Underlying Law

Question 1

Constitutional Standing Provisions

Answer 1

Cases and Controversies Clause, Art. III, § 2, cl. 1.

Question 2

Constitutional Standing Cases

Answer 2

Lujan, Massachusetts v. EPA.

Question 3

APA Standing Provision

Answer 3

§ 702 (Zone of Interest).

Question 4

Non-Delegation Principle Provision

Answer 4

Vesting Clause, Art. I § 1.

Question 5

Intelligible Principle Provision

Answer 5

Separation of Powers, Vesting Clause, Art. I § 1.

Question 6

Intelligible Principle Cases

Answer 6

Hampton, Schechter, Witman

Question 7

Major Question Provisions

Answer 7

Separation of Powers, Accountability

Question 8

Major Question Cases

Answer 8

West Virginia v. EPA, Tobacco, [OSHA (Subject Matter)]

Question 9

(INVALID) Legislative Veto Provisions

Answer 9

Violates the Presentment Clause, Art. I §7, cl. 2 & 3. Violates bicameralism.

Question 10

(INVALID) Legislative Veto Cases

Answer 10

Chadha

Question 11

Appropriations Provisions

Answer 11

Formalistic Requirement of Vesting Claus, Art. I § 1. & Spending Power art. I, § 8, cl. 1.

Question 12

Appropriations Cases

Answer 12

Robertson

Question 13

(INVALID) Line Item Veto Provisions

Answer 13

Unconstitutional legislating, violates the vesting clause, Art. I § 1. etc.

Question 14

(INVALID) Line Item Veto Case

Answer 14

Clinton

Question 15

Presidential Powers Provisions

Answer 15

Art. II, § 1, cl. 1 (unitary executive); § 2, cl. 1 (commander in chief); § 3 (faithfully execute).

Question 16

Presidential Powers Cases

Answer 16

Youngstown Steel

Question 17

Executive Orders Provisions

Answer 17

Faithfully execute, Art. II, § 3.

Question 18

Executive Orders Cases

Answer 18

Trump, DAPA, Tabacco.

Question 19

Appointments Provisions

Answer 19

Art. II, § 2, cl. 2.

Ineligibility and Incompatibility Clause: Art. I, § 6, cl. 2.

Question 20

Appointments Cases

Answer 20

Buckley, N.L.R.B. Canning.

Question 21

Removals Provisions

Answer 21

Art. II, § 2, cl. 2.

Question 22

Removals Cases

Answer 22

Myers, Humphrey’s Executor, Morrison, Saila Law, Free Enterprise.

Question 23

APA Definitions and Scope

Answer 23

§ 551.

Question 24

APA Cause of Action Provision

Answer 24

§ 702 (“Any person suffering a legal wrong…”).

Question 25

APA Cause of Action EXCEPTIONS Provisions

Answer 25

§ 701 (enabling act & action is in agency discretion).

Question 26

APA Application/Review Provisions

Answer 26

§ 706.

Question 27

APA Application/Review Cases

Answer 27

New Rule: Overton Park. 

Rescission: State Farm, DHS. 

Change: DoC (Pretext), Fox.

Inaction: Massachusetts v. EPA.

Question 28

Fact/Policy Review—De Novo Provision

Answer 28

§ 706(2)(F).

Question 29

Fact/Policy Review—Arbitrary & Capricious Provision

Answer 29

§ 706(2)(A).

Question 30

Fact/Policy Review—Arbitrary & Capricious Cases

Answer 30

• New Rule: Overton Park. 

• Rescission: State Farm, DHS.
• 
Change: DoC (Pretext), Fox.
• Inaction: Massachusetts v. EPA.

Question 31

Fact/Policy Review—Substantial Evidence Provision

Answer 31

§ 706(2)(E).

Question 32

Fact/Policy Review—Substantial Evidence Case

Answer 32

Universal Camera.

Question 33

Interpretation of Statute—Deference
Provision

Answer 33

§ 706 (“the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions…”).

Question 34

Interpretation of Statute—Deference Cases

Answer 34

• Who Interprets?: Hearst Publication, Skidmore, Chevorn. 

• Step One: MCI Telecommunications, Babbitt, (National Cable & Telecom).
• Extraordinary Cases: Tabacco, Massachusetts v. EPA. 

• Step Two: Utility Air, (National Cable & Telecom).
• Step “Zero”: Mead Corp., City of Arlington.

Question 35

Interpretation of Regulation—Deference Provision

Answer 35

§ 706 (“the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions…”).

Question 36

Interpretation of Regulation—Deference Cases

Answer 36

Auer, Kisor.

Question 37

Informal Procedure Provisions

Answer 37

§ 553: 

(b) Notice; 

(c) Comment;

(c) Concise General Statement.

Question 38

Informal Procedure Cases

Answer 38

• Formal vs. Informal: Allegheny-Lundlum Steel, Florida East Coast Ry.

• Notice: Chocolate Manufacturers, Long Island Care. 

• Concise General Statement: Nova Scotia Food. 

• Comment: HBO, Sierra Club, Volpe, Association of National Advertisers.

Question 39

Judicially Create Procedure Cases

Answer 39

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Vermont Yankee.

Question 40

Informal Procedure Exceptions Provisions

Answer 40

§ 553: 

(a)(1) military or foreign affairs; 

(a)(2) agency management;

…

(b)(3)(A) interpretative rules;
(b)(3(B) for good cause.

Question 41

Informal Procedure Exceptions Cases

Answer 41

• Interpretative Rules: National Family Planning; Hoctor; Texas v. United States. 

• Agency Management: Lincoln.