Uncovered Textbook Content Flashcards
what does it mean for data to anonymous?
For data to be anonymous, it must be impossible to know what participant provided what data
What’s a confederate?
a person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually a collaborator of the experimenter
*can have ethical concerns!!
What is exempt research?
research where there is no risk to participants, resulting in an exception from REB
Includes…
- when research just uses already published data
- simply observing people in public spaces without intervention
- uses data that has already been collected and is anonymous
How can fraud happen with research?
when there is intentional misrepresentation of any aspect of research, including presentation of results that are misleading or based on faulty data
How do we decide if research is minimal risk?
if research being conducted has no greater risk to participants than they would typically encounter in their daily lives
What does the Research Ethics Board (REB) do?
an ethics review committee that reviews research proposals at a university
is composed of scientists and non-scientists and legal experts
What’s secondary use of data?
analyzing data that was collected for other purposes, separate from the current research aim
*can have ethics concerns –> threaten peoples ability to want to participate in research
Ex. online services collect your data from all online activity
What is coefficient omega?
another estimate for INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY that is shown to be superior to Cronbach’s alpha
*growing in popularity
What is measurement error?
the difference between the measured and actual values!
includes RANDOM ERROR (naturally occurring errors that are to be expected with any experiment) and SYSTEMATIC ERROR (caused by a mis-calibrated instrument that affects all measurements).
What is reactivity?
when the act of measuring or observing something changes it
Ex. if people know they’re being observed they may change their behaviour and act differently than they normally would
What is split-half reliability?
an assessment of INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY that randomly splits items on a scale/questionare in half, and gives one half to half of the participants and the same with the other half
high split-half reliability would mean similar scores on both halfs, therefore concluding a sense of internal consistency reliability
What’s a baseline?
a control condition where participant behaviour is measured during a control period before IV manipulation
What is a cohort? What are cohort effects?
cohort = a group of people born around the same time who have experienced the same societal events
cohort effects = where cohort cannot be separated from age in cross-sectional designs, it creates a confound
Define reversal designs
designs where treatment is introduced after baseline period and then withdrawn to have another baseline period
*also known as withdrawal designs
What is a single case experimental design?
designs where the effect of IV is assessed using data from only one participant
What are selection differences?
differences in the type of participants who make up each group in a between-subjects design
what’s a MIXED factorial design
factorial experimental design that includes both between-subjects and within-subjects variables
What’s Cohen’s d?
an effect-sized estimate that measures the difference between 2 means of 2 different groups
What’s a criterion variable?
the outcome that is being predicted in a regression analysis
What is effect-size?
the magnitude of an effect being observed
- either the extent to which 2 variables are associated
OR - the size of the difference in scores between groups
What’s a frequency distribution?
a representation of how often each score was observed (arranged from lowest –> highest scores)
*used to calculate mode
What’s a frequency polygon?
where lines are used to represent frequencies for continuous variables (such as interval or ratio)
What are histograms?
type of bar graph used when the variable on x axis is continuous (*all bars touching eachother)
What is meant by restriction of range?
when only a subset of a variable’s possible values are sampled or observed –> can result in misleading correlations
Ex. restricting study’s model or data set to only look at students with a 2.0 - 4.0 gpa, and disregard any students scores who have less than that