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Biology Paper 1 > Unconfident Topics > Flashcards

Unconfident Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy provided from?

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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3
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

Vigorous exercise

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4
Q

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid

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5
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of oxygen needed after exercise to get rid of lactic acid

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6
Q

What is the metabolism?

A

Sum if all chemical reactions in body.

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7
Q

How is glucose stored in plants?

A

Cellulose, starch, amino acids

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8
Q

How is glucose stored in animals?

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

What is the first limiting factor?

A

Light intensity

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10
Q

What is the second limiting factor?

A

Co2 concentration

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11
Q

What is the third limiting factor?

A

Temperature

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12
Q

What is the practical for photosynthesis?

A

• boiling tube- 10cm from LED light
•fill w sodium hydrocarbonate
• pondweed in tube
• count bubbles produced
• repeat at 20,30,40 cm

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13
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penecillin

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14
Q

What is TMV?

A

Causes discoloured leaves which prevents photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is RBS?

A

Caused by fungus, purple spots stop photosynthesis. Can burn leaves or use fungicides

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16
Q

What do pathogens produce in the body?

A

Toxins

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17
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

Enzymes are used to ingest the pathogens

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18
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

They are specific and stick to the pathogens then destroy them. They last for a long time and protect u from the same virus

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19
Q

How do antitoxins work?

A

Stick to toxins and stop them working

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20
Q

How is the skin a defence system?

A

Protective layer of dead cells

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21
Q

How is the nose a defence system?

A

Hair + mucus traps the pathogens

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22
Q

How are the lungs defence systems?

A

Cilia covered in mucus trap pathogens and waft them to stomach to be digested

23
Q

How is the stomach a defence system?

A

Hydrochloric acid traps and kills pathogens

24
Q

What is malaria?

A

Protist spread by mosquitos. Prevent procreating- drain water or spray w pesticides. Mosquito nets.

25
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Bacterial. Fever cramps and diarrhoea. Ingesting infected food. Can vaccinate chickens.

26
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

STD, bacterial, yellow discharge, pain when urinating. Use condoms, tested and use antibiotics

27
Q

What is measles?

A

Virus. Fever, rash. Spread by cough or sneeze. Often vaccinated young

28
Q

What is HIV?

A

Flu, damages immune system and becomes at risk of small deadly illness. Can use antiretroviral drugs

29
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When the water is evaporated on the surface water is transported through the xylem to replace it. Allows photosynthesis.

30
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

At high light intensities, the guard cells open to allow photosynthesis

31
Q

What is the epidermal cells?

A

At the top + bottom. Transparent to allow light to pass through

32
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis

33
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

Air space allows diffusion

34
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water and minerals

35
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sugars

36
Q

Where does gas exchange in the lungs happen?

A

Alveoli

37
Q

What adaptations do the alveoli have?

A

Large SA, thin walls for a short diffusion path, good blood supply high conc gradient

38
Q

What is Coronary heart disease?

A

Fatty build up in arteries reduces blood blow and oxygen going to the heart.

39
Q

What is a stent?

A

Small metal plate put in artery to keep it open and the blood flowing

40
Q

What is a statin?

A

Drugs to keep the cholesterol low.

41
Q

What does plasma in the blood transport?

A

Glucose and co2

42
Q

How are the WBC adapted?

A

They have a nucleus that contains DNA and instructions on how to do their job

43
Q

How are the RBC adapted?

A

No nucleus so there’s more room for o2. Larger surface area.

44
Q

What do platelets help with?

A

Blood clots

45
Q

How are arteries adapted?

A

Thick walls for high pressures. Elastic material for surges of blood

46
Q

How are the capillaries adapted?

A

Thin walls for a shorted diffusion pathway

47
Q

How are veins adapted?

A

Thin walls for low blood pressure and valves to stop backflow

48
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart called?

A

Atrium

49
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles

50
Q

What does the vena cava carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body

51
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Blood from the heart to lungs

52
Q

What does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Blood from the lungs to the heart

53
Q

What does the aorta carry?

A

Blood from the heart to the body

54
Q

What are the adaptations of the left side of the heart?

A

Thicker and more muscular because it provides blood to the rest of the body

Biology Paper 1 (2 decks)

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