Uncovered Textbook Content

Question 1

what does it mean for data to anonymous?

Answer 1

For data to be anonymous, it must be impossible to know what participant provided what data

Question 2

What’s a confederate?

Answer 2

a person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually a collaborator of the experimenter

*can have ethical concerns!!

Question 3

What is exempt research?

Answer 3

research where there is no risk to participants, resulting in an exception from REB

Includes…
- when research just uses already published data
- simply observing people in public spaces without intervention
- uses data that has already been collected and is anonymous

Question 4

How can fraud happen with research?

Answer 4

when there is intentional misrepresentation of any aspect of research, including presentation of results that are misleading or based on faulty data

Question 5

How do we decide if research is minimal risk?

Answer 5

if research being conducted has no greater risk to participants than they would typically encounter in their daily lives

Question 6

What does the Research Ethics Board (REB) do?

Answer 6

an ethics review committee that reviews research proposals at a university

is composed of scientists and non-scientists and legal experts

Question 7

What’s secondary use of data?

Answer 7

analyzing data that was collected for other purposes, separate from the current research aim

*can have ethics concerns –> threaten peoples ability to want to participate in research

Ex. online services collect your data from all online activity

Question 8

What is coefficient omega?

Answer 8

another estimate for INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY that is shown to be superior to Cronbach’s alpha

*growing in popularity

Question 9

What is measurement error?

Answer 9

the difference between the measured and actual values!

includes RANDOM ERROR (naturally occurring errors that are to be expected with any experiment) and SYSTEMATIC ERROR (caused by a mis-calibrated instrument that affects all measurements).

Question 10

What is reactivity?

Answer 10

when the act of measuring or observing something changes it

Ex. if people know they’re being observed they may change their behaviour and act differently than they normally would

Question 11

What is split-half reliability?

Answer 11

an assessment of INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY that randomly splits items on a scale/questionare in half, and gives one half to half of the participants and the same with the other half

high split-half reliability would mean similar scores on both halfs, therefore concluding a sense of internal consistency reliability

Question 12

What’s a baseline?

Answer 12

a control condition where participant behaviour is measured during a control period before IV manipulation

Question 13

What is a cohort? What are cohort effects?

Answer 13

cohort = a group of people born around the same time who have experienced the same societal events

cohort effects = where cohort cannot be separated from age in cross-sectional designs, it creates a confound

Question 14

Define reversal designs

Answer 14

designs where treatment is introduced after baseline period and then withdrawn to have another baseline period

*also known as withdrawal designs

Question 15

What is a single case experimental design?

Answer 15

designs where the effect of IV is assessed using data from only one participant

Question 16

What are selection differences?

Answer 16

differences in the type of participants who make up each group in a between-subjects design

Question 17

what’s a MIXED factorial design

Answer 17

factorial experimental design that includes both between-subjects and within-subjects variables

Question 18

What’s Cohen’s d?

Answer 18

an effect-sized estimate that measures the difference between 2 means of 2 different groups

Question 19

What’s a criterion variable?

Answer 19

the outcome that is being predicted in a regression analysis

Question 20

What is effect-size?

Answer 20

the magnitude of an effect being observed

• either the extent to which 2 variables are associated
  OR
• the size of the difference in scores between groups

Question 21

What’s a frequency distribution?

Answer 21

a representation of how often each score was observed (arranged from lowest –> highest scores)

*used to calculate mode

Question 22

What’s a frequency polygon?

Answer 22

where lines are used to represent frequencies for continuous variables (such as interval or ratio)

Question 23

What are histograms?

Answer 23

type of bar graph used when the variable on x axis is continuous (*all bars touching eachother)

Question 24

What is meant by restriction of range?

Answer 24

when only a subset of a variable’s possible values are sampled or observed –> can result in misleading correlations

Ex. restricting study’s model or data set to only look at students with a 2.0 - 4.0 gpa, and disregard any students scores who have less than that