Understanding participants in sport and exercise Flashcards
what is personality
personality is an abstraction used to describe a psychological variable
what are the 4 things that make up the structure of personality q
- psychological core
- typical responses
- role-related behaviours
- social environment
what are the three approaches to the study of personality
- trait approach
- situational approach
- interactionist approach
what is motivation
anything that impels a person to action
what are the three things action is reflected in
- the selection/direction of behaviour
- the intensity of the behaviour
- the persistence of the behaviour
what are the 3 models of motivation
- person centered models
- situation-centered models
- interaction model
what is achievement motivation
“Striving toward a standard of excellence or attempting to reach/achieve a specific goal. person will persist in the face of failure and experience pride in goal accomplishment
define the achievable situation
“a measurable performance for which the individual is responsible which can and will be evaluated in terms of a standard of excellence where there is uncertainty in the outcome”
what 3 things are used to measure achievement motivation
- direction - motives, goals and goal orientations
- intensity - arousal/activation levels
- persistance - direction + intensity over time
achievement motivation and attribution theory
“attributions are the reasons that individuals give for their success or failure. what people attribute their performance to is the perceived cause of their performance. these attributes affect motivation”
what are the three categories of attribution theory
- stability - fairly permanent or unstable
- causality - internal or external factor
- control - a factor this is or is not under our control
what are the 3 achievement goal orientations
- task orientation
- ego/outcome orientation
- social approval orientation
what is task orientation
focus on task/skill mastery - self focus, primary focus is on mastering the skills and being confident
what is ego/outcome orientation
focus on social comparison and competition - measures success based on others
what is social approval orientation
focus on demonstrating effort, gaining approval and praise for significant others
what is arousal
“a level of physiological and psychological activation”
what is anxiety
a tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension and tension
what is state anxiety
“a current emotion state or mode characterised by feelings of apprehension and muscle tension associated with negative effect”
what is stress
“A perceived imbalance between demand and capabilities”
what are the 4 stages to the stress process
stage 1: environmental demand
stage 2: perception of demands
stage 3: stress response
stage 4: behavioural consequences
what is the drive theory
there is a linear relationship between performance and arousal: the more highly aroused the better the performance, more is better
what is the inverted U theory
there is an inverted U relationship between arousal and performance; performance will increase in proportion to increases in arousal up to a certain point. beyond this optimal level performance will begin to decrease
what is the catastrophe theory
increase in physiological arousal leads to increased performance up to a critical (optimal) point after this point is reached the person perceives an imbalance between demands and capabilities which leads to cognitive anxiety and performance suddenly and dramatically drops falls.
