UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 3rd Flashcards
The two of the most-debated views about beauty are?
- Beauty is objective
- Beauty is subjective
Who said “Beauty is when you can appreciate yourself. When you love yourself, that’s when you’re most beautiful.”
Zoe Kravitz
___ ________ asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful. He believed it to be the latter.
St. Augustine
_______ asserted that the chief form of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical sciences.
Aristotle
______ connected beauty as a response to love and desire. He asserted that beauty exists in the realm of Forms, and that objects are found beautiful because they are a reflection of the idea of beauty that already exists in the realm of Forms.
Plato
The two most-debated views about beauty are:
- Beauty is objective
- Beauty is subjective
“Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty, and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others”
David Hume
judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective”
Immanuel Kant
The term for makeup Egyptian hieroglyphic is derived from the root “______,” which means “to write, to engrave
sesh
Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks. In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on “looks” ____% of the time.
90
“The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight, however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the case with hearing: hearing music does not necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from the hearing” (Inquiry L. 1. X).
Francis Hutcheson
Research found that a person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks. In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on “looks” 90% of the time.
These study results can be attributed to a cognitive bias called the “____ ______.”
halo effect
A ______ _______ is an error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information.
cognitive bias
The ____ ______ (also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle) refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive.
halo effect
evolutionary psychology found that faces hold certain fundamental and important characteristics that could indicate a person’s quality as a romantic partner and as a mate. Among the most important and consistent factors in facial attractiveness are structural qualities of the face. These structural qualities are also ___-______.
sex-typical
in the eyes of ______ experimental participants, an attractive man is generally one with relatively prominent cheekbones and eyebrow ridges and a relatively long lower face.
female
_____ raters generally found women to be attractive with prominent cheekbones, large eyes, small nose, a taller forehead, smooth skin, and an overall young or even childlike appearance.
male
Our ______ sculpt our faces. These sex-typical facial features of adult men and women are the result of the testosterone to estrogen ratio or estrogen to testosterone, respectively, acting on the individual during development. We are programmed to be drawn to strong indicators of (for women) and femaleness (for men) partly because they reflect an individual’s health (Fink & Penton- Voak, 2002).
hormones
A full-lipped, cheek-chiseled man in Ancient _______ knew two things that his beauty was a blessing (a gift of the gods no less) and that his perfect exterior hid an inner perfection
For the ______ a beautiful body was considered direct evidence of a beautiful mind. They even had a word for meant being gorgeous to look at, and hence being a good person
Greece and Greeks
______ has a significant impact on how a person feels about himself or herself, as well as his or her body image.
Culture
_____ _______ can either be a positive or a negative influence on body image and on self-esteem. Body image is generally defined as how one thinks and feels toward one’s body (Yam, 2013; Cash & Smolak, 2011).
Cultural traditions
The term self-esteem was coined by ____ _____ in 1800.
William James
The term ____-______ was coined by William James in 1800. James presented _____-_______ as the number of successes a person achieves in the domains of life that are important to him or her, divided by the number of failures that occurred in those areas
self-esteem
In the 1960s. _____ _______ defined self-esteem in terms of an attitude concerning one’s worth as a person (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem is about how you value yourself and how you feel others value you. Self-esteem is important because it can affect your mental health as well as how you behave.
behavioral scientists
____ ______ is how you view your physical body, whether you feel you are attractive. and how you feel some other people like your looks. For many people (especially teenagers) ____ _____ is closely linked to self-esteem.
Body image
If you have a _____ _____ ________, you probably like and accept yourself the way you are, even if you do not fit the popular notion of “beautiful” or “handsome.” This healthy attitude allows you to explore some other aspects of growing up, such as developing good friendships, becoming more independent from your parents, and challenging yourself physically and mentally. Developing these parts of yourself can help boost your self- esteem.
positive body image
_____ _______ is extremely important. You must also understand that you need to know the correct definition of ____ _____- so that your self-esteem will not suffer.
Physical beauty
A ___-____ ______ happens when your looks do not match your beauty standards. For example, if you believe that being thin is sexy and attractive, yet you are not thin (in fact you are on the heavier side) then you might believe you are unattractive (even though there are others who find you attractive).
self-image problem
The problem here is with your own beauty standards and not with your looks. To have a positive self-image and a higher self-esteem you must fix your false beliefs about ____ _____ first.
physical attractiveness
The _____ _______ is considered the “fundamental” sex because if a particular chemical prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into females.
female sex
Soon after the fertilization of an egg, the development of the reproductive system begins. For example, approximately one month after conception, _____ ______ also begin to develop. Rapid reproductive development happens inside the mother’s womb; but when the child is born until he/she reaches puberty, there is little change in the reproductive system.
primordial gonads
For a fertilized egg to become male, a cascade of chemical reactions must be present initiated by a single gene in the male Y chromosome called the _____ (____ ______ _______ ___ _________). Females do not have any Y chromosome; hence, they do not have the SRY gene (Lumen Learning Courses, WEB).
SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome)
the male and female embryos the same group of cells that will potentially develop into male or female gonads or sex glands. However, the presence of the SRY gene initiates the development of the ______ while suppressing the vital genes for female development.
testes
the male and female embryos the same group of cells that will potentially develop into male or female gonads or sex glands. However, the presence of the SRY gene initiates the development of the testes while suppressing the vital genes for ______ development.
female
_______ is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature. The outcome of puberty is different for boys and girls, but the hormonal process is similar.
Puberty
______ can be separated into five stages. The characteristics for each stage vary for girls and boys.
Puberty
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ____:
The ovaries enlarge and hormone production starts, but external development is not yet visible.
8 and 11 (STAGE 1) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ___ and ____:
No visible signs of development occur, but internally, male hormones become a lot more active. Sometimes a growth spurt begins at this time.
9 and 12 (STAGE 1) MALE
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ___:
The first external sign of puberty is usually breast development.
At first breast buds develop. The nipples will be tender and elevated.
The area around the nipple (the aureole) will increase in size.
8 and 14 (STAGE 2) FEMALE
Approximately between the ages of ___ and ___:
The first stage of pubic hair may also be present at this time. It may be coarse and curly or fine and straight.
Height and weight increase at this time. The body gets rounder and curvier.
8 and 14 (STAGE 2) FEMALE
What is the area around the nipple called? that will increase in size when in stage 2 of the development in both male and female
the aureole
Approximately between ages __ to ___:
Height increases, and the shape of the body changes.
Muscle tissue and fat develop at this time.
The aureole, the dark skin around the darkens and increases in size.
9 to 15 (STAGE 2) MALE
Approximately between ages __ to ___:
The testicles and scrotum grow, but the penis probably does not.
A little bit of pubic hair begins to grow at the base of the penis.
9 to 15 (STAGE 2) MALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ___:
Breast growth continues, and pubic hair gets coarser and darker.
During this stage, whitish discharge from the vagina may be present.
For some girls, the first menstrual period begins at this time.
9 to 15 (STAGE 3) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ____:
Also, boys continue to grow in height, and even their faces begin to appear more mature.
The shoulders broaden, making the hips look smaller.
Muscle tissue increases, and the voice starts to change and deepen.
Finally, facial hair begins to develop on the upper lip.
11 and 16 (STAGE 3) MALE
Approximately between ages ____ to ____:
The penis starts to grow during this stage. It tends to grow in length rather than width
Pubic hair is getting darker and coarser and spreading to where the legs meet the torso.
11 and 16 (STAGE 3) MALE
Approximately from ages ___ to ____:
Some girls notice that their aureoles get even darker and separate into a little mound rising above the rest of the breast.
Pubic hair may begin to have a more adult triangular pattern of growth.
10 to 16 (STAGE 4) FEMALE
Approximately ___ to ____:
At this time, the penis starts to grow in width, too.
The testicles and scrotum also continue to grow. Hair may begin to grow on the anus.
11 to 17 (STAGE 4) MALE
Approximately from ages ___ to ____:
If it did not happen in Stage Three. menarche (first menstruation) should start now.
Ovulation may start now, too. But it will not necessarily occur on a regular basis. (It is possible to have regular periods even if ovulation does not occur every month.)
10 to 16 (STAGE 4) FEMALE
Approximately between ages ____ and ____:
This is the final stage of development. Full height is reached, and young women are ovulating regularly.
Pubic hair is filled in, and the breasts are developed fully for the body.
12 and 19 (STAGE 5) FEMALE
Approximately ___ to ____:
The texture of the penis becomes more adult-looking, Underarm and facial hair Increases as well.
The first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15 years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual boys.
Skin gets oilier, and the voice continues to deepen.
11 to 17 (STAGE 4) MALE
Approximately ____ to ____
Boys reach their full adult height
Pubic hair and the genitals look like an adult man’s do.
At this too, shaving is a necessity.
Some young men continue to grow past this point, even into their twenties.
14 to 18 (STAGE 5) MALE
The term _____ _______ was popularized in the 1960s and 1970s to describe areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually exciting.
erogenous zones
These areas of the body have a high number of sensory receptors or nerve endings that react to stimuli. These are places where a person is generally more sensitive to both pain and pleasure than in other areas of the body. Professionals usually discuss sensuality in terms of the complex stimuli and associations that give rise to an appreciative response.
erogenous zones “highly sensitive”
The ______ serves as the primary erotic stimulus. Two types of erogenous zones exist in the _____ (Winkelmann, 2004):
skin
What are the two types of erogenous zones in the skin?
- Nonspecific type
- Specific type
a. It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin.
b. The nerves supplying it are composed of the usual density of dermal-nerve networks and hair-follicle networks.
c. The learned and anticipated pleasurable sensations when a stimulus is presented in these produce the amplified sensation.
- Nonspecific type
d. The pleasurable sensation felt from these regions is simply an exaggerated form of tickle.
e. Examples of this type of skin are the sides and back of the neck, the axilla (armpit, underarm) and the sides of the thorax (chest).
- Nonspecific type
a. It is found in the mucocutaneous regions of the body or those regions made both of mucous membrane and of cutaneous skin.
b. These regions favor acute perception.
c. These specific sites of acute sensation are the genital regions, including the prepuce, penis, the female external genitalia (vulva), the perianal skin, lips, and nipples.
- Specific type
The __________ is the retractable fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. Nontechnical name: foreskin. It is also a similar fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris (Collins English Dictionary).
prepuce
The prepuce is the retractable fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. Nontechnical name: _______. It is also a similar fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris (Collins English Dictionary).
foreskin
The _______ is a male erectile organ of copulation by which urine and semen are discharged from the body (Splendorio & Reichel, 2014).
penis
Female external genitalia (vulva) include:
mons pubis
clitoris
labia majora and labia minora
Vaginal introitus
hymen
A female sexual organ that is small, sensitive, and located in front of the opening of the vagina.
The clitoris
The _____ ________ are fleshy lips around the vagina. These are larger outer folds of the vulva.
labia majora
The _____ _______ also known as the inner labia, inner lips, vaginal lips or nymphae are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva situated between the labia majora.
labia minora
_______ ________ is the opening that leads to the vaginal canal.
Vaginal introitus
_______ ________ refers to the area of the body surrounding the anus, and in particular, the skin. The _______ ________ is very sensitive. It is also susceptible to injury and damage.
Perianal skin
The ________ is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening.
hymen
The _______ are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human ______ are designed to be perceived by touch, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and any other acts of intimacy.
lips
_______ are the raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast. A recent study found that the sensation from the _____ travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris, and cervix (Pappas, 2011).
Nipples
refers to the sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity, such as intercourse or masturbation
sexual response cycle
Who are the people who pioneered research to human sexual response, dysfunction, and disorders.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Who have been widely recognized for their contributions to sexual, psychological, and psychiatric research, particularly for their theory of a four-stage model of sexual response (also known as the human sexual response cycle).
Masters and Johnson
Four phases of the human sexual response cycle:
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Muscle tension increases.
Heart rate quickens, and breathing is accelerated.
Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
Nipples become hardened or erect.
Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis.
Vaginal lubrication begins.
The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.
Phase 1: Excitement
The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.
The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple.
The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.
The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase.
Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
Tension in the muscles increases.
Phase 2: Plateau
This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds.
Phase 3: Orgasm
Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. Muscles in the feet spasm.
There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen.
A rash or “sex flush” may appear over the entire body.
Phase 3: Orgasm
During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal functioning level. The swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being: intimacy is enhanced; and often, fatigue sets in.
Phase 4: Resolution
Phase 4: Resolution
With further sexual stimulation, some women can return to the orgasm phase. This allows them to experience ________ orgasms. Men, on the other hand, need recovery time after orgasm. This is called the refractory period. How long a man needs a refractory period varies among men and his age.
multiple
Phase 4: Resolution
With further sexual stimulation, some women can return to the orgasm phase. This allows them to experience multiple orgasms. Men, on the other hand, need recovery time after orgasm. This is called the _______ _________. How long a man needs a _________ ________ varies among men and his age.
refractory period
_______ is the process of combining male and female genes to form an offspring. However, complex systems of behavior have evolved the sexual process from its primary purpose of reproduction to motivation and rewards circuit that root sexual behaviors.
sex
the largest sex organ controlling the biological urges, mental processes, as well as the emotional and physical responses to sex, is the ______.
brain.
Hormone that increases the female’s sexual motivation
Estrogen
Hormone that decreases the female’s sexual motivation
Progesterone
The _______ is responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations.
brain
It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities.
brain
THE BRAIN
Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the _____ ______, the same area used for thinking and reasoning
cerebral cortex
Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual behavior) are believed to originate in the _____ _______.
limbic system
The ________ releases the hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire.
brain
The ___________ is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small area at the base of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the limbic system
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small area at the base of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the _______ ______.
limbic system
One reason the ___________ is important in human activity is its relation to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes the hormones produced in the ___________.
hypothalamus
One reason the hypothalamus is important in human activity is its relation to the _________ _________. The _______ ________ secretes the hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
pituitary gland
It is also known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved.
Oxytocin
It is responsible for ovulation in females. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Durham, N.C., discovered that sexual activity was more frequent during a woman’s fertile time.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
is crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, the _____ stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce ___________. In males, __________ appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.
testosterone
is involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of __________ during erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
Vasopressin
_________ and ___________ typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females, _________ increasing motivation and __________ decreasing it.
Estrogen and progesterone
Falling in _______ can be a beautifully wild experience. It is a rush of longing, passion, and euphoria. Fast forward a few years, and the excitement would have died down (though the levels vary for every couple). For couples who remain together through the years, the rush would been replaced by a warm, comfortable, and nurturing feeling Each stage of this cycle can actually be explained by your brain chemistry-the neurotransmitters that get stimulated to release hormones throughout your body.
love
Anthropologist _______ _______ of Rutgers University proposed three stages of falling in love, and for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
The three stages of falling in love are:
- Lust (erotic passion);
- Attraction (romantic passion); and
- Attachment (commitment).
Helen Fisher
The three stages of falling in love according to Helen Fisher are:
- Lust (erotic passion);
- Attraction (romantic passion); and
- Attachment (commitment).
This stage is marked by physical attraction. You want to seduce and be seduced by your object of affection.
Lust
______ is driven by testosterone in men and estrogen in women. ______, however, will not guarantee that the couple will fall in love in any lasting way.
Lust
_________ responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in a more alert state and is ready for action.
Norepinephrine
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic as you fantasize about the things you could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Attraction
Attraction
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic as you fantasize about the things you could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling: ______,_______, and ______.
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
_________ thought to cause obsessive thinking. Low levels of ________ are said to be present in people with obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD).
Serotonin
__________ associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities.
Dopamine
involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/or have children.
Attachment
________ ___________ is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities. More precisely, it is the subjective feeling of wanting to engage in sex.
Sexual desire
______ ________ is sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital arousal (penile erection in men and vaginal lubrication in women).
Sexual desire
Sexual desire is often confused with ____ _____, but these are fundamentally different constructs. ____ ______ represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. In contrast, sexual desire represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
Sex drive
_______ ________ can be triggered by a large variety of cues and situations, including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials (such as books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environments, situations, or interactions.
Sexual desire
Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive, but these are fundamentally different constructs. Sex drive represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. In contrast, ______ _______ represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
sexual desire
_____ ______ represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification.
Sex drive
________ ________ represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.
sexual desire
physiological arousal is not a necessary element of _______ _______ and should not be considered a more valid marker of ____ _____ than individual self-reported feelings.
sexual desire
developmental research suggested that the capacity to experience ______ _______ though not hormone-dependent, are probably still facilitated by hormones.
sexual desire
_______ place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships as part of the experience. ______, on the other hand, enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
Women and Males
The ___________ plays an important role in motivated behaviors, and sex is no exception.
hypothalamus
Factors that influence the notable gender difference on sexual desire include:
Culture;
Social environment; and even
Political situations.
Animal research suggests that limbic system structures, such as the _______ and ________ _________, are especially important for sexual motivation.
amygdala and nucleus accumbens
_________ is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
Amygdala
_________ _________ (also referred to as the pleasure center) plays a role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion. It has a significant role in response to reward and reinforcing effects, translating emotional stimulus into behaviors.
Nucleus accumbens
_______ _______ is defined as an individual’s general sexual disposition toward of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes. There has been much interest in sexual desire as an index of ______ ________
Sexual orientation
Past studies thought that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals were the only people who ever experienced _____-______ _______ _______-. It was found that completely heterosexual persons periodically experience ____-______ _______ ________, even if they have little motivation to act on those desires
same-sex sexual desires
researchers now generally believe that lesbian, gay, and bisexual orientations are characterized by persistent and intense experiences of ____-____ ________ that are stable over time.
same-sex desire
_______ ________ is a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual.
Sexual orientation
_______ ________ refers to one’s sense of being male or female. Generally, our ____ ______ correspond to our chromosomal and phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case.
gender identity and gender identities
LGBTQ+ meaning
Lesbian
Gay
Bisexual
Trans/Transgender
Queer
+ (intersex and asexual)
These are females who are exclusively attracted to women.
L stands for lesbian
This can refer to males who are exclusively attracted to any other males. It can also refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.
G for gay.
someone who is sexually/romantically attracted to both men and women.
B stands for bisexual
is an umbrella term for people who do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth. Trans woman is an identity label adapted by male to female trans people to signify that they identify themselves as women. A trans is an identity label adapted by female to male trans people to signify that they identify themselves as men.
T for Trans”/Transgender
It is a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure about using more specific terms, or those who simply do not wish to label themselves and prefer to use a broader umbrella term.
Q stands for queer
people who are born with a mix of male and female biological traits that can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex
intersex
a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity.
asexual
there is preliminary empirical research that strongly suggests ______ ________ is not a choice. Rather, it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
sexual orientation
_____ is a label male or female that you’re assigned by a doctor at birth based on the genitals you’re born with and the chromosomes you have. It goes on your birth certificate.
Sex
_______ ________ is one’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither - how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One’s ______ ________ can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth.
gender identity
_________ is defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as “the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material.
Gender
________ is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution”
Gender
_____ _________ is an inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to some other people. This attraction can be for someone from the same sex or someone from the opposite sex.
sexual orientation
_________ _________ influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender
Sociocultural factors
Thailand recognizes more than two categories - male, female, and ________. A ________- is an individual who would be described as transgender in western cultures
kathoey
There are also studies that asserted how children’s upbringing and social environment influences their developing ______ ______.
gender identities
Another research also discovered that __________ positively correlated with urbanization. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
homosexuality
Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with ________. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
urbanization
Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization. The correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that _____ _______ seem to provide a friendlier environment for same- gender interest to develop and be expressed
large cities
High levels of intolerance,
Limited social and institutional supports, and
Higher incidence of social isolation.
the challenges of rural living for LGBTQ people
There are studies that also countered the popular notion of urban versus rural living for the LGBTQ+ that is, ____ ______ is actually more beneficial to their well-being than urban life. However, these studies are newer and less supported than existing literature on LGBTQ+ life, challenges, and issues.
rural life
Previous published studies claimed that abused ___________, particularly those by males, are more likely to become homosexual or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were criticized for being non-clinical and unreliable. Some other findings suggested no significant relationship that child abuse is a cause of same-sex sexual orientation in adulthood
adolescents
Previous published studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those by males, are more likely to become homosexual or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were criticized for being non-clinical and unreliable. Some other findings suggested no significant relationship that ______ ______ is a cause of same-sex sexual orientation in adulthood
child abuse
STD stands for _____ _______ ______. It is also known as STI or sexually transmitted infection.
sexually transmitted diseases
STD stands for sexually transmitted diseases. It is also known as STI or _______ _______ ______.
sexually transmitted infection
STD can also be transmitted non-sexually such as:
Mother to infant during pregnancy;
Blood transfusion; and
People sharing needles for injection.
______ is a disease or infection acquired through sexual contact where the organisms cause ______ are passed on from person to person in blood, semen, and vaginal or any other bodily fluids.
STD
It is possible to contract sexually transmitted diseases from people who seem perfectly healthy, and who may not even be aware of the infection. ______s do not always cause symptoms, which is one of the reasons experts prefer the term “sexually transmitted infections” to “sexually transmitted diseases.”
STD
within 6 months from infection, a red rash usually appears on other parts of the body such as the chest, back, arms, legs, and even the soles of the feet. The person could also have fever, sore throat, as well as muscular fatigue and pain.
Stage 2- Syphilis
without proper medication and treatment, syphilis may lie dormant inside the person’s body only to reoccur in its more advance stage where the patient could suffer heart failure, paralysis, insanity, and death. Experts have advised to get treatment for syphilis in its early stages.
Stage 3 - Syphilis
these are infectious diseases caused by parasites such as lice or mites transmitted through sexual contact. Two of these common STDs are pubic lice and scabies.
Ectoparasitic infections
____ _____ a parasite called crab louse that live on the pubic hair. This is commonly treated with anti-crab louse shampoo.
Pubic lice - Ectoparasitic Infections
_______ are caused by mites that live on the skin. It causes itching on various parts of the body and characterized by small bumps on the skin. Doctors would prescribe oral or topical medications for ____.
Scabies - Ectoparasitic Infections
Aside from sexual contact, a person could also get these parasites when sharing towels, clothing, or even sharing the same bed with an infected individual.
Ectoparasitic infections
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. ______-), informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines that guarantees access to contraceptive methods, such as fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
10354
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of _____ (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines that guarantees access to contraceptive methods, such as fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
2012
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines that guarantees access to contraceptive methods, such as fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. On ____ ___, _____, the Court ruled that the law was “not unconstitutional” but struck down eight provisions partially or in full.
April 8, 2014
- Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
- Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
- To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Specific objectives: Goals, Objectives, and Strategies of Reproductive Health Law
Long-acting reversible contraception, such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD)
Hormonal contraception, such as the birth control pill and the birth control injection
Barrier methods, such as condoms
Emergency contraception
Fertility awareness
Permanent contraception, such as vasectomy and tubal ligation
Methods of contraception: Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Planning
_____ _______ allows both men and women to make informed choices on when and if they decide to have children. Knowing both the advantages and disadvantages of family planning methods may help you decide what option is right for you.
Family planning
Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high-quality family planning and reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies and abortions.
Make pregnancy safer.
Support countries and areas in developing evidence-based policies and strategies for the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality.
Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high-quality family planning and reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted
pregnancies. Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant and nursing women.
Gender, women and health:
Integrate gender and rights considerations into health policy and programs, especially into reproductive health and maternal health care.
Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages.
Regional objectives: Goals, Objectives, and Strategies of Reproductive Health Law
Prevent pregnancy-related health risks in women
Reduce infant mortality
Help prevent HIV/AIDS
Empower people and enhance education
Reduce adolescent pregnancies
Slow population growth
Benefits of family planning/contraception according to the WHO: Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Planning
____ _____ provides many benefits to mother, children, father, and the family.
Family planning
Enables her to regain her health after delivery
Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children
Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement
When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery
Benefits of Using Family Planning According to DOH: Mother
Benefits of Using Family Planning According to DOH:
- Healthy mothers produce healthy children
- Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve
Benefits of Using Family Planning According to DOH: Children
Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family
Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education, and better future)
Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement
When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery
Father
Some forms of birth control pose health concerns for women and men, such as allergies to spermicides or latex. For some women, oral contraceptives can lead to hair loss and weight gain, and the use of diaphragms can lead to urinary tract infections.
Birth control health risks
Family planning methods are not one hundred percent reliable. Other than abstinence, there is no birth control method (including the natural rhythm method) that is completely Couples who are engaging in sexual activity should always consider possibility of an unexpected pregnancy.
Possibility of pregnancy
_____ ______ _____ (___) is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Such methods are also known as fertility-based awareness methods.
Natural Family Planning (NFP)
All are different. There is no way to know how long it will take a woman to conceive, and that is true whether you have been using birth control or not. It is possible to get pregnant almost right away after stopping hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills or after having the IUD removed. On the other hand, it might take months for ovulation and the menstrual period to return to normal. How long the menstrual period takes to return to its normal cycle is entirely individual, and has nothing to do with how long the woman has been using birth control. The most important thing to know about stopping your preferred method of birth control is that ovulation can return immediately. Hence, a woman can get pregnant right away.
Pregnancy after birth control
Once a month an egg is released from one of a woman’s ovaries (ovulation). It can stay alive in the uterus for about ____ ______. Men can always produce sperm cells, and these can stay alive in the female reproductive system for about two to five days after being deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse. This means women have certain time their cycle when they are unlikely to conceive, whereas men have no “safe period.”
24 hours
Once a month an egg is released from one of a woman’s ovaries (______). It can stay alive in the uterus for about 24 hours. Men can always produce sperm cells, and these can stay alive in the female reproductive system for about two to five days after being deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse. This means women have certain time their cycle when they are unlikely to conceive, whereas men have no “safe period.”
ovulation
Once a month an egg is released from one of a woman’s ovaries (ovulation). It can stay alive in the uterus for about 24 hours. Men can always produce sperm cells, and these can stay alive in the female reproductive system for about ____ to _____ _______ after being deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse. This means women have certain time their cycle when they are unlikely to conceive, whereas men have no “safe period.”
two to five days
________ ________ ________ ________ are unreliable in preventing unwanted pregnancy. It also takes time to practice and use _____ properly; and this adds to its unreliability. Moreover, natural family planning methods do not protect a person against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
natural family planning methods
Types of natural family planning methods
- Periodic abstinence (fertility awareness) method
- Use of breastfeeding or lactationalamenorrhoea method (LAM)
- Coitus interruptus (withdrawal or pulling out) method
- This natural family planning method involves refraining from sexual intercourse.
This is the most effective natural birth control method.
- It is also the best way to avoid sexually transmitted infections.
- There are people who find _____ _______ difficult to follow, hence may not prefer this method
Periodic Abstinence (Fertility Awareness) Methods
There are three common techniques used in periodic abstinence methods, namely:
- Rhythm (calendar) method;
- Basal body temperature (BBT) monitoring; and
- Cervical mucus (ovulation) method.
With ____ (____) ______, the couple tracks the woman’s menstrual history to predict when she will ovulate. This helps the couple determine when they will most likely conceive.
rhythm (calendar) method
_______ _____ ______ _______ is a contraceptive method that relies on monitoring a woman’s basal body temperature on a daily basis. A woman’s body temperature changes throughout the menstrual cycle, and changes in body temperature coincide with hormonal changes. This indicates fertile and non-fertile stages of the cycle. By monitoring temperature every day, a woman can determine the periods of her menstrual cycle when she is, or is not, fertile.
Basal body temperature monitoring
The ______ ______ (_____) _______, also called the Billing’s method as this was devised by John and Evelyn Billings in the 1960s, involves examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring.
cervical mucus (ovulation) method
The cervical mucus (ovulation) method, also called the Billing’s method as this was devised by ____ and ______ _______ in the 1960s, involves examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring.
John and Evelyn Billings
The cervical mucus (ovulation) method, also called the _____’s method as this was devised by John and Evelyn Billings in the 1960s, involves examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring.
Billing’s
- This natural family planning method involves refraining from having sex during the during a woman’s fertile days.
- According to the menstrual cycle, a woman is likely to get pregnant if she has sex 3 to 4 days before ovulation and 3-4 days after ovulation.
- The woman’s safe days can be calculated properly if she diligently records her menstrual cycle for six months.
- To determine her first fertile day, subtract 18 from the shortest cycle. To determine the last fertile day, subtract 11 from the longest menstrual cycle.
- To avoid getting pregnant, the woman must avoid sex starting from her first fertile day until her last fertile day.
- Studies that followed women who used the calendar method have shown a failure rate of 30 pregnancies per 100 women per year of use (Mastroianni, 1974).
Rhythm or Calendar Method
- The _____ _____ _______ is a woman’s lowest body temperature at rest on a given day.
- BBT falls between 97.52-98.24 °F (36.4- 36.8 °C).
- To determine her BBT, the woman must take her temperature early every morning before doing any activity.
- If she notices a sudden decrease in her temperature and then it suddenly increases, this is a sign that she is ovulating and must abstain from sex in the next 3 days.
- Studies have shown a 20% chance of failure per menstrual cycle in the BBT method because it is difficult to detect such small changes in body temperature and there could be variations in the pattern of temperature changes in a person in different cycles
Basal Body Temperature
- The _____ _______ _______ is based on carefully observing the woman’s mucus patterns during ovulation.
- A woman is ovulating when upon observation her cervical mucus is thin and watery.
- According to this method, a woman is fertile during the days when she observes her cervical mucus is thin and watery, plus the day after it as well.
- must avoid coitus during these days.
- However, studies revealed that difficulty in complying with no sexual contact on fertile days make for the 28% failure rate per menstrual cycle for the cervical mucus method
cervical mucus method
- ______ ______ is the temporary infertility that occurs in a woman when she is not menstruating after giving birth and that she is fully breastfeeding.
- If the mother is not fully and exclusively breastfeeding, then this method would not be effective as a birth control method.
- Even after exclusively breastfeeding for three months, the woman is advised to use another birth control method if she wishes to avoid getting pregnant soon
- This method is also known as withdrawal or the pull-out method.
- It is a method of birth control in which a man, during sexual intercourse, pulls out his penis from a woman’s vagina prior to ejaculation so that his sperm is not ejected inside the woman’s reproductive system.
- The disadvantage to this method is the instance of pre-ejaculation wherein the fluid that contains spermatozoa could still cause fertilization.
- Failure rate of coitus interruptus is at 15% to 28% per year (Kippley & Kippley, 1996)
Lactational amenorrhea Method
_____ _______ are an effective family planning method that manipulates the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur.
Hormonal contraceptives
It is also known as the pill. __________ __________contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen suppresses ovulation while progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the ova.
Oral Contraceptives
Oral Contraceptives is also known as the _____. Oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen suppresses ovulation while progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the ova.
pill
- Also known as the Pill. It contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone taken by the woman to prevent pregnancy.
- The estrogen suppresses the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing -hormone (LH) thus suppressing ovulation.
On the other hand, the cervical mucus permeability is decreased by the progesterone thus limiting the sperm’s access to the ova.
- To use the pill, the woman could take it on the first Sunday upon the start of her menstrual or she could take it as soon as it is prescribed by her doctor.
- It is advised that the woman should use another contraceptive method on the first seven days of taking the Pill because during these initial seven days, the pill would not have an effect yet. If she forgets to take a pill in a day, she must take it the moment she remembers, then still follow the regular schedule of taking the pill.
- However, if she skipped taking the pill more than a day, the woman and her husband must consider using another birth control method to avoid pregnancy.
- Side effects of oral contraceptives are nausea, weight gain, tenderness of the breast, breakthrough bleeding, vaginal infections, mild hypertension, and depression.
- Using the pill must be avoided in the following conditions: breastfeeding, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and cirrhosis.
- When a woman is 35 years old or older, it is best to avoid using the pill without a doctor’s advice
Oral Contraceptives
A _____ _______ is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. In this case, a _______ ________ _________ has a combination of both estrogen and progesterone released into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
transdermal contraceptive patch
- The _______ _______ contains both estrogen and progesterone, but unlike the pill that needed to be taken every day, this method only applying the patch in the upper or outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks once a week for three weeks.
- At the fourth week, menstrual flow occurs thus there is no need to apply the patch.
- The patch should be worn at all times, even while bathing or swimming.
- Should the patch become loose, it should be replaced immediately or consider using an alternative contraceptive
transdermal patch
It is a birth control ring inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones through the vaginal wall into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
Vaginal Ring
- A _____ _______ is a small, soft, plastic ring placed inside the vagina.
- It releases a dose of estrogen and progesterone into the bloodstream.
- The body reacts accordingly from these hormones to avoid pregnancy.
- The silicone ring stays inside for 3 weeks. However, it is removed at the fourth week for menstruation to occur
- Pregnancy is prevented for as long as the ring is inside, but the woman becomes fertile the moment the ring is removed prior to the fourth week.
- The _____ _____ is as effective as the Pill in preventing pregnancy
vaginal ring
_______ ________ ________ involve the delivery of a steroid progestin from polymer capsules or rods placed under the skin. The hormone diffuses out slowly at a stable rate, providing contraceptive effectiveness for 1-5 years.
Subdermal contraceptive implants
- A _______ ________ is made up of a rod the size of a matchstick.
- It contains the hormone progestin.
- The contractive is implanted or inserted in the left arm for right-handed women, and in the right arm for left-handed women.
- Sexual contact must be avoided for a week after the first day of implant.
- A _______ _______ can provide protection for up to three years.
- Since it is easy to use, it is highly effective as a birth control method.
subdermal implant
It is a contraceptive injection given once every three months. It typically suppresses ovulation, keeping the ovaries from releasing an egg. _______ _______ also thickens cervical mucus to keep the sperm from reaching the egg.
Hormonal Injections
1.______ __________ contain synthetic estrogen and progestin.
2. The woman receives an injection of these hormones once every 12 weeks.
3. The area where the hormone was injected must not be so that that the body absorbs the hormone slowly.
4. The injection stops ovulation and causes changes in the uterus lining as well as in the cervical mucus
5. This method is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.
6. Women are advised to take calcium in their diet as there is a risk for decreased bone mineral density.
7. Weight gain in women is another effect when using _________ _______.
Hormonal injections
An ______ is a small, T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contains hormones. A doctor inserts the ______ into the uterus. ______ prevents fertilization of the egg by damaging or killing sperm. It makes the mucus in the cervix thick and sticky, so sperm cannot get through to the uterus. It also keeps the lining of the uterus (endometrium) from growing very thick making the lining a poor place for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- An ________ ______ (____) is a small, soft, T-shape birth control device inserted into the uterus through the vagina.
- It prevents the sperm from reaching the uterus thus preventing fertilization of egg cells.
- The _____ is fitted only by a physician and right after a menstrual flow to ensure that she is not pregnant yet.
- The device is effective for 5 to 7 years.
- A woman using ____ is advised to check for menstrual flow every month, check the _____ string regularly, and have yearly pelvic examination
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
________ _________, such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are also used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix. It lowers the pH level of the vagina, so it will not become conducive for the sperm. However, these chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections:
Chemical barriers
Chemical barriers, such as _______, _____ _____ _____ _______, and ______ ______ are also used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix. It lowers the pH level of the vagina, so it will not become conducive for the sperm. However, these chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections:
spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films
- A contraception method that use chemicals such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams as well as glycerin films to lower the pH level of the vagina so that the condition becomes unfavorable for the sperm and cause ejaculated sperms to die before reaching the cervix.
- Although _______ _______ could prevent pregnancy, it would not prevent infection from sexually transmitted diseases.
chemical barriers
________ are dome-shaped barrier methods of contraception that block sperms from entering the uterus. They are made of latex (rubber) and formed like a shallow cup It is filled with spermicide and fitted over the uterine cervix.
Diaphragms
- A _______ is a form of birth control where a shallow cup-shaped silicone inserted into the vagina. the silicone acts as a barrier to prevent the sperm from joining the egg cell.
- Using spermicide along with the ________ makes for a better success rate in preventing pregnancy.
- It should be left in place for not more than 24 hours to avoid irritation and inflammation
diaphragm
A _______ ______ is a silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and keep sperm out of the uterus. Spermicide is added to the ______ __________ to kill any sperm that may get inside the protective barrier. However, this is not a widely used method and few health care providers recommend this type of contraception. The most common side effect from using a ______ ______ is vaginal irritation. Some women also experience an increase in the number of bladder infections.
cervical cap
- The _____ _______ is another barrier method that is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix.
- It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours
cervical cap
The ______ ______ is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath placed on the erect penis before vaginal penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation. IT can prevent STDs.
male condom
- A ______ is a form of male contraception that works to protect a person from infection due to sexually transmitted diseases.
- It is a thin barrier made of latex rolled on to the penis before sex.
- As a birth control method, it is used to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina, hence preventing fertilization.
- It can be bought over the counter.
- The ________ must be disposed after use.
- The rate of unintended pregnancy when using _____- is typically 15% due to common errors such as putting the condom on partway through the intercourse or taking it off before the intercourse is over, failing to leave a space at the tip of the condom for semen; and failing to look for damage before use (Sanders et al., 2012)
condom (MALE CONDOMS)
It is a thin pouch inserted into the vagina, before serving as protective barrier to prevent pregnancy and protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. _______ ________ create a barrier that prevents bodily fluids and semen from entering the vagina.
Female condoms
- ______ ________ are also called internal condoms. It is an alternative to male condoms and provides the same purpose such as preventing pregnancy as well as protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
- These are latex rubber sheaths that are specially designed for females and pre- lubricated with spermicide.
- It has an inner ring that covers the cervix and an outer, open ring that is placed against the vaginal opening.
- These are disposable and require no prescription.
- The fail rate of _____ ______- is 12% to 22%
Female condoms
One of the most effective birth control methods is the _____ ______-. This method ensures conception is inhibited permanently after the surgery. Two kinds of surgical methods:
surgical method
A surgical operation wherein the tube that carries the sperm to a man’s penis is cut. It is a permanent male contraception method. This procedure preserves ejaculation and does not cause impotence or erectile dysfunction since the _______ does not involve anything in the production of testosterone.
Vasectomy
There are two types of vasectomy, the ______ method and the __-______ or no-cut method. The no-cut method has lower risk of infection and complication and generally heals faster.
incision and no-scalpel
- A ________ is a surgical procedure performed by a doctor on a male person
- The procedure is done with a local anesthesia and there could be minimal pain after the surgery.
- The procedure involves having the small tubes in the scrotum that carries the sperm blocked or cut.
- There are two types of ________, the incision method and the no-scalpel or no-cut method. The no-cut method has lower risk of infection and complication and generally heals faster.
- As a birth control method, _______ cannot be reversed; thus, it is advised for people who are 100% sure of not wanting to get someone pregnant for the rest of his life.
vasectomy
It is a surgical procedure for female sterilization involving severing and tying the fallopian tubes. A _______ __________ disrupts the movement of the egg to the uterus for fertilization and blocks sperm from traveling up the fallopian tubes to the egg. A _______ ________ does not affect a woman’s menstrual cycle. A ________ _________ can be done at any time, including normal childbirth or a C-section. It is possible to reverse a tubal ligation but reversal requires major surgery and is not always effective.
tubal ligation
- In women, ______ ________ is performed by occluding the fallopian tubes through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of the both the sperm and the ova.
- After menstruation and before ovulation, the procedure is done through a small incision under the woman’s umbilicus.
- A laparoscope is used to visualize the surgery, and the patient is under local anesthesia.
- The woman may return to her sexual activities after 2 to 3 days the operation.
- Educate that menstrual cycle would still occur, and make sure that coitus before ligation is protected to avoid ectopic pregnancy.
- The effectiveness of this method is at 99.5%,
tubal ligation
In the “__ _____ _____ __ _____” trend report we are looking into the world of consumer culture. Shopping has turned into a lifestyle.
I shop therefore I am
In the “I shop therefore I am” trend report we are looking into the world of _______ _______. Shopping has turned into a lifestyle.
consumer culture
As a primary consumer, the issue is about _____ we buy and _____ we choose to invest in.
what
“_________” is defined as “use up, to spend wastefully, to destroy”
Consume
Behind consumption, there is ________.
production.
Consumers keep companies alive. These companies pay people whose earnings put food on the table. Such is the pattern of _________. Thus, it cannot be denied that _________ is important.
consumption
_________ are often portrayed “victims,” exploited by greedy companies.
Consumers
_________ keep companies alive. These companies pay people whose earnings put food on the table. Such is the pattern of consumption. Thus, it cannot be denied that consumption is important.
Consumers
Factors that affect identity
Social relations of power, and Symbolic image of the world.
you should take note that every person has “____ ______.” Therefore, choices are important. As a consumer, free will comes with responsibility and obligation. Conscious consumption is about practicing responsible buying habits.
free will
__________ has an addiction. Many people have forgotten there are things in life that can bring true and lasting happiness, such as spending time with family and/or friends, to have “me” time; enjoy nature; to read, etcetera.
Consumption
you should take note that every person has “free will.” Therefore, choices are important. As a consumer, free will comes with responsibility and obligation. _______ _______ is about practicing responsible buying habits.
Conscious consumption
Mach (1993, p.7) argued that, _______ is a symbolic idea. It is an image we build for ourselves through social interaction.
identity
a person’s ________ is dynamic and context-dependent. It is improved through communication with others and through different ways that a person interacts within the cultural atmosphere and social relations.
identity
“_______” as we know it is now mainly derived from the work of psychologist Erik Erikson in the 1950s. Identity may refer to;
a. A social category defined by membership rules, characteristic attributes, or expected behaviors.
b. distinguishing features that an individual takes pride in having.
Identity
Socially distinguishing features that an individual takes pride in having.
Identity
A social category defined by membership rules, characteristic attributes, or expected behaviors.
Identity
_________ is one of the strongest forces affecting modern people’s lives. The term ________ does not simply mean the constant barrage and intrusion of ads in our lives, but everything that is connected to the modern society’s idea that to be happier and more successful, we have to buy, buy, and buy. We slip into a cycle of wanting more things to get that new iPhone model, get the latest gadget, wear the trendiest clothes, hang out in places where “cool” people go, etcetera. The pursuit of these things take up our time, energy, and the money we do not have.
consumerism
studies have observed that every waking moment in a modern lifestyle has become a cycle of “alternating time-space for work and time-space for _______”
consumption
We also tend to _________ ourselves with some other people. Social media reinforces this tendency. ___________ ourselves with others (wanting to be like them or be in their position) will lead us to constantly feeling dissatisfied and never happy with what we have. This is also what consumerism wants because it makes people active consumers on a regular basis. Thus, consumerism not only affects our behavior, it also affects our thinking process.
compare and Comparing
We also tend to compare ourselves with some other people. Social media reinforces this tendency. Comparing ourselves with others (wanting to be like them or be in their position) will lead us to constantly feeling dissatisfied and never happy with what we have. This is also what ___________ wants because it makes people active consumers on a regular basis. Thus, _________ not only affects our behavior, it also affects our thinking process.
consumerism
We also tend to compare ourselves with some other people. _____ ______ reinforces this tendency. Comparing ourselves with others (wanting to be like them or be in their position) will lead us to constantly feeling dissatisfied and never happy with what we have. This is also what consumerism wants because it makes people active consumers on a regular basis. Thus, consumerism not only affects our behavior, it also affects our thinking process.
Social media
__________ is intrinsically woven into the fabric of modern society; Society needs a cultural shift to move away from the culture of __________. Social changes do not happen overnight; therefore, it is best to take immediate steps in your own life to release yourself from the grip of consumerism.
Consumerism
- It is intrusive.
- It is manipulative.
- It cannot provide many of the things that are important to us.
- It restricts our choices and lives.
- It affects our worldviews and characters.
- It unsustainable,
The Problem with Consumerism
______ is defined as “relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things.”
Spiritual
A _____ ______ is someone who believes in a god or group of gods and consciously adheres to the beliefs of his/her religion.
religious person
A ______ _______-, on the other hand, places little importance on beliefs and traditions and is more concerned with growing and experiencing the Divine.
spiritual person
_______ takes the approach of fear. It emphasizes sin, guilt, and the concept of a punishing God.
religion
The ________ approach to God is the path of love. This is a love where there is no condemnation and judgment, but where there is mercy and acceptance.
spiritual
________ talks of God who is high up in the heavens. At times, God is depicted as separate from humanity, who is impartial but impersonal.
religion
_________ believes in God who is omnipresent and omniscient, someone who is a living presence in our hearts
Spirituality
Many _______ feel their path is the only way to salvation and that other religions are wrong. ______ _______ strongly feel the need to convert others to their faith
religions; Religious people
like the analogy, “different paths that lead to the same destination,” __________ feels all faiths are valid. ___________ embraces all the world’s religions, but at the same time it is not constrained by any religious dogmas or forms.
spirituality
Sense of meaninglessness and lack of purpose in life can be significant factors in causing anxiety, depression, and phobias; however, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that _______ ________ are associated with better health and well-being.
spiritual practices
_______ _______ (such as attending church or a meditation group) can be a source of social support that may provide a sense of belonging, security, and community.
Spiritual fellowship
mental exercise (such as focusing on one’s breathing or repeating a mantra) for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness. It can induce feelings of calm and clear-headedness, as well as improved concentration and attention.
Meditation
a Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline. In Hindu theistic philosophy, it teaches the suppression of all mind and body activity so that the self may realize its distinction from the material world and attain liberation. In western culture, _______ is a system of physical postures, breathing techniques, and sometimes meditation to promote physical and emotional well-being.
yoga
__________ _________ can be broadly understood as a method to develop concentration, deepen understanding and insight, and cultivate awareness and compassion. These practices can have a profound impact on students’ experiences both in college and beyond.
Contemplative practice
a spiritual communion with God (or an object of worship) as in supplication, thanksgiving, adoration, or confession. ________ may elicit a relaxation response, along with feelings of hope, gratitude, and compassion all of which have a positive effect on overall well-being.
Prayers
is another (but often overlooked) contemplative practice that can help you become more aware of your inner life and feel more connected to your experience and the world around you. Studies show that writing during difficult times may help you find meaning in life’s challenges and help you become more resilient in the face of obstacles.
Journaling
The number of religions and spiritual traditions that the human population practices is estimated at a little over _,___. The reasons and theories of humans’ having religion are just as many (if not more).
4,000
_______ is defined as “the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods” It is also a “particular system of faith and worship.”
Religion
______ is an experience. _____, however, may best be understood as a systematic “attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object”
One reason humans attribute human characteristics to some other “entities” is that the world is huge, ambiguous, and we need to interpret it the best possible way we can.
religion
A 1990 research conducted by ______ ______, professor emeritus of psychology at the Ohio State University, posited a theory on why people are attracted to religion. Religion, he said, attracts so many followers because it satisfies all 16 basic desires that humans share (The 16 Strivings for God, 2016).
Steven Reiss
A 1990 research conducted by Steven Reiss, professor emeritus of psychology at the Ohio State University, posited a theory on why people are attracted to _______. _______, he said, attracts so many followers because it satisfies all 16 basic desires that humans share (The 16 Strivings for God, 2016).
Religion
A 1990 research conducted by Steven Reiss, professor emeritus of psychology at the Ohio State University, posited a theory on why people are attracted to religion. Religion, he said, attracts so many followers because it satisfies all ___ basic desires that humans share (The 16 Strivings for God, 2016).
16
- Acceptance
- Curiosity
- Eating
- family
- Honor
- Idealism
- Independence
- Order
- Physical Activity
- Power
- Romance
- Saving
- Social contact
- Status
- Tranquility
- Vengeance
the 16 basic desires that humans share; According to Reiss
According to Reiss; _______, religion offers fellowship with others.
extroverts
According to Reiss; For ______, religion encourages meditation, private retreats, and solitude.
introverts
Another example is that religion also finds ways to deal with ______. According Reiss, while some other religions preach a God of peace, there are also religions that preach holy wars.
vengeance
- _____ _______ is a culture of consumption.
Consumer culture
- ____ _____ is the culture of market society,
Consumer culture
- _____ ______ is universal and impersonal.
Consumer culture
- ____ _____ identifies freedom with private choice and life.
Consumer culture
- ______ needs are insatiable and unlimited.
Consumer
- _____ ______ is a privileged medium for building personal identity and status.
Consumer culture
Sociologists noted four dimensions that seem to be present in varying forms and intensities in all types of religion (Dawson & Thiessen, 2014). These are:
- Belief;
- Ritual;
- Spiritual experience, and
- Unique social forms of community.
____ ______ are a generalized system of ideas and values that shape how members of a religious group come to understand the world around them. These beliefs are taught to followers by religious authorities, such as priests, imams, or shamen, through formal creeds and doctrines, as well as more informal lessons learned through stories, songs, and myths.
Religious beliefs
____ are the repeated physical gestures or activities, such as prayers and mantras, used to reinforce religious teachings, elicit spiritual feelings, and connect worshippers with a higher power
Rituals
A common type of ritual is a rite of passage, which marks a person’s transition from one stage of life to another. Examples of rites of passage include _____ and ______.
Baptisms and weddings
A third common dimension of various religions is the promise of access to some form of unique spiritual ______ or feeling of immediate connection with a higher power.
experience
From a psychological perspective, _____ play an important role in providing practitioners with access to spiritual “powers” of various sorts. In relieving anxieties, religious rituals provide a basis of psychological stability when people face uncertainty or chance.
rituals
Saint _____ ______ is often quoted to have said, “To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible-summing up the experiential dimension of religion.
Thomas Aquinas
The fourth common dimension of religion is creating unique social forms of community. _____ _____ (1915-1964) emphasized that religious beliefs and practices “unite in one single community called a Church, all those who adhere to them.”
Emile Durkheim
_______ gains credibility when agreed and shared by a group. It is easier to believe in something if others around you (whom you respect) believe it as well.
Religion; Social dimensions that religions share according to Dawson and Thiessen (2014):
_______ provides an authority that deals specifically with social or moral issues, such as determining the best way to live life. It provides a basis for ethics and proper behaviors, which establishes the normative basis of the community.
Religion; Social dimensions that religions share according to Dawson and Thiessen (2014):
______ acts as a form of social control, and it supports the development of self-control, which are vital elements of a functional society.
Religion; Social dimensions that religions share according to Dawson and Thiessen (2014):
Hinduism, Ancient Greeks and Romans
Polytheism (Multiple gods)
Places of _____ worship function as social hubs within communities, providing a source of entertainment, socialization, and support.
religious; Social dimensions that religions share according to Dawson and Thiessen (2014):
Multiple gods
Polytheism
Judaism, Islam, Christianity
Monotheism (Single god)
Single god
Monotheism
No deities
Antheism
Atheism, Buddhism, Taoism
Antheism (No deities)
Nonhuman beings (animals, plants, natural world)
Animism
Indigenous nature worship, Shinto
Animism (Nonhuman beings (animals, plants, natural world)
The Major Religions
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Islam
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
_______ is the oldest of the Abrahamic religions and the predecessor of Christianity and Islam,
Judaism
_______ is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point of Christian faith. For Christians, the word of God is written in the _____
Christianity; Bible.
_______ encompasses the religion, philosophy, and culture of the Jewish people. It is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with the scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Their sacred text is the ______.
Judaism; Torah
The world’s largest religion is _______.
Christianity
The word “_____-“ means submission or surrender.
Islam
The root word of Islam is “______,” which means “peace.”
Salam
The word “_______” in religious terms means “surrender one’s will to the true will of God to achieve peace.”
Islam
A _____ is one who surrenders himself to God’s true will.
Muslim
______ is the religious faith of Muslims who worship Allah as the sole deity and believes Muhammad is His prophet. The holy scriptures of Islam is the Koran.
Islam
Islam is the religious faith of Muslims who worship Allah as the sole deity and believes Muhammad is His prophet. The holy scriptures of Islam is the _____.
Koran
The word _____ originates from the Indian Indus River.
Hindu
There are more than one billion followers of _______ in the world today.
Hinduism
________ is not a single religion; it is practiced by many different religious groups from India.
Hinduism
Most of Hinduism’s sacred texts were written in ________ in ancient times.
Sanskrit
The _____ include Rigveda, Yajur Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda.
Vedas
The oldest ancient sacred texts of Hinduism are called the ______. _______ means knowledge.
Vedas; Vedah
________, considered the world’s oldest religion, is still commonly practiced. _______ combines the beliefs, philosophy, and cultural practices of India
Hinduism
Central to the faith of Hinduism is a belief in reincarnation and one supreme god called _________ who has multiple manifestations as either a god or goddess. Gods and goddesses can be spirits, trees, animals, and even planets.
Brahman
Hindu practitioners are guided by _____ scriptures and believe in righteousness, the laws of cause and effect, and the cycle of birth and death.
Vedic
_______ is also known as “the enlightened one” or “the awakened one.”
Buddha
When Buddha was ___ he meditated under a fig tree, the Bodhi tree, for several days until he attained enlightenment.
35
______ spent the rest of his life teaching his followers (in the northeastern Indian subcontinent) the path of awakening.
Buddha
Buddha lived to the age of ____. He died in Kushinagar, India in 483 BC.
80
Buddhism refers to the teachings of ______ ______.
Gautama Buddha
Buddha, (originally a follower of the Hindu faith) experienced enlightenment, or ______, while sitting under a tree. It was in this moment that Buddha was said to be awakened to the truth of the world, or the _______.
Bohdi; Dharma
In pre-colonial Philippines, our ancestors looked up to a “_______.” Described as a priestess or shaman, a ________ acted as healer, spiritual leader, and medium. The _________- perform rituals through chants or prayers for spiritual intervention to drive spirits that cause illness or misfortune.
babaylan
________, an ordinary man, taught his followers how to follow the path to Enlightenment. Thus, Buddhism does not believe in a divine realm or God as a supernatural being, but instead follows the wisdom of their founder.
Buddha
A ________ is usually a woman, but there were some men who were ________, too. Male _______, however, were said to have feminine traits.
babaylan
Central to the traditions of our ancestors was the belief that animate and inanimate creatures have a “____ ______.”
life force
The babaylans explore the world of ________. ________ to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. Our ancestors believed that souls are quasi-physical and can exist outside the body (such as in dreams and in visions) and that they can transfer from one body to another. They also believed that souls persist after death and become ghosts, in the same way that modern Filipinos believe in “multo.” Prior to converted to a religion (Islam or Catholicism), our ancestors already believed in spirit beings that dwell in the environment, our deceased ancestral souls, and forces in nature (wind, moon, stars). is the attribution of a soul
animism
____ ___ ______, an anthropologist and a professor emerita of University of the Philippines Visayas made a pioneering study on the primeval Visayan concept of “dungan.”
Alicia P. Magos
Meanwhile, our pre-colonial ancestors also believed that aside from a “dungan.” a vital force also occupies the body. This vital force was called “______” (translation: breath of life). “_______” was said to be responsible for the heart’s ability to beat. It was believed that if “______” left the body, the person also dies.
ginhawa
According to Magos, “______” was “a life force, an energy, as well as an ethereal entity. a spirit with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides the essence of life.” Under this concept, everyone has a “______.” This is similar to the western concept of “soul,” however, unlike the soul, the “_______” can temporarily leave the body when the person is asleep. Once “_______” returns to the person’s body, he or she becomes fully conscious again. If any other spirits harm the “_____” while it is outside the body and cannot return, the person dies.
dungan
_____ was the breath of life
Ginhawa
_______ was the conscious intellectual and emotional aspects.
dungan
The ______ and the _____ are the two primary immaterial aspects ascribed to humanity. There are different shades of meaning between the idea of the _____ and the idea of the ______ from culture to culture and religion to religion.
soul ; spirit
Old English for “soul” was “_____” that meant the “spiritual and emotional part of a person’s, animate existence.”
sawol ; Etymology
_______ is directly from Latin spiritus “a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath, breath of a god,” hence, “inspiration, breath of life.”
Spirit ; Etymology
_____ refers to the conscious, the moral, and thinking part of a person. The ______ is immortal; it will go to hell, purgatory, or heaven after the person dies.
Soul ; Biblical beliefs
________ can often be taken to mean someone’s moral consciousness. For example, a cruel killer could be said to have no soul.
Soul ; In Western Culture
______ may also refer to ghosts or any other supernatural beings. It is believed that the souls of people who died with unfinished business wander the earth until their task is fulfilled.
Spirit ; In Western Culture
______ refers to the Holy Spirit, the third part of the Trinity. It is the force of God through which blessings are upon His people. As one develops in the faith, he or she is said to be growing spiritually.
Spirit ; Biblical beliefs
_____ is the part of the person that has dharma. In Hinduism dharma is one’s obligation with respect to caste, social custom, civil law, and sacred law. Dharma incurs karma. In Hinduism and Buddhism, karma is the sum of a person’s actions in this and previous states of existence. The fate of one’s future existences depends on one’s karma.
Soul ; In Eastern Culture
Nature and ancestor _____ are common in Taoism. Shinto, an animistic folk religion from Japan, places an emphasis on shamanism, particularly divination, ____ possession, and faith healing. Confucianism tolerates the Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts, and deities.
spirits ; In Eastern Culture
______ or “soul of the dead” by the Ifugao.
Linnawa
Kaduwa of the _____ (an Igorot tribe native to Apayao Province in the Philippines’ Cordillera Administrative Region). The _____ believes that the dead exists in a realm called the aglalanawan. The kaduwa (soul) is believed to cross a pond in a ferry piloted by a kutaw (spirit).
Isneg
The Kankanaey (another member of the Igorot people) believes that the human person is composed of the physical body and the ___-______ (soul). When spirits summon a person’s ___-_____ he or she becomes sick. A ritual will be performed to appease the spirit who summoned the ___-_____ so that it will allow the___-______ to return to its body, and the person recovers from the illness.
ab-abiik
Kaluluwa is the Tagalog people’s concept of soul. However, it refers more to the soul of the The soul of a living person is called a “kakambal.” The “kakambal” leaves the physical body at night to roam, and any bad encounter causes _______ (nightmare).
bangungot
Kaduwa of the Isneg (an Igorot tribe native to Apayao Province in the Philippines’ Cordillera Administrative Region). The Isneg believes that the dead exists in a realm called the _______. The kaduwa (soul) is believed to cross a pond in a ferry piloted by a kutaw (spirit).
aglalanawan
The Ilokano has a four-soul system. ENUMERATE
The kararua
Karkarma
Aniwaas
Araria
o The _______, or the soul proper. It is the equivalent of a soul in the Christian concept.
kararua
_______ can leave the body during sleep and visits places familiar to the body. If one wakes up while the ______ is visiting these places, he or she may lose the _____ and become insane.
Aniwaas
_______ is the liberated soul of the dead. It visits relatives and friends in the physical world to ask for prayers. It can also perform a duty it failed to do in life. The howling of dogs means ______ is present. This soul can make sounds and manipulate physical objects usually relating to what it did in life.
Araria
o ________ stands natural vigor, mind, and reason. It can leave the physical body when one is frightened. A ________ can also be stolen. If this soul fails to return to the body, the person becomes insane. Sacrificial ceremonies may be performed to lure back a lost _______.
Karkarma
The ____/_____ (who inhabits the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya) has a distinction between baggi (body) and ikaruruwa (soul). The Ibanag believes that the soul has physical characteristics. The soal may have color, and the souls of dead babies can reach adulthood in the spirit realm. The role of the soul is to give direction and wholeness to the man, but the body survive without the soul, and evern without the body the soul experiences material wants and needs.
Ibanag/Ybanag
The _______ _________ (of Mindoro) believes in the plurality of souls. For instance, they have karaduwa tawu/tawe (human soul), karaduwa manek (chicken soul), karaduwa baboy (pig soul) karaduwa kuti (cat soul) and karaduwa hipon (shrimp soul). A soul can also separate itself from the physical body. When a person sleeps, the karaduwa roams the world. What the person dreams of are actually the experiences of the karudawa while roaming around.
Hanunoo Mangyan
The Tagbanwa of central and northern Palawan believes that people have one ‘true soul’ or ________ and five secondary souls. The __________ is given at birth by the god Magindusa. The secondary souls are located in both hands and feet, while there is also one in the head just below the air whorl (alimpuyo). The ethnic tribes of Bukidnon believe in the gimukod. According to their custom, there are two types of gimukod: the one in the right hand and the one in the left hand. The gimukod in the right hand is the good soul, and the one in the left hand is the bad soul. The right hand soul is associated with life, health, activity, and joy. The left-hand soul is the cause of lethargy, pain, and illness.
kiyaraluwa
A ______ is a ceremony or action performed in a customary way. _______ may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. _______ include not only the worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also rites of passage, atonement and rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coronations, presidential inaugurations, marriages, funerals-perhaps all kinds human activity.
ritual
The _____ approach was the earliest form to explain ritual. The basic premise of this approach is that ritual behavior was part of the human evolution. Scholars believed that locating the oldest cultures and cults could explain the universal nature of rituals; that if they could discover the ______, then contemporary human rituals can be explained.
Some other scholars turned away from the _____ approach claiming such approach cannot adequately explain human behavior because no one can verify these ideas. Instead, these scholars focused on empirical evidence gathered through actual observation.
origin
A ______ is a formal act or ritual (often set by custom or tradition) performed in observation of an event or anniversary, i.e., a Japanese tea ceremony.
ceremony
The general approaches to theories about the nature and origin of rituals are:
- Origin approach;
- Functional approach; and
- History of approach.
The nature of rituals was believed to be defined by its function in society. The aim of the _______ approach was to explain ritual behavior in terms of individual and social needs.
functional
The _____ of religions approach holds the view that ritual behavior is an expression of sacred; it is how the material human connects with the transcendent realm, or the ultimate reality. The basic problem with this approach, however, is that scholars need to agree first that such a transcendent realm really exists before the theories can be confirmed
history
Classification of Rituals
- Imitative
- Positive and Negative
- Sacrificial
- Life crisis
These are called _____ _______ because these are patterned after myths, and the ritual repeats the myths or aspects of the myth. For example, Filipinos make noises at the strike of twelve every New Year. This practice is actually based on a Chinese myth. As the story goes, there was once a monster called nián. Every spring, at midnight on New Year’s Day, nidn would arrive to eat villagers and destroy homes and farms. One new year, nián came while the villagers were burning bamboo to keep themselves warm. The monster, frightened by the cracking noise of the burning bamboo, fled. The villagers realized this was how they could defeat the monster. As time passed by, firecrackers replaced bamboo burning.
imitative rituals
Avoidance is the best description for a _______ ritual. The word taboo has been applied to those rituals that concern something should be avoided because it is forbidden. Thus, _______ rituals focus on rules of prohibition, which cover an almost infinite variety of rites and behavior. One characteristic they all share, however, is that if the person breaks the ritual, it will result in a dramatic change that usually brings misfortune. On the other hand, positive rituals are mostly concerned with giving blessings to an object or to an individual.
negative ritual
____ rituals are seen as the earliest form of religion. The significance of sacrifice in the history of religion is well documented. The distinct feature of this type ritual total destruction of the sacrifice as an offering to a “higher being.” The sacrifice can be a human being, an animal, food crops, or objects. The destruction could be by burning, dismembering, cutting the sacrifice into small pieces, eating, or burying it.
Sacrificial
The basic characteristic of a _____ ________ ritual is the transition of one mode or stage of life into another. This ritual usually defines the life of an individual. For example, it is a Filipino tradition to bury the placenta right after birth, and it is the father who is tasked to do this. Moreover, for the succeeding children, it is important to bury the placenta of the siblings together so that they will always love and care for one another the rest of their lives
life crisis
- is a parasitic bacterium that can cause pregnancy problems for women left untreated. Usually, infected people do not show symptoms but others have been found to experience unusual discharge, stinging in the sex organ when urinating, lower abdominal pain, low back pain, nausea, fever, and pain, during sex.
Chlamydia
- is caused by a bacterium passed from one person to another through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex. The bacteria spread quickly and tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body such as the eyes, throat, mouth, vagina, the entire female reproductive tract, the urethra, and anus.
Gonorrhea
- is caused by a virus that infects the skin, the mouth, the mucous membranes of the genitals, and the rectum. Aside from sexual contact, sharing towels with an infected person could transmit the disease to another as well. A pregnant woman infected with herpes puts her child in danger because the virus could infect the child as well. There is no known cure for genital herpes but symptoms could be reduced through medication as prescribed by a doctor.
Genital herpes
- are caused by a virus characterized by rough, wart-like growths. In men, it are usually found around the head of the penis, while in women these could appear around the vaginal opening and could spread to the rectal area as well as the cervix. If not treated, women infected with genital warts could develop cervical cancer.
Genital warts
- is a dangerous and life-threatening bacterial disease as it could affect other vital organs as the heart, spine, and brain. Medical experts divided the symptoms in three stages:
Syphilis
- within 3 months since acquiring the disease, red lesions appear around the penis while for the women around the labia. Red lesions also appear
Stage 1 - Syphilis
