Cell Biology

Question 1

What is the formula for magnification in a microscope?

Answer 1

Magnification= image size/ real size

Question 2

How do you make an image clearer on a microscope?

Answer 2

Adjust the fine focus knob to get a clear image. If it needs to zoom in use a higher powered objective lens and zoom in.

Question 3

What is differentiation?

Answer 3

a cell becomes specialised

Question 4

How is a sperm cell specialised?

Answer 4

Long tail: easy to swim.
Lots of mitochondria: give energy
Enzymes: digest through egg cell membrane

Question 5

How are nerve cells specialised?

Answer 5

Long + branched connections: connect to nerve cells, form a network

Question 6

How are muscle cells specialised?

Answer 6

Long + mitochondria: gives energy

Question 7

How are root hair cells specialised?

Answer 7

Hairs: large surface area to absorb water

Question 8

How are the phloem and xylem specialised?

Answer 8

Long and joined to transport substances. Xylem are hallow so things can flow through

Question 9

What are chromosomes and ?

Answer 9

Cooked up lengths of DNA which carry a large number of genes.

Question 10

What are the two parts of the cell cycle?

Answer 10

Mitosis and growth & dna replication

Question 11

How does growth and dna replication work?

Answer 11

Cell grows, duplicates it’s DNA to form chromosomes.

Question 12

How does mitosis work?

Answer 12

Chromosomes line up in the centre and split. Membranes form around both to form 2. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. There is now 2 cells

Question 13

What is diffusion?

Answer 13

Spreading out of particles from high conc to low conc.

Question 14

What is osmosis?

Answer 14

Movement of water across a partially permeable surface from high water conc to low water conc.

Question 15

What is active transport?

Answer 15

Movement from low to high conc.

Question 16

How do enzymes work?

Answer 16

They increase the speed of reactions without being used up by providing an alternative pathway.

Question 17

What happens to the ROR if you increase the temp?

Answer 17

Bonds of enzymes break and won’t fit in the active site. Becomes denatured

Question 18

How do you test for sugars?

Answer 18

Benedict’s solution

Question 19

How do you test for starch?

Answer 19

Iodine solution

Question 20

How do you test for protein?

Answer 20

Biuret solution

Question 21

What is a stent?

Answer 21

Tubes inside the arteries that keeps them open to allow blood to flow and the heart beat

Question 22

What is a statin?

Answer 22

Drugs that reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Question 23

Disadvantages of statins

Answer 23

Long term: some people forget
Negative side effects: headaches
Effects aren’t instant

Question 24

What is cancer caused by?

Answer 24

Uncontrolled growth and division

Question 25

What are the lifestyle risk factors of cancer?

Answer 25

Smoking, obesity, UV exposure

Question 26

What is translocation?

Answer 26

Pores in cell walls allow sap to flow through

Question 27

What is transpiration?

Answer 27

Evaporation on plants surface. Creates shortage in water. Water drawn up through xylem from the roots.

Question 28

What is the transpiration rate affected by?

Answer 28

Light intensity, temp, air flow, humidity

Question 29

How do guard cells work?

Answer 29

Open and close the stomata. When plant has lots of water- open for photosynthesis.

Question 30

In what 5 ways do plants use glucose?

Answer 30

Respiration, making cellulose, making amino acids, store oils and fats, stored as starch

Question 31

What can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 31

Light, conc of co2, temperature, chlorophyll

Question 32

What is respiration?

Answer 32

Transferring energy from glucose to every crll

Question 33

Why does respiration transfer energy?

Answer 33

To build larger molecules, allow muscles to contract, body temp constant

Question 34

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 34

Using oxygen. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 35

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 35

Without oxygen. Incomplete breakdown of glucose. Glucose -> lactic acid.

Question 36

How does anaerobic respiration happen in plants and yeast?

Answer 36

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 37

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 37

Amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells