Understanding participants in sport and exercise

Question 1

what is personality

Answer 1

personality is an abstraction used to describe a psychological variable

Question 1

what are the 4 things that make up the structure of personality q

Answer 1

1. psychological core
2. typical responses
3. role-related behaviours
4. social environment

Question 2

what are the three approaches to the study of personality

Answer 2

1. trait approach
2. situational approach
3. interactionist approach

Question 3

what is motivation

Answer 3

anything that impels a person to action

Question 4

what are the three things action is reflected in

Answer 4

1. the selection/direction of behaviour
2. the intensity of the behaviour
3. the persistence of the behaviour

Question 5

what are the 3 models of motivation

Answer 5

1. person centered models
2. situation-centered models
3. interaction model

Question 6

what is achievement motivation

Answer 6

“Striving toward a standard of excellence or attempting to reach/achieve a specific goal. person will persist in the face of failure and experience pride in goal accomplishment

Question 7

define the achievable situation

Answer 7

“a measurable performance for which the individual is responsible which can and will be evaluated in terms of a standard of excellence where there is uncertainty in the outcome”

Question 8

what 3 things are used to measure achievement motivation

Answer 8

1. direction - motives, goals and goal orientations
2. intensity - arousal/activation levels
3. persistance - direction + intensity over time

Question 9

achievement motivation and attribution theory

Answer 9

“attributions are the reasons that individuals give for their success or failure. what people attribute their performance to is the perceived cause of their performance. these attributes affect motivation”

Question 10

what are the three categories of attribution theory

Answer 10

1. stability - fairly permanent or unstable
2. causality - internal or external factor
3. control - a factor this is or is not under our control

Question 11

what are the 3 achievement goal orientations

Answer 11

1. task orientation
2. ego/outcome orientation
3. social approval orientation

Question 12

what is task orientation

Answer 12

focus on task/skill mastery - self focus, primary focus is on mastering the skills and being confident

Question 13

what is ego/outcome orientation

Answer 13

focus on social comparison and competition - measures success based on others

Question 14

what is social approval orientation

Answer 14

focus on demonstrating effort, gaining approval and praise for significant others

Question 15

what is arousal

Answer 15

“a level of physiological and psychological activation”

Question 16

what is anxiety

Answer 16

a tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension and tension

Question 17

what is state anxiety

Answer 17

“a current emotion state or mode characterised by feelings of apprehension and muscle tension associated with negative effect”

Question 18

what is stress

Answer 18

“A perceived imbalance between demand and capabilities”

Question 19

what are the 4 stages to the stress process

Answer 19

stage 1: environmental demand
stage 2: perception of demands
stage 3: stress response
stage 4: behavioural consequences

Question 20

what is the drive theory

Answer 20

there is a linear relationship between performance and arousal: the more highly aroused the better the performance, more is better

Question 21

what is the inverted U theory

Answer 21

there is an inverted U relationship between arousal and performance; performance will increase in proportion to increases in arousal up to a certain point. beyond this optimal level performance will begin to decrease

Question 22

what is the catastrophe theory

Answer 22

increase in physiological arousal leads to increased performance up to a critical (optimal) point after this point is reached the person perceives an imbalance between demands and capabilities which leads to cognitive anxiety and performance suddenly and dramatically drops falls.