Understanding Student Learning Flashcards
“Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior.”
Henry Smith, 1962
The term “_____” covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements. -_____, 1968
learning, Gardner Murphy
Provide a basis to understand how people learn and a way to explain, describe, analyze, and predict learning
Learning theories
Help educators make more informed decisions around the design, development, and delivery of learning
Learning theories
Describe how students absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning
Learning theories
Caused by an external stimulus, thus, this theory focuses on learner’s observable behaviors
Behaviorism (Skinner)
Lecture-based, highly-structured, and entails rewards and punishments
Behaviorism (Skinner)
Critiques of this theory regard it as passive and teacher-centric, one size fits all, knowledge is spoon-fed and absolute, it involves programmed instruction and entails teacher-proofing, it does not account for processes that take place in the learner’s mind, and which cannot be observed
Behaviorism (Skinner)
Behaviorism operates on a principles of “_____”
Stimulus-response
Combination of stimuli to produce a response
Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
consequences lead to changes in voluntary behavior; it is about reinforcement & punishment
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Came about in response to behaviorism where learning involves storing and connecting symbols in a meaningful and memorable way
Cognitivism (Piaget & Bruner)
Characterized by inquiry-based oriented projects, opportunities for testing hypotheses so curiously is highly encouraged, and learning involves stage scaffolding
Cognitivism (Piaget & Bruner)
Knowledge itself is also given as absolute and therefore may not account for individuality
Cognitivism (Piaget & Bruner)
Little emphasis on the affective aspect of learning and therefore, and is also described as mechanistic and deterministic
Cognitivism (Piaget & Bruner)
Argues that the black box of the mind should be opened and understood
Cognitivism (Piaget & Bruner)
In cognitivism, learners are viewed as _____
An information processor; like a computer
Focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection
Cognitivism
Cognitivism account enough for individuality. It puts little emphasis on affective characteristics.
Which statement is true?
2nd statement. Cognitivism DOES NOT account enough for individuality
An inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations
Discovery learning (Bruner)
Learners draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned
Discovery learning (Bruner)
Students may be more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own
Discovery learning (Bruner)
expository, narrative, skimming, graphic organizer
Advance organizers of mearningful verbal learning
Grew out of cognitivism where learning takes place through observations and sensorial experience
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
Critics say that this learning theory does not take into the account the individuality of the learner, the context, and the experience
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
Students become passive receivers of sensory stimuli and emotions and motivations are not considered important or connected to learning
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
What is the focus of social learning theory by Bandura?
Observational and sensorial experiences
In the social learning theory, ______ is the sincerest form of flattery
imitation
“What the children sees in the media, the children does.”
Social learning theory (Bandura)
Knowledge is actively constructed; framed around metacognition
Constructivism (Vygostky)
Learners are not considered as empty vessels as in the passive view of teaching but are regarded as actively engaged learners who make meaningful connections between and among previous knowledge, becomes the responsibility of the learner
Constructivism (Vygostky)
Constructivism may only promote group learning and ignore the individual rights of learners. Learners are unguided or minimally guided and so may feel lost or frustrated in this learning theory.
Which statement is true?
Both
Assert that learners construct knowledge rather than acquire new knowledge and therefore, learning becomes an active process throughout the learners’ experiences and the environment in which they are learning
Constructivism (Vygostky)
Examples of constructivism by Vygostky
o Journaling
o Experiential activities
o Personal focus
o Collaborative & cooperative learning
This learning theory enables learners to leverage their strengths, recognizes, addresses, and develops their weaknesses
Multiple Intelligences
What does multiple intelligence lack according to its critics?
Empirical support
The ability to mentally visualize objects and spatial dimensions
Visual-spatial
Refers to a person’s ability to reason, solve problems, and learn using language
Visual linguistic
The ability to communicate effectively with other people and to be able to develop relationships
Interpersonal
The ability to understand one’s own emotions, motivations, inner states of being, and self-reflection
Intrapersonal
Inductive, deductive thinking and reasoning abilities, logic, as well as the use of numbers and abstract pattern recognition
Logical-mathematical
The ability to master music as well as rhythms, tones, and beats
Musical rythmic
The wisdom of the body and the ability to control physical motion
Body kinesthetics
Involves how sensitive an individual is to nature and to world
Naturalist
Provide teachers with an organized system for creating an appropriate learning environment and planning instructional activities
Learning style models
Who introduced the Kolb’s Learning Model?
David Allen Kolb
According to _____, knowledge results from a combination of grasping experience and transforming it
Kolb
- A new experience or situation that is encountered or a reinterpretation of existing experience
Concrete experience
Specifically its importance is any inconsistencies between experience and understanding
Reflective observation of the new experience
Reflection gives rise to a new idea or a modification of an existing abstract concept the person has learned from his/her experience
Abstract conceptualization
The learner applies his/her ideas to the world around him/her to see what happened
Active experimentation
Bloom’s learning model is also known as _____
Bloom’s taxonomy
a set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity
Bloom’s learning model
Psychomotor domain of Bloom’s taxonomy
- Origination
- Adaptation
- Complex overt response
- Mechanism
- Guided response
- Set
- Perception
Cognitive domain of Bloom’s taxonomy
- Evaluation
- Synthesis
- Analysis
- Application
- Comprehension
-Knowledge
Affective domain of Bloom’s taxonomy
- Characterizing
- Organizing
- Valuing
- Responding
- Receiving
Original domain of Bloom’s taxonomy
- Evaluation
- Synthesis
- Analysis
- Application
- Comprehension
- Knowledge
New domain of Bloom’s taxonomy
- Creating
- Evaluation
- Analyzing
- Applying
- Understanding
- Remembering
Individuals must know about their learning styles or preferences and find ways to learn using those methods
Honey and Mumford Learning Style Model
Use different terms for each stage of the learning cycle and each of the learning style
Honey and Mumford Learning Style Model
Tend to act first and consider the consequences afterward
Activists
Prefer to think problems in a step-by-step manner; Like lectures, systems, case studies, models, and readings
Theorists
Theories and concepts are no use to them unless they can see how such things work in ‘in real life
Pragmatists
- Like to have time for planning and preparation as well as opportunities for review
Reflectors
_____ suggest four modalities that seemed to reflect the experiences of the students and teachers. What learning style model is this?
Fleming and Mills (1992), VARK Learning Style Model
Prefer the use of images, maps, and graphic organizers to learn and understand new information
Visual learners
Best understand new content through listening and speaking in class, in groups and make use of repetition as a study technique and benefit from the use of mnemonics
Auditory learners
Learn best by reading and writing the words and are therefore avid readers or copious note-takers
Read and write learners
Good at translating the abstract into words or essays
Read and write learners
Uses tactile representations of information; they are hands-on learners
Kinesthetic learners
- Have more respect for brick-and-mortar educational institutions and traditional lecture formats than online, web-based education, and training
Traditionalists
Favors conventional business models in the legal workplace and a top-down chain of command
Traditionalists
More formal with their communication style and are less motivated by informal communication or learning styles
Traditionalists
Traditionalists are born between _____
1922-1945
- Self-assured, independent, competitive, goal-centric, resourceful, mentally focused, team-oriented, and disciplined
Baby Boomers
Enjoy reading books and are more likely to stay focused on one topic at a time
Baby Boomers
“workaholics”
Baby Boomers
Baby boomers are born between _____
1946-1964
- Dislike being-micro-managed and embrace a hands-off management philosophy
Generation X
Appreciate direct and clear communication when it comes to learning, but disapprove of micromanaging and tend to be independent learners
Generation X
Generation X are born between _____
Early-to-mid 1960s to the early 1980s
Thrive on clear and succinct directions, independent learning, digital resources, and real-world applications
Generation X
Comfort with technology; refered by Prensky as digital natives
Millenials
Likely to get bored with lectures, but love to learn through interaction and hands-on application
Millenials
Requires experiential learning, hands-on learning, opportunities to network and interact, use of digital resources
Millenials
Millenials are born between ______
Early 1980s as starting birth years and mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years
Generation Z are born between ______
mid-1990s and mid-2000s
Want to stay engaged in the learning process through multiple learning channels
Generation Z
Motivated by experiential learning, yet still need classroom discussion and application that can be facilitated by a teacher to improve critical thinking skills
Generation Z
Generation Z needs ______, multiple learning resources and channels, as well as independent learning modes
experiential learning and real-world application
Generation Alpha are born in _____
2010-2025
known as the iGeneration
Generation Alpha
Generation alpha are not simply users of technology but are described to be _____ and can very well navigate a gadget before starting to read
born with a tech thumb
A “net-centric” theory where the internet can provide the resources for the self-directed experience
Heutagogy (Blaschke, 2012)
A learning theory of distance education and views it as further point on the learning continuum after pedagogy and andragogy
Heutagogy (Blaschke, 2012)
Congruent with transformative education since heutagogy also requires learners to reflect on the learning process
Heutagogy (Blaschke, 2012)
Whereas pedagogy is _____-based and andragogy is _____-based, heutagogy is _____-based
objective, competency, capability
Who proposed the principles of heutagogy?
McAuliffe, Hargreaves, Winter, and Chadwick, 2008
What are the principles of heutagogy?
- Knowing how to learn is a crucial skill
- Educators focus on learning process rather than content
- Learning goes beyond specific discipline
- Learning occurs through self-chosen and self-directive action
Views the students as the driver of learning; where the learner connects with, and builds knowledge via the connections made within a network
Connectivism (Downes, Siemens)
The main function of teachers that embrace connectivism is to introduce the learning environment and then let collaborative effort develop naturally between students
Connectivism (Downes, Siemens)
_____ shifts the major learning responsibility from the instructors to the learners, with instructors playing their role supporting the transition
Education 4.0
Education 3.0 is a “______”. The model noted that schools are literally everywhere and resources are there for the taking
connectivist, heutagogical approach
Concept of “information discernment” which includes informational and digital literacy and how learners can categorize and appropriately use the information they have access to in order to optimize their learning experiences
Education 3.0 (Gerstein, 2013)
A more personalized learning; More remote learning opportunities
Education 4.0
Education 4.0 is the _____ of education tools
plethora
Nine trends related to education 4.0
- Learning can be anytime, anywhere
- Learning is personalized to individual students
- Students have a choice in determining how they want to learn
- Students will be exposed to more project-based learning
- Students will be exposed to more hands-on learning through field experience including internships, mentoring projects, and collaborative projects
- Students will be exposed to data interpretation in which they are required to apply their tech or ethical knowledge to numbers and use their reasoning skills to make interferences based on logic and trends from given sets of data
- Students will be assessed differently
- Students’ opinions will be considered in designing and updating the curriculum
- Students will become more independent in their own learning
