Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Flashcards
Kinds of Qualitative Research Design
Ethnographic, Grounded Theory, Case Study Design, Phenomenological Design, Narrative
Aimed at exploring cultural phenomenon reflecting knowledge and meaning of a cultural group like historic formation, compositions, materiality and people’s heritage.
Explain ethnographic / ethnography
How is date collection done in Ethnography?
conducting audio and video interviews, field notes, and surveys.
The research should be open but it can take months to structure verification and summary in the later phase to form one central theme.
process of Grounded Theory
To develop theory surrounding phenomenon grounded in observation.
Grounded Theory
The researcher collects a detailed information through a huge amount of data collection procedures over a constant period of time.
Case Studies
how is data collection done in case studies?
field notes, interviews, surveys, or observation the case study gives a descriptive account of the entities’ experiences or behaviors kept by the researcher.
The real meaning of human experience about a phenomenon.
Phenomenological Research
use of Phenomenological Research
Helpful for collecting stories, narratives and anecdotes from individuals and groups of people.
4 roles the researcher can assume in Phenomenological Research
Complete Observer, Complete Participant, Participant-as-observer, Observer-as-participant
Roles of Complete Observer & Complete Participant
the group is uninformed of the observer’s status as a researcher
Roles of Participant-as-observer & Observer-as-participant
group members are conscious of the researcher’s role
How is Narrative Inquiry used?
to obtain a deeper understanding in which individuals organize and develop meaning from events.
How is Narrative Inquiry done?
studying the impact of social structures on an individual and
how that relates to identity, intimate relationships, and family
Kinds of sample description
Redundancy Criterion & Pragmatic Criterion
Redundancy Criterion
When no new information is forthcoming from new sampled units, stop collecting data
Pragmatic Criterion
in defining sample size, considering the amount of time it costs to do and transcribe the interviews and the number of sub-groups from which one will select respondents.
strategies to obtain a quality sample
- focus on the study
- find a representative sample
- determine a recruitment strategy
- consult with the community to identify and recruit potential participants
- avoid selection bias
- do not after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant
- allow for flexibility in the process
Sampling techniques for which a person’s likelihood of being selected for membership in the sample is known.
Nonprobability Sampling
types of nonprobability Samples
purposive samples, snowball samples, quota samples, convenience samples
a researcher begins with specific perspectives in mind that he wishes to examine and then seeks out research participants who cover that full range of perspectives
Purposive Sampling
participants of purposive sampling
they have a target number of participants rather than a set requirement
a researcher might know of one or two people he would like to include in his study but then relies on those initial participants to help identify additional study participants
Snowball sampling
a researcher identifies categories that are important to the study and for which there is likely to some variation
Quota sampling
a researcher simply collects data from those people or other relevant elements to which he or she has most convenient access
useful in exploratory research
Convenience sampling/ Haphazard Sampling
Some of the things a researcher might do with the information he collects:
- Entering narratives, numbers, and other information into a computer program
- Performing any mathematical or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis.
- Transcribing
- Coding data
- Organizing Data
3 methods of data collection
participant observation
direct observation
unstructured interviewing
the researcher becomes a participant in the culture or environment being observed
Participant Observation
- A direct observer doesn’t typically try to become a participant in the context
- Direct observation suggest a more detached perspective
- Tends to be more focus than participant observation
Direct Observation
- No formal structured instrument or protocol
- The interviewer is free to move the conversation in any direction of interest that may come up
Unstructured Interviewing
here questions regarding the research arises
Data analysis
6 main system of analysis
( Easreby-Smith, Thorpe, and Jackson )
Content analysis Grounded analysis Social Network analysis Discourse analysis Narrative analysis Conversational analysis
- no system for prerecording
therefore a method for identifying and labeling or coding data needs to be developed that is bespoke for each research which is called content analysis
Content Analysis
content analysis can be used when qualitative data has been collected through:
interview, focus group, observation, documentary analysis
content analysis two levels
Basic level or the manifest level &
Higher level or latent level of analysis
Basic level or the manifest level
descriptive account of the data
Higher level or latent level of analysis
a more interpretive analysis that is concerned with the response as well as what may have been inferred or implied
- the researcher does not start from a defined point,
- he allows the data to speak for itself, with themes emerging from the discussions and conversations
Grounded Analysis
examines the links between individuals as a way of understanding what motivates behavior
Social Network Analysis
not only analyses conversation but also takes into account the social context in which the conversation occurs.
- including previous conversations, power relationships, and the concept of individual identity
Discourse Analysis
looks at the way in which stories are told within an organization or society to try to understand more about the way in which people think and are organized within groups
Narrative Analysis
requires a detailed
examination of the data, including exactly
which words are used, in what order,
whether speakers overlap their speech, and
where the emphasis is placed.
detailed conventions are used in
transcribing for conversation analysis.
Conversation Analysis
chapter 3 - Methodology parts
research design
research respondents
data gathering procedure
data analysis
