facial hair Increases as well.
The first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15 years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual boys.
Skin gets oilier, and the voice continues to deepen.
11 to 17 (STAGE 4) MALE
Approximately ____ to ____
Boys reach their full adult height
Pubic hair and the genitals look like an adult man’s do.
At this too, shaving is a necessity.
Some young men continue to grow past this point, even into their twenties.
14 to 18 (STAGE 5) MALE
The term _____ _______ was popularized in the 1960s and 1970s to describe areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually exciting.
erogenous zones
These areas of the body have a high number of sensory receptors or nerve endings that react to stimuli. These are places where a person is generally more sensitive to both pain and pleasure than in other areas of the body. Professionals usually discuss sensuality in terms of the complex stimuli and associations that give rise to an appreciative response.
erogenous zones “highly sensitive”
The ______ serves as the primary erotic stimulus. Two types of erogenous zones exist in the _____ (Winkelmann, 2004):
skin
What are the two types of erogenous zones in the skin?
- Nonspecific type
- Specific type
a. It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin.
b. The nerves supplying it are composed of the usual density of dermal-nerve networks and hair-follicle networks.
c. The learned and anticipated pleasurable sensations when a stimulus is presented in these produce the amplified sensation.
- Nonspecific type
d. The pleasurable sensation felt from these regions is simply an exaggerated form of tickle.
e. Examples of this type of skin are the sides and back of the neck, the axilla (armpit, underarm) and the sides of the thorax (chest).
- Nonspecific type
a. It is found in the mucocutaneous regions of the body or those regions made both of mucous membrane and of cutaneous skin.
b. These regions favor acute perception.
c. These specific sites of acute sensation are the genital regions, including the prepuce, penis, the female external genitalia (vulva), the perianal skin, lips, and nipples.
- Specific type
The __________ is the retractable fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. Nontechnical name: foreskin. It is also a similar fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris (Collins English Dictionary).
prepuce
The prepuce is the retractable fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. Nontechnical name: _______. It is also a similar fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris (Collins English Dictionary).
foreskin
The _______ is a male erectile organ of copulation by which urine and semen are discharged from the body (Splendorio & Reichel, 2014).
penis
Female external genitalia (vulva) include:
mons pubis
clitoris
labia majora and labia minora
Vaginal introitus
hymen
A female sexual organ that is small, sensitive, and located in front of the opening of the vagina.
The clitoris
The _____ ________ are fleshy lips around the vagina. These are larger outer folds of the vulva.
labia majora
The _____ _______ also known as the inner labia, inner lips, vaginal lips or nymphae are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva situated between the labia majora.
labia minora
_______ ________ is the opening that leads to the vaginal canal.
Vaginal introitus
_______ ________ refers to the area of the body surrounding the anus, and in particular, the skin. The _______ ________ is very sensitive. It is also susceptible to injury and damage.
Perianal skin
The ________ is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening.
hymen
The _______ are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human ______ are designed to be perceived by touch, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and any other acts of intimacy.
lips
_______ are the raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast. A recent study found that the sensation from the _____ travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris, and cervix (Pappas, 2011).
Nipples
refers to the sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity, such as intercourse or masturbation
sexual response cycle
Who are the people who pioneered research to human sexual response, dysfunction, and disorders.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Who have been widely recognized for their contributions to sexual, psychological, and psychiatric research, particularly for their theory of a four-stage model of sexual response (also known as the human sexual response cycle).
Masters and Johnson
Four phases of the human sexual response cycle:
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Muscle tension increases.
Heart rate quickens, and breathing is accelerated.
Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
Nipples become hardened or erect.
Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis.
Vaginal lubrication begins.
The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.
Phase 1: Excitement
The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.
The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple.
The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.
The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase.
Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
Tension in the muscles increases.
Phase 2: Plateau
This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds.
Phase 3: Orgasm
Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. Muscles in the feet spasm.
There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen.
A rash or “sex flush” may appear over the entire body.
Phase 3: Orgasm
During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal functioning level. The swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being: intimacy is enhanced; and often, fatigue sets in.
Phase 4: Resolution
Phase 4: Resolution
With further sexual stimulation, some women can return to the orgasm phase. This allows them to experience ________ orgasms. Men, on the other hand, need recovery time after orgasm. This is called the refractory period. How long a man needs a refractory period varies among men and his age.
multiple
Phase 4: Resolution
With further sexual stimulation, some women can return to the orgasm phase. This allows them to experience multiple orgasms. Men, on the other hand, need recovery time after orgasm. This is called the _______ _________. How long a man needs a _________ ________ varies among men and his age.
refractory period
_______ is the process of combining male and female genes to form an offspring. However, complex systems of behavior have evolved the sexual process from its primary purpose of reproduction to motivation and rewards circuit that root sexual behaviors.
sex
the largest sex organ controlling the biological urges, mental processes, as well as the emotional and physical responses to sex, is the ______.
brain.
Hormone that increases the female’s sexual motivation
Estrogen
Hormone that decreases the female’s sexual motivation
Progesterone
The _______ is responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations.
brain
It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities.
brain
THE BRAIN
Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the _____ ______, the same area used for thinking and reasoning
cerebral cortex
Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual behavior) are believed to originate in the _____ _______.
limbic system
The ________ releases the hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire.
brain
The ___________ is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small area at the base of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the limbic system
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small area at the base of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the _______ ______.
limbic system
One reason the ___________ is important in human activity is its relation to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes the hormones produced in the ___________.
hypothalamus
One reason the hypothalamus is important in human activity is its relation to the _________ _________. The _______ ________ secretes the hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
pituitary gland
It is also known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved.
Oxytocin
It is responsible for ovulation in females. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Durham, N.C., discovered that sexual activity was more frequent during a woman’s fertile time.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
is crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, the _____ stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce ___________. In males, __________ appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.
testosterone
is involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of __________ during erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
Vasopressin
_________ and ___________ typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females, _________ increasing motivation and __________ decreasing it.
Estrogen and progesterone
Falling in _______ can be a beautifully wild experience. It is a rush of longing, passion, and euphoria. Fast forward a few years, and the excitement would have died down (though the levels vary for every couple). For couples who remain together through the years, the rush would been replaced by a warm, comfortable, and nurturing feeling Each stage of this cycle can actually be explained by your brain chemistry-the neurotransmitters that get stimulated to release hormones throughout your body.
love
Anthropologist _______ _______ of Rutgers University proposed three stages of falling in love, and for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
The three stages of falling in love are:
- Lust (erotic passion);
- Attraction (romantic passion); and
- Attachment (commitment).
Helen Fisher
The three stages of falling in love according to Helen Fisher are:
- Lust (erotic passion);
- Attraction (romantic passion); and
- Attachment (commitment).
This stage is marked by physical attraction. You want to seduce and be seduced by your object of affection.
Lust
______ is driven by testosterone in men and estrogen in women. ______, however, will not guarantee that the couple will fall in love in any lasting way.
Lust
_________ responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in a more alert state and is ready for action.
Norepinephrine
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic as you fantasize about the things you could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Attraction
Attraction
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic as you fantasize about the things you could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling: ______,_______, and ______.
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
_________ thought to cause obsessive thinking. Low levels of ________ are said to be present in people with obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD).
Serotonin
__________ associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities.
Dopamine
involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/or have children.
Attachment
________ ___________ is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities. More precisely, it is the subjective feeling of wanting to engage in sex.
Sexual desire
______ ________ is sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital arousal (penile erection in men and vaginal lubrication in women).
Sexual desire
Sexual desire is often confused with ____ _____, but these are fundamentally different constructs. ____ ______ represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. In contrast, sexual desire represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
Sex drive
_______ ________ can be triggered by a large variety of cues and situations, including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials (such as books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environments, situations, or interactions.
Sexual desire
Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive, but these are fundamentally different constructs. Sex drive represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. In contrast, ______ _______ represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
sexual desire
_____ ______ represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification.
Sex drive
________ ________ represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
sexual desire
physiological arousal is not a necessary element of _______ _______ and should not be considered a more valid marker of ____ _____ than individual self-reported feelings.
sexual desire
developmental research suggested that the capacity to experience ______ _______ though not hormone-dependent, are probably still facilitated by hormones.
sexual desire
_______ place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships as part of the experience. ______, on the other hand, enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
Women and Males
The ___________ plays an important role in motivated behaviors, and sex is no exception.
hypothalamus
Factors that influence the notable gender difference on sexual desire include:
Culture;
Social environment; and even
Political situations.
Animal research suggests that limbic system structures, such as the _______ and ________ _________, are especially important for sexual motivation.
amygdala and nucleus accumbens
_________ is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
Amygdala
_________ _________ (also referred to as the pleasure center) plays a role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion. It has a significant role in response to reward and reinforcing effects, translating emotional stimulus into behaviors.
Nucleus accumbens
_______ _______ is defined as an individual’s general sexual disposition toward of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes. There has been much interest in sexual desire as an index of ______ ________
Sexual orientation
Past studies thought that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals were the only people who ever experienced _____-______ _______ _______-. It was found that completely heterosexual persons periodically experience ____-______ _______ ________, even if they have little motivation to act on those desires
same-sex sexual desires
researchers now generally believe that lesbian, gay, and bisexual orientations are characterized by persistent and intense experiences of ____-____ ________ that are stable over time.
same-sex desire
_______ ________ is a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual.
Sexual orientation
_______ ________ refers to one’s sense of being male or female. Generally, our ____ ______ correspond to our chromosomal and phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case.
gender identity and gender identities
LGBTQ+ meaning
Lesbian
Gay
Bisexual
Trans/Transgender
Queer
+ (intersex and asexual)
These are females who are exclusively attracted to women.
L stands for lesbian
This can refer to males who are exclusively attracted to any other males. It can also refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.
G for gay.
someone who is sexually/romantically attracted to both men and women.
B stands for bisexual
is an umbrella term for people who do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth. Trans woman is an identity label adapted by male to female trans people to signify that they identify themselves as women. A trans is an identity label adapted by female to male trans people to signify that they identify themselves as men.
T for Trans”/Transgender
It is a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure about using more specific terms, or those who simply do not wish to label themselves and prefer to use a broader umbrella term.
Q stands for queer
people who are born with a mix of male and female biological traits that can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex
intersex
a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity.
asexual
there is preliminary empirical research that strongly suggests ______ ________ is not a choice. Rather, it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
sexual orientation
_____ is a label male or female that you’re assigned by a doctor at birth based on the genitals you’re born with and the chromosomes you have. It goes on your birth certificate.
Sex
_______ ________ is one’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither - how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One’s ______ ________ can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth.
gender identity
_________ is defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as “the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material.
Gender
________ is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution”
Gender
_____ _________ is an inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to some other people. This attraction can be for someone from the same sex or someone from the opposite sex.
sexual orientation
_________ _________ influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender
Sociocultural factors
Thailand recognizes more than two categories - male, female, and ________. A ________- is an individual who would be described as transgender in western cultures
kathoey
There are also studies that asserted how children’s upbringing and social environment influences their developing ______ ______.
gender identities
Another research also discovered that __________ positively correlated with urbanization. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
homosexuality
Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with ________. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
urbanization
Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that _____ _______ seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
large cities
