Understanding and treating mental disorders

Question 1

Define Aetiology

Answer 1

The origin/ cause of a disorder

Question 2

In Prehistory, what was thought about mental disorders?

Answer 2

The individual was possessed by evil spirits

Question 3

Who was known as the ‘Father’ of modern Western Medicine?

Answer 3

Hippocrates

Question 4

What did Hippocrates think mental disorders were like?

Answer 4

Any other disease in the body

Question 5

Who thought of the Humours Theory of disorders?

Answer 5

Galen

Question 6

In the 4 humours, what was blood known as?

Answer 6

Sanguine (cheerful, optimistic, insomnia and delirium)

Question 7

In the 4 humours, what was Phlegm known as?

Answer 7

Phlegmatic (sluggish, apathetic and calm)

Question 8

In the 4 humours, what was Black bile known as?

Answer 8

Melancholic

Question 9

In the 4 humours, what was Yellow bile known as?

Answer 9

Choleric

Question 10

How would one treat an imbalance of the 4 humours?

Answer 10

Change diet, immerse in cold water or bloodletting

Question 11

In the Middle Ages, what did they recognise would affect illness?

Answer 11

Environmental factors (e.g. emotional shock, grief)

Question 12

What were some treatments they used in the Middle Ages?

Answer 12

Bleeding, purging and whipping

Question 13

In what way did the church have an influence on illness?

Answer 13

“madness” was a moral failing, with evidence of sin

Question 14

In relation to the church in the middle ages, what were some treatments?

Answer 14

Exorcism, fasting and prayer

Question 15

During what time did the first asylum appear to house the mentally ill?

Answer 15

Middle Ages

Question 16

During the Renaissance, who were patients in asylums treated like?

Answer 16

Inmates

Question 17

During the Renaissance, what explanation for mental illness declined?

Answer 17

Supernatural explanations

Question 18

Who unchained ‘inmates’ at La Bicêtre Hospital and advocated moral guidance and humane techniques?

Answer 18

Pinel (1745-1826)

Question 19

Who established the York retreat in England and the County Asylums Act of 1845?

Answer 19

William Tuke

Question 20

Who created the Mental Hygiene Movement?

Answer 20

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Question 21

Who made the link between General paresis and Syphilis?

Answer 21

von Krafft Ebing (1840-1902)

Question 22

Who found the importance of brain pathology in psychological disorder and made a system for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders or “syndromes”?

Answer 22

Kraepelin (1856-1926)

Question 23

What model classifies behaviour as affected by changes in the brain/ nervous system and that mental disorders are viewed in the same way as physical illness?

Answer 23

Medical Model

Question 24

What are some factors of the Medical Model?

Answer 24

Biological factors are primary in development in disorders and the dichotomy between ‘normal’ and ‘disordered’ states

Question 25

What is the word for when symptoms are usually co-occuring?

Answer 25

Syndrome

Question 26

What is one issue with diagnosis and classification and why? (R)

Answer 26

Reliability; boundaries between disorders can be unclear

Question 27

Why is the role of culture considered when diagnosing mental disorders?

Answer 27

What is considered ‘normal’ in one culture may not be in another (seeing things would be weird in our culture, but may be a sign you’re spiritual in another)

Question 28

What is one benefit of a diagnosis?

Answer 28

Allows understanding and an explanation for wha’s happening to some- shows that they are not the only ones

Question 29

What can a diagnosis guide decisions to?

Answer 29

Treatment plans

Question 30

What study did Rosenhan (1973) conduct?

Answer 30

Being sane in insane places

Question 31

What happened in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 31

8 individuals presented with made up hallucinations, the majority admitted with schizophrenia. When in hospital, they stopped reporting their hallucinations and behaved as normal. Some stayed in for 7-52 days.

Question 32

Why did the participants stay for long in the mental hospital following they admission?

Answer 32

They ‘label’ affected the staff’s perceptions

Question 33

What is some issues with labelling?

Answer 33

Stigma and the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 34

What are some issues with the Medical Model?

Answer 34

Social and psychological factors are also critical (along with biological) and many ‘disordered’ states found to occur in large numbers of ‘normal’ population

Question 35

What is the Dimensional approach?

Answer 35

Mental disorders exist on a spectrum

Question 36

According to Bennet (2011), what must an alternative model include?

Answer 36

All of the limitations of the Medical Model and consider non-pharmacological interventions as primary