The Context of Teaching Health Education

Question 1

Communication of information about knowledge, skills, and values of the society in each succeeding generation to help them acquire the intellectual and practical methods to function in the society. It is a process that helps an individual to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually, and emotionally

Answer 1

Education

Question 2

Health is _____

Answer 2

highly subjective

Question 3

According to ___, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”

Answer 3

Albert Einstein

Question 4

“A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his thought to derive benefit from his illnesses”

Answer 4

Hippocrates

Question 5

“Good health and prevention and treatment of illness through lifestyle practices such as massage, meditation, yoga, and dietary changes and the use of herbal remedies.”

Answer 5

Ancient Ind “Ayurveda”

Question 6

“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of a disease or infirmity.”

Answer 6

WHO, 1948

Question 7

“a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.”

Answer 7

WHO, 1986

Question 8

• The anatomical integrity and physiological functioning of the body. Bodily functions are working at maximum performance and functions harmoniously. It involves regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest

Answer 8

Physical Health

Question 9

The ability to enjoy life, to handle the day-to-day events and obstacles, to adapt to adversity, and to function effectively in the society

Answer 9

Mental Health

Question 10

The ability to make and maintain acceptable interactions with other people

Answer 10

Social Health

Question 11

Builds relationships with others and connects to a positive network

Answer 11

Social Health

Question 12

Refers to the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of a person

Answer 12

Mental Health

Question 13

Factors that have an impact on health

Answer 13

• genetic factor
• social and economic factors
• environmental factors
• cultural issues

Question 14

can lead to a less than optimum level of health

Answer 14

Genetic pattern

Question 15

often means having high or less access to healthcare

Answer 15

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 16

The family and society traditions and culture can affect the health of the individuals

Answer 16

Cultural issues

Question 17

process that informs, motivates, and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, prevents disease, and reduces perilous behaviors

Answer 17

health education

Question 18

“communication activity aimed at enhancing positive health and preventing or diminishing ill-health in individuals and groups through influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those with power and of the community at large.”

Answer 18

Downie, Fyfe, and Tannahill (1990)

Question 19

“health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.”

Answer 19

WHO, 1998

Question 20

“any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality health decisions.”

Answer 20

Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology, 2001

Question 21

“any planned combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups, or communities.”

Answer 21

Green and Kreuter, 2005

Question 22

is a “professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities”

Answer 22

Health educator (Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology, 2001)

Question 23

also called the specialist in health education, provides various services to the community, enhancing residents’ well-being through health-focused methods

Answer 23

health educator

Question 24

The experts in health education organize, specify targeted populations, and identify available resources, programs, and policies. They develop cooperative relationships and agreements that make it easier to get data from primary, secondary, and resources supported by evidence. Create a plan for data analysis. Additionally, compare results to norms, current data, and other details.

Answer 24

Area I: Assessment of Needs and Capacity

Question 25

Define the desired results. Identify health promotion and education initiatives. Create strategies and resources for implementation and assessments.

Answer 25

Area II: Planning

Question 26

Provide health promotion and education programs. Follow up on the execution.

Answer 26

Area III: Implmentation

Question 27

Evaluation of the intervention’s design process, effects, and results. Create research projects. Utilize the right technologies to manage the gathering and processing assessment and/or research data. Analyze the data. Use the results.

Answer 27

Area IV: Evaluation and Research

Question 28

Determine an existing or developing health concern that calls for systemic, environmental, or policy change. Plan advocacy activities by including coalitions and stakeholders in tackling the health issue. Act as an advocate. Assess advocacy.

Answer 28

Area V: Advocacy

Question 29

Determine the audience’s communication goals. Create messages utilizing models and/or theories of communication. Decide on the message delivery techniques and technologies. Utilize the chosen medium and tactics to deliver the messages effectively. Assess communication.

Answer 29

Area VI: Communications

Question 30

Organize relationships with stakeholders and partners. Prepare people to promote and give health education. Organize personnel, material, and fiduciary resources. Do strategic planning with the necessary stakeholders.

Answer 30

Area VII: Leadership and Management

Question 31

Practice in conformity with accepted ethical standards. Serve as a reliable source for information on promoting and educating about health. Maintain and/or improve your proficiency by participating in professional development. Promote the field of health education to other people, the public, and other stakeholders.

Answer 31

Area VIII: Ethics and Professionalism

Question 32

Who unified the code of ethics and in what year?

Answer 32

Coalition of National Health Education Organizations, 2004

Question 33

What are the agencies included in Coalition of National Health Education Organizations, 2004

Answer 33

o American Academy of Health Behavior (AAHB) o American Association for Health Education (AAHE) o American College Health Association (ACHA) o American Public Health Association (APHA) o Public Health Education and Health Promotion (PHEHP) Section o APHA’s School Health Education and Services (SHES) Section o American School Health Association (ASHA) o Directors of Health Promotion and Education (DHPE) o Etta Sigma Gamma o Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) o Society of State Directors of Health and Physical Education and Recreation (SSDHPER)

Question 34

Supports principles of self-determination and freedom of choice for the individual

Answer 34

Responsibility to the public

Question 35

Exhibits professional behavior

Answer 35

Responsibility to the profession

Question 36

Accountable for professional activities and actions

Answer 36

Responsibility to employers

Question 37

Respects the rights, dignity, confidentiality, and worth of the people

Answer 37

Responsibility in the delivery of health education:

Question 38

Conducts oneself following federal and state laws, organizational and institutional policies, and professional standards

Answer 38

Responsibility in research and evaluation

Question 39

Provides quality education that benefits the profession and the public

Answer 39

Responsibility in professional preparation

Question 39

complex and challenging profession in which an effective teacher makes countless daily decisions

Answer 39

Teaching

Question 40

According to _____, “Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given.”

Answer 40

Mark K. Smith (2018)

Question 41

“Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of the learners.”

Answer 41

John Holt

Question 42

“The act or experience of one that learns”, “Knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study”, and “Modification of a behavioral tendency by experience.”

Answer 42

Merriam Webster

Question 43

“Learning is a process that leads to _____, which occurs as a result of _____ and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning.”

Answer 43

change, experience

Question 44

“Learning as the mental activity by which knowledge and skills, habits and attitudes, virtues and ideas are acquired, retained, and utilized resulting in the progressive adoption and modification of conduct and behavior.”

Answer 44

Okoye (2010) cited by Nkechi et al. 2016

Question 45

"Teaching is the noblest profession in the world,” stated _____

Answer 45

President David O. Mckay

Question 46

“Any type of work, especially one that needs a high level of education or a particular skill”

Answer 46

Profession

Question 47

person who possesses knowledge of an area of specialization and has a commitment to a particular set of values both of which are generally well-accepted characteristics of professions

Answer 47

Professional

Question 48

Characteristics of a profession

Answer 48

* It requires intensive education and training * It is licensed and certified * It has an effective entry procedure * It is guided by some codes of conduct * It has strong bodies protecting its interest * It is independent and has freedom of practice * It is a life chosen career for its practitioners * It is highly regarded in society

Question 49

Leads students to develop other skills, such as a higher level of concentration, deeper analytical abilities, and improved thought process

Answer 49

Critical thinking and problem solving

Question 50

Skills in critical thinking and problem solving

Answer 50

- reason effectively - use systems thinking - make judgments and decisions - solve problem

Question 51

Articulate thoughts and ideas effectively using oral, written, and nonverbal communication skills in a variety of forms and contexts

Answer 51

Communication

Question 52

Listen effectively to decipher meaning, including knowledge, values, attitudes, and intentions

Answer 52

Communication

Question 53

What are the 4 C's

Answer 53

- critical thinking and problem solving - communication - collaboration - creativity and innovation

Question 54

Exercise flexibility and willingness to help make necessary compromises to accomplish a common goal

Answer 54

Collaboration

Question 55

“Successful individuals are those who have creative skills, to produce a vision for how they intend to make the world a better place for everyone, analytical intellectual skills, to assess their vision and those of others, practical intellectual skills, to carry out their vision and persuade people of its value, and wisdom to ensure that their vision is not a selfish one.”

Answer 55

Creativity and innovation according to Robert Sternberg

Question 56

Elaborate, refine, analyze, and evaluate original ideas to improve and maximize creative efforts

Answer 56

thinking creatively

Question 57

Act on creative ideas to make a tangible and useful contribution to the field in which the innovation will occur

Answer 57

implement innovation

Question 58

“A teacher is a person who selects and organizes teaching – learning methods, consciously planning and controlling a situation directed to the achievement of optimum student learning.”

Answer 58

Sodhi Jaspreet Kaur and Kaur Baljinder (2017)

Question 59

Instructional role of teacher

Answer 59

* Plan and organize courses * Create and maintain a desirable group * Adapt teaching and preparing the instructional materials * Motivate the challenging students * Teaching, which consists of a complex role involving a series of activities * Evaluating all the planned learning and teaching activities and student outcomes

Question 60

Faculty role of a teacher

Answer 60

* Chairperson, secretary, or member of one or more committees * Counselor * Researchers * Resource persons

Question 61

Individual role of a teacher

Answer 61

* Plays a personal role as a member of a family, a community and a citizen * Dignified and distinct personality

Question 62

Who defined the 12 roles of teacher?

Answer 62

Joy Crossby (2000)

Question 63

Functions of Teacher

Answer 63

• Explaining and Informing • Initiating, Directing and Administering • Unifying the Group • Giving Security • Clarifying Attitude, Beliefs and Problems • Diagnosing Learning Problems • Making Curriculum Material • Evaluating, Recording, and Reporting • Arranging and Organizing Class Room • Participating in the School Activities • Participating in Professional Life

Question 64

Interaction of the faculty is the most important factor in student motivation and involvement

Answer 64

Encourage contact between students and faculty

Question 65

Work collaboratively not competitively

Answer 65

Develop reciprocity and cooperation

Question 66

Students must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, and apply it to their daily lives

Answer 66

Encourage active learning

Question 67

Students need help in assessing existing knowledge and competenc

Answer 67

Give prompt feedback

Question 68

Give the students a chance to reflect on what they have learned, what they need to know more, and how to assess themselves

Answer 68

Give prompt feedback

Question 69

looks ahead towards future guidance on how to do it better

Answer 69

feed back and feed forward

Question 70

Allocating realistic amounts of time means effective learning for students and effective teaching for faculty

Answer 70

Emphasize time on task

Question 71

If expectations are well communicated with the students or faculties, they will put extra effort to achieve these expectations; therefore, giving them self-fulfillment on what they have done

Answer 71

Communicate high expectations

Question 72

"Not only limited to the difference of ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, cultural and socioeconomic background, but also the diverse learning styles, all forms of intelligence, experiences, preparations, external environment, health, values and goals."

Answer 72

Respect diverse talents and ways of learning (Lustbader, 1999)

Question 73

* “Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given.”

Answer 73

Smith, 2018

Question 74

an interactive process that promotes learning

Answer 74

Teaching

Question 75

True or false. Outcomes-based learnings are graded

Answer 75

False

Question 76

involves mental activity by means of which knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes, ideals, appreciations and ideas are acquired, retained and utilized resulting in the progressive adaptation and modification of behavior

Answer 76

Learning

Question 77

Dimensions in the teaching-learning process

Answer 77

* Teaching objectives & Learning Needs * Teaching-Learning Process * Instructional Content * Teaching Strategies * External Conditions * Inter- & Intra-personal relationships * Outcome of Health Education Process

Question 78

What should instructional content contain?

Answer 78

o Visuals that establishes the purpose of the lesson o Organization of the lesson o Modeling to the teacher’s performance expectations

Question 79

Knowledge and understanding of facts, ideas, concepts, principles, rules, meanings, and definitions

Answer 79

Cognition change

Question 80

Attitudes, appreciations, interests, ideals, values, likes and dislikes, beliefs, conduct-controls, philosophies

Answer 80

Attitude change

Question 81

Motor abilities, manipulative skills, bodily movements, vocal skills, dramatic abilities, athletic skills, adaptive skills

Answer 81

Behavior change

Question 82

Processes that determine the extent to which a person may be persuaded to change

Answer 82

* Attention * Comprehension * Acceptance * Retention

Question 83

Barriers to change

Answer 83

* Cultural barriers * Social barriers * Psychological barriers * Language difficulties

Question 84

Barriers to teaching

Answer 84

* Lack of time to teach * Lack of competence or confidence with teaching skills * Lack of motivation * Low priority to patient and staff education * Environment – conducive

Question 85

Obstacle to learning

Answer 85

* Lack of Time – rapid discharge+ amount of information * Presence of illness * Low literacy * Hospital Environment * Personal Characteristics of the learner * Extent of behavioral changes * Lack of support * Denial of learning needs * Inconvenience in healthcare facilities

Question 86

Throughout history people have always turned to some type of medicine man or physician for counsel

Answer 86

Pre-historic era

Question 87

Who were the first to have doctors

Answer 87

Egyptians

Question 88

When was code of Hammurabi written

Answer 88

Pre-historic era

Question 89

Before science enabled us to determine pathogenic causes of diseases, _____ and leadership prevailed

Answer 89

spiritual explanations

Question 90

When was the birth of surgery

Answer 90

Pre-historic era

Question 91

Clinical method of observation by _____

Answer 91

Hippocrates

Question 92

During the middle ages, _____ opened medical schools

Answer 92

Christian church

Question 93

_____ provided by monasteries were built for the poor, however, ill people were often turned away due to fear of disease spreading

Answer 93

Medieval hospitals

Question 94

During the ____, disease was caused by sin or disobeying God

Answer 94

Middle ages

Question 95

The "time of great pandemics"

Answer 95

Middles Ages (bubonic plague)

Question 96

What was the "punishment for sins" in the middle ages?

Answer 96

Disease

Question 97

True or false. Doctors studied star charts because they believed that the movement of the planets affect people’s health

Answer 97

True

Question 98

studied the circulation of the blood

Answer 98

William Harvey

Question 99

During this time, the difference between arteries and veins is identified and bloodletting became popular

Answer 99

Renaissance

Question 100

What happened during the age of enlightenment?

Answer 100

* Smallpox * Inoculation brought to Britain by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu * Vaccination by Edward Jenner

Question 101

Bacterial period of public health

Answer 101

1800s

Question 102

Edwin Chadwick’s report – public health improvements during the era of Queen Victoria

Answer 102

1842

Question 103

Who proposed the germ theory of disease?

Answer 103

Louis Pasteur

Question 104

Proposed the antiseptic method

Answer 104

Joseph Lister

Question 105

The era of public health

Answer 105

19th century

Question 106

"microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solution, however air itself does not create microbes"

Answer 106

Germ theory by Louis Pasteur

Question 107

He introduced fermentation, and pasteurization technique

Answer 107

Louis Pasteur

Question 108

He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials

Answer 108

Louis Pasteur

Question 109

Development of vaccine against anthrax and rabies

Answer 109

Louis Pasteur

Question 110

Showed that cholera was waterborne and brought the situation under control

Answer 110

John Snow

Question 111

The era of prevention; CDC was established

Answer 111

1970s

Question 112

the surgeon general’s report on health promotion and disease prevention was published

Answer 112

Healthy people (1970s)

Question 113

Initial role delineation study for health education

Answer 113

1980s

Question 114

6-year project to reverify the entry-level health education responsibilities, competencies, and sub-competencies and to verify the advanced-level competencies and sub-competencies

Answer 114

Competencies Update Project (CUP) in 1990s

Question 115

performed by health educators with BS and MS and less than 5 years of experience

Answer 115

Entry-level

Question 116

BS and MS with more than 5 years of experience

Answer 116

Advanced 1

Question 117

Health educators with PhD and 5 or more years of experience

Answer 117

Advanced 2

Question 118

What happened during the 2000s?

Answer 118

* Unified code of ethics * Report of Joint Committee on Health Education & Promotion Terminology * Outcome-Based Education & Practice * Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (expands health care coverage)