The Context of Teaching Health Education Flashcards
Communication of information about knowledge, skills, and values of the society in each succeeding generation to help them acquire the intellectual and practical methods to function in the society. It is a process that helps an individual to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually, and emotionally
Education
Health is _____
highly subjective
According to ___, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”
Albert Einstein
“A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his thought to derive benefit from his illnesses”
Hippocrates
“Good health and prevention and treatment of illness through lifestyle practices such as massage, meditation, yoga, and dietary changes and the use of herbal remedies.”
Ancient Ind “Ayurveda”
“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of a disease or infirmity.”
WHO, 1948
“a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.”
WHO, 1986
- The anatomical integrity and physiological functioning of the body. Bodily functions are working at maximum performance and functions harmoniously. It involves regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest
Physical Health
The ability to enjoy life, to handle the day-to-day events and obstacles, to adapt to adversity, and to function effectively in the society
Mental Health
The ability to make and maintain acceptable interactions with other people
Social Health
Builds relationships with others and connects to a positive network
Social Health
Refers to the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of a person
Mental Health
Factors that have an impact on health
- genetic factor
- social and economic factors
- environmental factors
- cultural issues
can lead to a less than optimum level of health
Genetic pattern
often means having high or less access to healthcare
Socioeconomic status (SES)
The family and society traditions and culture can affect the health of the individuals
Cultural issues
process that informs, motivates, and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, prevents disease, and reduces perilous behaviors
health education
“communication activity aimed at enhancing positive health and preventing or diminishing ill-health in individuals and groups through influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those with power and of the community at large.”
Downie, Fyfe, and Tannahill (1990)
“health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.”
WHO, 1998
“any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality health decisions.”
Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology, 2001
“any planned combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups, or communities.”
Green and Kreuter, 2005
is a “professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities”
Health educator (Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology, 2001)
also called the specialist in health education, provides various services to the community, enhancing residents’ well-being through health-focused methods
health educator
The experts in health education organize, specify targeted populations, and identify available resources, programs, and policies. They develop cooperative relationships and agreements that make it easier to get data from primary, secondary, and resources supported by evidence. Create a plan for data analysis. Additionally, compare results to norms, current data, and other details.
Area I: Assessment of Needs and Capacity
Define the desired results. Identify health promotion and education initiatives. Create strategies and resources for implementation and assessments.
Area II: Planning
Provide health promotion and education programs. Follow up on the execution.
Area III: Implmentation
Evaluation of the intervention’s design process, effects, and results. Create research projects. Utilize the right technologies to manage the gathering and processing assessment and/or research data. Analyze the data. Use the results.
Area IV: Evaluation and Research
Determine an existing or developing health concern that calls for systemic, environmental, or policy change. Plan advocacy activities by including coalitions and stakeholders in tackling the health issue. Act as an advocate. Assess advocacy.
Area V: Advocacy
Determine the audience’s communication goals. Create messages utilizing models and/or theories of communication. Decide on the message delivery techniques and technologies. Utilize the chosen medium and tactics to deliver the messages effectively. Assess communication.
Area VI: Communications
Organize relationships with stakeholders and partners. Prepare people to promote and give health education. Organize personnel, material, and fiduciary resources. Do strategic planning with the necessary stakeholders.
Area VII: Leadership and Management
Practice in conformity with accepted ethical standards. Serve as a reliable source for information on promoting and educating about health. Maintain and/or improve your proficiency by participating in professional development. Promote the field of health education to other people, the public, and other stakeholders.
Area VIII: Ethics and Professionalism
Who unified the code of ethics and in what year?
Coalition of National Health Education Organizations, 2004
What are the agencies included in Coalition of National Health Education Organizations, 2004
o American Academy of Health Behavior (AAHB)
o American Association for Health Education (AAHE)
o American College Health Association (ACHA)
o American Public Health Association (APHA)
o Public Health Education and Health Promotion (PHEHP) Section
o APHA’s School Health Education and Services (SHES) Section
o American School Health Association (ASHA)
o Directors of Health Promotion and Education (DHPE)
o Etta Sigma Gamma
o Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE)
o Society of State Directors of Health and Physical Education and Recreation (SSDHPER)
Supports principles of self-determination and freedom of choice for the individual
Responsibility to the public
Exhibits professional behavior
Responsibility to the profession
Accountable for professional activities and actions
Responsibility to employers
Respects the rights, dignity, confidentiality, and worth of the people
Responsibility in the delivery of health education:
Conducts oneself following federal and state laws, organizational and institutional policies, and professional standards
Responsibility in research and evaluation
Provides quality education that benefits the profession and the public
Responsibility in professional preparation
complex and challenging profession in which an effective teacher makes countless daily decisions
Teaching
According to _____, “Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given.”
Mark K. Smith (2018)
“Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of the learners.”
John Holt
“The act or experience of one that learns”, “Knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study”, and “Modification of a behavioral tendency by experience.”
Merriam Webster
“Learning is a process that leads to _____, which occurs as a result of _____ and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning.”
change, experience
“Learning as the mental activity by which knowledge and skills, habits and attitudes, virtues and ideas are acquired, retained, and utilized resulting in the progressive adoption and modification of conduct and behavior.”
Okoye (2010) cited by Nkechi et al. 2016
“Teaching is the noblest profession in the world,” stated _____
President David O. Mckay
“Any type of work, especially one that needs a high level of education or a particular skill”
Profession
person who possesses knowledge of an area of specialization and has a commitment to a particular set of values both of which are generally well-accepted characteristics of professions
Professional
Characteristics of a profession
- It requires intensive education and training
- It is licensed and certified
- It has an effective entry procedure
- It is guided by some codes of conduct
- It has strong bodies protecting its interest
- It is independent and has freedom of practice
- It is a life chosen career for its practitioners
- It is highly regarded in society
Leads students to develop other skills, such as a higher level of concentration, deeper analytical abilities, and improved thought process
Critical thinking and problem solving
Skills in critical thinking and problem solving
- reason effectively
- use systems thinking
- make judgments and decisions
- solve problem
Articulate thoughts and ideas effectively using oral, written, and nonverbal communication skills in a variety of forms and contexts
Communication
Listen effectively to decipher meaning, including knowledge, values, attitudes, and intentions
Communication
What are the 4 C’s
- critical thinking and problem solving
- communication
- collaboration
- creativity and innovation
Exercise flexibility and willingness to help make necessary compromises to accomplish a common goal
Collaboration
“Successful individuals are those who have creative skills, to produce a vision for how they intend to make the world a better place for everyone, analytical intellectual skills, to assess their vision and those of others, practical intellectual skills, to carry out their vision and persuade people of its value, and wisdom to ensure that their vision is not a selfish one.”
Creativity and innovation according to Robert Sternberg
Elaborate, refine, analyze, and evaluate original ideas to improve and maximize creative efforts
thinking creatively
Act on creative ideas to make a tangible and useful contribution to the field in which the innovation will occur
implement innovation
“A teacher is a person who selects and organizes teaching – learning methods, consciously planning and controlling a situation directed to the achievement of optimum student learning.”
Sodhi Jaspreet Kaur and Kaur Baljinder (2017)
Instructional role of teacher
- Plan and organize courses
- Create and maintain a desirable group
- Adapt teaching and preparing the instructional materials
- Motivate the challenging students
- Teaching, which consists of a complex role involving a series of activities
- Evaluating all the planned learning and teaching activities and student outcomes
Faculty role of a teacher
- Chairperson, secretary, or member of one or more committees
- Counselor
- Researchers
- Resource persons
Individual role of a teacher
- Plays a personal role as a member of a family, a community and a citizen
- Dignified and distinct personality
Who defined the 12 roles of teacher?
Joy Crossby (2000)
Functions of Teacher
• Explaining and Informing
• Initiating, Directing and Administering
• Unifying the Group
• Giving Security
• Clarifying Attitude, Beliefs and Problems
• Diagnosing Learning Problems
• Making Curriculum Material
• Evaluating, Recording, and Reporting
• Arranging and Organizing Class Room
• Participating in the School Activities
• Participating in Professional Life
Interaction of the faculty is the most important factor in student motivation and involvement
Encourage contact between students and faculty
Work collaboratively not competitively
Develop reciprocity and cooperation
Students must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, and apply it to their daily lives
Encourage active learning
Students need help in assessing existing knowledge and competenc
Give prompt feedback
Give the students a chance to reflect on what they have learned, what they need to know more, and how to assess themselves
Give prompt feedback
looks ahead towards future guidance on how to do it better
feed back and feed forward
Allocating realistic amounts of time means effective learning for students and effective teaching for faculty
Emphasize time on task
If expectations are well communicated with the students or faculties, they will put extra effort to achieve these expectations; therefore, giving them self-fulfillment on what they have done
Communicate high expectations
“Not only limited to the difference of ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, cultural and socioeconomic background, but also the diverse learning styles, all forms of intelligence, experiences, preparations, external environment, health, values and goals.”
Respect diverse talents and ways of learning (Lustbader, 1999)
- “Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given.”
Smith, 2018
an interactive process that promotes learning
Teaching
True or false. Outcomes-based learnings are graded
False
involves mental activity by means of which knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes, ideals, appreciations and ideas are acquired, retained and utilized resulting in the progressive adaptation and modification of behavior
Learning
Dimensions in the teaching-learning process
- Teaching objectives & Learning Needs
- Teaching-Learning Process
- Instructional Content
- Teaching Strategies
- External Conditions
- Inter- & Intra-personal relationships
- Outcome of Health Education Process
What should instructional content contain?
o Visuals that establishes the purpose of the lesson
o Organization of the lesson
o Modeling to the teacher’s performance expectations
Knowledge and understanding of facts, ideas, concepts, principles, rules, meanings, and definitions
Cognition change
Attitudes, appreciations, interests, ideals, values, likes and dislikes, beliefs, conduct-controls, philosophies
Attitude change
Motor abilities, manipulative skills, bodily movements, vocal skills, dramatic abilities, athletic skills, adaptive skills
Behavior change
Processes that determine the extent to which a person may be persuaded to change
- Attention
- Comprehension
- Acceptance
- Retention
Barriers to change
- Cultural barriers
- Social barriers
- Psychological barriers
- Language difficulties
Barriers to teaching
- Lack of time to teach
- Lack of competence or confidence with teaching skills
- Lack of motivation
- Low priority to patient and staff education
- Environment – conducive
Obstacle to learning
- Lack of Time – rapid discharge+ amount of information * Presence of illness
- Low literacy
- Hospital Environment
- Personal Characteristics of the learner
- Extent of behavioral changes
- Lack of support
- Denial of learning needs
- Inconvenience in healthcare facilities
Throughout history people have always turned to some type of medicine man or physician for counsel
Pre-historic era
Who were the first to have doctors
Egyptians
When was code of Hammurabi written
Pre-historic era
Before science enabled us to determine pathogenic causes of diseases, _____ and leadership prevailed
spiritual explanations
When was the birth of surgery
Pre-historic era
Clinical method of observation by _____
Hippocrates
During the middle ages, _____ opened medical schools
Christian church
_____ provided by monasteries were built for the poor, however, ill people were often turned away due to fear of disease spreading
Medieval hospitals
During the ____, disease was caused by sin or disobeying God
Middle ages
The “time of great pandemics”
Middles Ages (bubonic plague)
What was the “punishment for sins” in the middle ages?
Disease
True or false. Doctors studied star charts because they believed that the movement of the planets affect people’s health
True
studied the circulation of the blood
William Harvey
During this time, the difference between arteries and veins is identified and bloodletting became popular
Renaissance
What happened during the age of enlightenment?
- Smallpox
- Inoculation brought to Britain by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
- Vaccination by Edward Jenner
Bacterial period of public health
1800s
Edwin Chadwick’s report – public health improvements during the era of Queen Victoria
1842
Who proposed the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
Proposed the antiseptic method
Joseph Lister
The era of public health
19th century
“microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solution, however air itself does not create microbes”
Germ theory by Louis Pasteur
He introduced fermentation, and pasteurization technique
Louis Pasteur
He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials
Louis Pasteur
Development of vaccine against anthrax and rabies
Louis Pasteur
Showed that cholera was waterborne and brought the situation under control
John Snow
The era of prevention; CDC was established
1970s
the surgeon general’s report on health promotion and disease prevention was published
Healthy people (1970s)
Initial role delineation study for health education
1980s
6-year project to reverify the entry-level health education responsibilities, competencies, and sub-competencies and to verify the advanced-level competencies and sub-competencies
Competencies Update Project (CUP) in 1990s
performed by health educators with BS and MS and less than 5 years of experience
Entry-level
BS and MS with more than 5 years of experience
Advanced 1
Health educators with PhD and 5 or more years of experience
Advanced 2
What happened during the 2000s?
- Unified code of ethics
- Report of Joint Committee on Health Education & Promotion Terminology
- Outcome-Based Education & Practice
- Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (expands health care coverage)
