Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Question 1

Kinds of Qualitative Research Design

Answer 1

Ethnographic, Grounded Theory, Case Study Design, Phenomenological Design, Narrative

Question 2

Aimed at exploring cultural phenomenon reflecting knowledge and meaning of a cultural group like historic formation, compositions, materiality and people’s heritage.

Answer 2

Explain ethnographic / ethnography

Question 3

How is date collection done in Ethnography?

Answer 3

conducting audio and video interviews, field notes, and surveys.

Question 4

The research should be open but it can take months to structure verification and summary in the later phase to form one central theme.

Answer 4

process of Grounded Theory

Question 5

To develop theory surrounding phenomenon grounded in observation.

Answer 5

Grounded Theory

Question 6

The researcher collects a detailed information through a huge amount of data collection procedures over a constant period of time.

Answer 6

Case Studies

Question 7

how is data collection done in case studies?

Answer 7

field notes, interviews, surveys, or observation the case study gives a descriptive account of the entities’ experiences or behaviors kept by the researcher.

Question 8

The real meaning of human experience about a phenomenon.

Answer 8

Phenomenological Research

Question 9

use of Phenomenological Research

Answer 9

Helpful for collecting stories, narratives and anecdotes from individuals and groups of people.

Question 10

4 roles the researcher can assume in Phenomenological Research

Answer 10

Complete Observer, Complete Participant, Participant-as-observer, Observer-as-participant

Question 11

Roles of Complete Observer & Complete Participant

Answer 11

the group is uninformed of the observer’s status as a researcher

Question 12

Roles of Participant-as-observer & Observer-as-participant

Answer 12

group members are conscious of the researcher’s role

Question 13

How is Narrative Inquiry used?

Answer 13

to obtain a deeper understanding in which individuals organize and develop meaning from events.

Question 14

How is Narrative Inquiry done?

Answer 14

studying the impact of social structures on an individual and
how that relates to identity, intimate relationships, and family

Question 15

Kinds of sample description

Answer 15

Redundancy Criterion & Pragmatic Criterion

Question 16

Redundancy Criterion

Answer 16

When no new information is forthcoming from new sampled units, stop collecting data

Question 17

Pragmatic Criterion

Answer 17

in defining sample size, considering the amount of time it costs to do and transcribe the interviews and the number of sub-groups from which one will select respondents.

Question 18

strategies to obtain a quality sample

Answer 18

• focus on the study
• find a representative sample
• determine a recruitment strategy
• consult with the community to identify and recruit potential participants
• avoid selection bias
• do not after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant
• allow for flexibility in the process

Question 19

Sampling techniques for which a person’s likelihood of being selected for membership in the sample is known.

Answer 19

Nonprobability Sampling

Question 20

types of nonprobability Samples

Answer 20

purposive samples, snowball samples, quota samples, convenience samples

Question 21

a researcher begins with specific perspectives in mind that he wishes to examine and then seeks out research participants who cover that full range of perspectives

Answer 21

Purposive Sampling

Question 22

participants of purposive sampling

Answer 22

they have a target number of participants rather than a set requirement

Question 23

a researcher might know of one or two people he would like to include in his study but then relies on those initial participants to help identify additional study participants

Answer 23

Snowball sampling

Question 24

a researcher identifies categories that are important to the study and for which there is likely to some variation

Answer 24

Quota sampling

Question 25

a researcher simply collects data from those people or other relevant elements to which he or she has most convenient access

useful in exploratory research

Answer 25

Convenience sampling/ Haphazard Sampling

Question 26

Some of the things a researcher might do with the information he collects:

Answer 26

• Entering narratives, numbers, and other information into a computer program
• Performing any mathematical or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis.
• Transcribing
• Coding data
• Organizing Data

Question 27

3 methods of data collection

Answer 27

participant observation
direct observation
unstructured interviewing

Question 28

the researcher becomes a participant in the culture or environment being observed

Answer 28

Participant Observation

Question 29

• A direct observer doesn’t typically try to become a participant in the context
• Direct observation suggest a more detached perspective
• Tends to be more focus than participant observation

Answer 29

Direct Observation

Question 30

• No formal structured instrument or protocol

- The interviewer is free to move the conversation in any direction of interest that may come up

Answer 30

Unstructured Interviewing

Question 31

here questions regarding the research arises

Answer 31

Data analysis

Question 32

6 main system of analysis

( Easreby-Smith, Thorpe, and Jackson )

Answer 32

Content analysis
Grounded analysis
Social Network analysis
Discourse analysis
Narrative analysis 
Conversational analysis

Question 33

• no system for prerecording
  therefore a method for identifying and labeling or coding data needs to be developed that is bespoke for each research which is called content analysis

Answer 33

Content Analysis

Question 34

content analysis can be used when qualitative data has been collected through:

Answer 34

interview, focus group, observation, documentary analysis

Question 35

content analysis two levels

Answer 35

Basic level or the manifest level &

Higher level or latent level of analysis

Question 36

Basic level or the manifest level

Answer 36

descriptive account of the data

Question 37

Higher level or latent level of analysis

Answer 37

a more interpretive analysis that is concerned with the response as well as what may have been inferred or implied

Question 38

• the researcher does not start from a defined point,

- he allows the data to speak for itself, with themes emerging from the discussions and conversations

Answer 38

Grounded Analysis

Question 39

examines the links between individuals as a way of understanding what motivates behavior

Answer 39

Social Network Analysis

Question 40

not only analyses conversation but also takes into account the social context in which the conversation occurs.
- including previous conversations, power relationships, and the concept of individual identity

Answer 40

Discourse Analysis

Question 41

looks at the way in which stories are told within an organization or society to try to understand more about the way in which people think and are organized within groups

Answer 41

Narrative Analysis

Question 42

requires a detailed
examination of the data, including exactly
which words are used, in what order,
whether speakers overlap their speech, and
where the emphasis is placed.

detailed conventions are used in
transcribing for conversation analysis.

Answer 42

Conversation Analysis

Question 43

chapter 3 - Methodology parts

Answer 43

research design
research respondents
data gathering procedure
data analysis