FACT AND EVIDENCE UGE1 Flashcards
Information that can be verified
Fact
Based on direct experience or observation
Fact
A statement that is real & can be verified objectively or proven
Fact
True and Correct (accurate no matter what)
Fact
Involves specific information such as numbers, dates, time & other statistics
Facts
Referring to people, places, things or events
Fact
Types of Facts
Empirical
Conceptual
The things that we can assert about the world based on direct, straightforward observational evidence.
Empirical Fact
The most straight forward kinds of facts are things that we see happening / existing / occurring
Empirical Fact
Example:
“We watch someone drop an apple and assert, the apple fell to the ground.”
Empirical Fact
_______ evidence refers to factual data. Raw data is collected by conduction experiments and observations
Empirical
Things that we assert about the world based on strongly help philosophical / logical views that we have about the kind of world in which we live.
Conceptual Facts
“Most scientific facts are a combination of observations & other beliefs we have about the world.”
Conceptual Facts
Most of the facts that we believe true are actually ______ ______
Conceptual Facts
Even facts for which there is strong evidential support are not understood evidentially by most people.
Conceptual Facts
Sometimes turn out, in retrospect, to be incorrect.
Conceptual Facts
“It is not always possible to clearly distinguish between ________ and _________ facts. Indeed, most beliefs are based on a mixture of observational evidence & general ideas about the world.”
empirical and conceptual
Forming opinions
- Know you biases
- Stay informed
- Keep an open mind
Statements that convey beliefs, feelings, judgements, attitudes & preferences
Opinion
Unlike facts, _______ cannot be verified because these are based on one’s mere perception / viewpoint.
opinions
Statements that hold an element of belief
Opinion
It tells how someone feels
Opinion
“an _____ is not always true and cannot be proven.”
Opinion
In contemporary usage, ___ _____ is the aggregate (sum) of individual attitudes or beliefs held by a population. (in a city, state or country)
Public opinion
Consumer opinion is a similar aggregate collected as part of ________ _______.
(e.g. opinions of users of a particular product or service.)
Marketing research
_____ _______ is a similar aggregate collected as part of marketing research. (e.g. opinions of users of a particular product or service.)
Consumer opinion (public opinion)
Because the process of gathering opinions from all individuals is difficult, expensive or impossible to obtain, public opinion or consumer opinion is estimated using ________ _______.
(e.g. with a representative sample of a population)
survey sampling
Because the process of gathering opinions from all individuals is difficult, expensive or impossible to obtain, public opinion or consumer opinion is estimated using survey sampling.
(e.g. with a _______ ________ of a population)
representative sample
In some social sciences, especially political science & psychology, ______ _______ refers to the aggregation of (combine) opinions collected from a set of subjects, such as members of a jury, legislature, committee or other collective decision-making body.
group opinion
In these situations, researchers are often interested in questions related to social choice, conformity & group polarization (division / opposition)
Group opinion
May reflect opinions on scientific concerns as articulated by one or more scientists, published in scholarly journals or respected textbooks both of which entail peer-review & rigorous professional editing.
Scientific opinion
“97 out of 100 climate experts think humans are changing global temperature.”
Scientific Opinion
It may also refer to opinions published by professionals, academic or governmental organizations about scientific findings & their possible implications.
Scientific Opinion
A related but not identical term, scientific consensus, is the prevailing view on a scientific topic within the scientific community such as the scientific opinion on climate change or pandemic.
Scientific opinon
A related but not identical term, ______ _______, is the prevailing view on a scientific topic within the scientific community such as the scientific opinion on climate change or pandemic.
scientific consensus
Can be partial temporally contingent, conflicting & uncertain so that there may be no accepted consensus for a particular situation.
Scientific Opinion (s)
“In other circumstances, a particular ____ _____ may be at odds with consensus.”
Scientific Opinion
Your ability to know the importance of ______ cannot be overemphasized
Evidence (Assessing Evidence)
We live in a world where not everything that we see, hear & read is real.
(Assessing Evidence)
We live in a world where not everything that we see, hear & read is _____. (Assessing Evidence)
real
It is avoiding deceptions, false claims, scams & fake evidences
(Assessing Evidence)
In fact, so many problems crop up because people are misled to take actions or make decisions based on wrong or misleading information.
Assessing Evidence
In fact, so many problems crop up because people are ______ to take actions or make decisions based on wrong or misleading information.
misled (Assessing Evidence
This is why we are often reminded to be careful with fake news and sadly with fake (bogus) persons, too.
Assessing Evidence
But to put it in layman’s terms, it can be seen as information that us prove or demonstrate truth - or disprove something false.
Evidence
It us the means, sanctioned by the law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. (Section 1, Rule 128, Revised Rules on Evidence)
Evidence
Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue & is not excluded by the law of these rules.
Admissibility
_______ is admissible when it is relevant to the issue & is not excluded by the law of these rules.
Evidence (Admissibility)
It refers to whether or not the law (Revised Rules of Court) allows the evidence or to say it in another way & the law does not exclude the evidence.
Admissibility
Complemented by relevancy, which means that the evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to bring about the logical belief in its existence or non-existence.
Admissibility
“In other words, the evidence presented has a connection with that issue being investigated or examined.”
Admissibility
The law upholds this for every individual against unreasonable search & seizure enshrined in Article 3, Section 2 of the Philippine Constitution.
Constitutional Rights (Admissibility)
“In other words, the act of entering a person’s place without a valid search warrant is a violation of the constitutional right. Any item taking during the search cannot be made as evidence since it is not admissible
Human rights. (Admissibility)
Types of Evidence
Demonstrative
Real
Testimonial (Anecdotal)
Documentary
Statistical Evidence
Demonstrates the testimony given by a witness
Demonstrative (Types of Evidence)
Typically done using diagrams, maps, animations & other similar methods
Demonstrative (Types of Evidence)
As a thing, of any kind, that was present or used in the case being presented in court.
Real (Types of Evidence)
Can include bloodied clothing, a mangled vehicle, a gun, a knife, money marked by anti-theft coloring & many other items.
Real (Types of Evidence)
Viewed by the court to be the simplest type of evidence
Testimonial (Anecdotal) (Types of Evidence)
Never requires any other piece of evidence to support it or make it legitimate
Testimonial (Anecdotal) (Types of Evidence)
“____ ____ is typically that of any statement made by a witness or other person during the course of the trial.”
Testimonial Evidence
“A person may become a ______if he/she possesses the ability to perceive (the use of the basic senses such as sight (vision), hearing (auditory), touch (tactile), smell (olfactory), & taste (gustatory). Also, the person must be able to express what he or she has perceived with another individual.
Witness (Types of Evidence)
sight
(vision) (Types of Evidence)
hearing
(auditory) (Types of Evidence)
touch
(tactile) (Types of Evidence)
smell
(olfactory) (Types of Evidence)
taste
(gustatory) (Types of Evidence)
Proves statements that requires quantifiable or numerical evidence.
Statistical Evidence
Useful in supporting general claims
Statistical Evidence
Must be supported with expert testimony to make it reliable
Statistical Evidence
Most often considered real evidence
Documentary
Any type of evidence that helps to document the issue being discussed in the trial
Documentary
For example, if the trial surrounds a breach of contract, the _____ evidence would be the actual contract that was breached.
Documentary
