UN Flashcards
(25 cards)
KOREAN WAR MANDATE
- immediate cessation of hostilities
- NK to withdraw armed forces to 38th parallel
1947 PALESTINE PKO FULL NAME (UNTSO)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation
UNTSO mandate and effects
observe armistice (achieved: facilitated the signing of armistice agreements between Israel and Arab states)
👍permanent feature of UN’s peace efforts in the Middle East, laid foundations of Middle East peacekeeping
more of a peace observation mission and moral presence rather than active peacekeeping
1956 SUEZ CRISIS PKO name
UNEF I
First United Nations Emergency Force
UNEF I mandate
- secure ceasefire (they did)
- supervise withdrawal of foreign troops from Egypt (problem of host state consent when Egypt demanded for the withdrawal of UNEF I in 1967)
1960 CONGO PKO NAME
ONUC
United Nations Operation in Congo
change in ONUC mandate (became problematic)
Feb 1961 Resolution 161
authorised force to prevent civil war
results of ONUC
- Hammarskjold killed in September 1961
- Interpreted by the Congolese authorities as a declaration of war
1978 Lebanon PKO name
UNIFIL
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
1978 UNIFIL mandate and results
withdrawal of Israeli forces (👍completed withdrawal on 13 June 1978)
but none of the factions on the ground Israel, PLO, etc. respected UNIFIL’s mandate - although Israel withdrew, left control of key areas in the hands of its allied Christian militias
👎 Israel invaded again in 1982
US actions in UNIFIL (had a greater role than the UN)
US Ambassador Habib negotiated an agreement on a withdrawal of about 10 000 PLO forces from Lebanon.
US, along with Britain, France and Italy sent multilateral defence forces (NOT UN FORCES) into Lebanon to monitor agreement negotiated by Ambassador Habib
1988 Afghanistan PKO name
United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan
results of UNGOMAP and CAUSES
👍achieved withdrawal of Soviet troops
👍1988 Geneva Accords
cause: shift in Cold War circumstances seen in the change from Soviet veto in 1979 to Soviet willingness to withdraw alongside high political will of USA
cause: Soviet internal problems
cause: UNSG’s mediation efforts and usage of good offices - Cuellar visited region in April and August 1981 to conceptualise Geneva Accords
1990 GULF WAR PKO
(PKOs carried out AFTER resolution of conflict, a resolution was adopted first)
- Resolution 678:
authorised all member states to use all necessary means to liberate Kuwait - United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)
patrol demilitarised zone established along the border - United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
inspect Iraq’s nuclear weapons, to ensure compliance with UN resolutions for the destruction of all its facilities for chemical, biological, nuclear weapons and missiles
1992 -1993 CAMBODIA PKO
UNTAC
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAC mandate and results
supervise and administer Cambodia until a Cambodian government was democratically elected
👍conducted elections in 1993
👍repatriation and settlement of 360 000 refugees
1992 SOMALIA PKO
(there are 3 PKOs - changed from mediating and peacekeeping to forceful intervention)
1st one peacekeeping, 2nd and 3rd peace-enforcement
- UNOSOM I
United Nations Operation in Somalia (humanitarian aid, non-enforcement mandate in military element) - UNITAF
United Nations Task Force
(secure environment for delivery of humanitarian aid) - UNOSOM II
(authorised force to restore peace and stability)
result of UNOSOM I and REASON
👎could not control civil anarchy as humanitarian programme was obstructed by armed gangs, as many as 3000 people were dying of starvation
reason: lack of host state consent right from the beginning
reason: lack of enforcement
result of UNITAF (more optimistic)
managed to secure major population centres by the end of January 1993
OVERALL FAILURE OF UNOSOM II/ UN IN SOMALIA
US withdrew its forces in March 1994, followed by France, Belgium and Sweden by end of 1994
reason: atrocities committed against US and UN troops, airing and publication of such led to declining political will of the international community
reason: lack of clear and realistic mandate, combined seeking cooperation and acquiescence with forthright coercive measures during political anarchy and civil war.
1993-1996 Rwanda’s OVERALL FAILURE
1993 UNAMIR (UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda)
UNSC did not place the conflict on its agenda for almost 3 years until 1993.
Took 5 months for authorised strength to reach 2548 in 1993.
COMPLETE LACK OF ACTION DURING RWANDA GENOCIDE THROUGHOUT APRIL-MAY 1994:
UNSC reduced UNAMIR’S strength from 2548 to 270 in April 1994 due to torture and death of 10 Belgian peacekeepers
UN’s lack of action in Kosovo 1996-1999
// resolved by USA and NATO
absent in 1999 and did little to prevent the genocidal killings of Albanians in Kosovo and failed to prevent retaliatory ethnic cleansing against ethnic Serbs
resolved by NATO (breach of UN Charter Chapter I Article 2(7)
- ended by NATO bombing campaign
1999 UN PKO in Kosovo in the aftermath of conflict
UNMIK
United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo
- set up provisional institutions of local self-government in Kosovo
👍 2001 UNMIK promulgated a constitutional framework, held first free elections - safe return of refugees
👍over 500 000 Albanian refugees repatriated - oversee withdrawal of all armed forces
👍deterred any renewed hostilities between Serbs and Kosovars
UN PKOs (3) in EAST TIMOR 1999
- UNAMET
United Nations Mission in East Timor
(conducted referendum for whether Timorese wished for independence) - INTERFET
International Force East Timor
(restore peace and security + support UNAMET in its civilian and humanitarian operations)
👍Indo withdrew all its personnel and recognised the results of the referendum within a month in October 1999 - UNTAET
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
(oversee East Timor’s transition to independence and transfer power to East Timorese)
👍handed over power to East Timorese as planned
