UMKC Spreadsheet Random Part 2 Flashcards
Electronic apex locator Review of EAL vs. Radiographs: Decreased radiation, improved accuracy of EAL
McDonald, 1990
Frequency of pain following RCT Syst Rev: 5.3% of RCT treated teeth may have persistent pain
Nixdorf, Law, 2010
Oraverse Alpha adrenergic blocker to reverse effects of anesthetic
Prasanna, 2012
Coronal Seal Demonstrated recontamination of obturated RCS when bacteria placed in natural saliva within 30 days
Khayat, Torabinejad, 1993
Improving IANB success in hot teeth For symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, administration of 30%-50% nitrous oxide resulted in increase in success of the IAN block compared with room air/oxygen.
Reader group, 2012
4 Visit Endo supported 97% one step, 89% two steps
Paredes-Vieyra (2012)
How to remove separated files Removal of separated instruments: needle sleeve tech, endo extractor, braided Hedstrom files, Masserann kit, US, Gonon post remover
Hulsmann, 1993
Incision and Drainage Most effective treatment for abscess is obtaining drainage through I&D or through tooth via pulpectomy
Matthews, Sutherland, Basrani 2003
Sub-epithelial external root resorption New terminology
Levine (Dental Pulp)
Interpretating radiographs 25% agreement between the 6 examiners and 50% between 5 out of 6. Who’s reading the digital radiograph
Hartwell, 2011
Sinus tracts Presented cases where sinus tract was tracked to adjacent teeth; ALWAYS track sinus tracts
Kelly, 1988
NSAIDS + APAP Placebo vs. Ibuprofen 600 mg vs. Ibu 600 mg + 1 g APAP = Ibuprofen + APAP showed significantly greater pain reduction
Menhinick and Gutmann, 2004
Immune components involved First to describe Substance P in pulp tissue
Olgart, 1988
Ca(OH)7 IC ledermix more effective than Ca(OH)2 at decreasing pain in SAP patients
Messer, 2003
Prognosis? Prognosis of Perio/Endo lesions depends ulitmatley on periodontal prognosis.
Hiatt, 1977
Can Perio cause Endo problems? Found no correlation between severity of perio disease and histological status of pulp
Mazur, Massler, 1964
How to avoid file separation No ProTapers separated when patent glide path established
Peters, 2003
Electronic apex locator Preflaring canals increased efficacy of Root ZX
Ibarrola, Chapman, 1999
Remove smear layer? First to describe smear layer, removed with NaOCl and REDTA
McComb, Smith, 1975
E. faecalis Found Enterococcus in 78% of 100 failed NS RCT, bacteria in failing Endo differs from Necrotic pulp (more facultative anaerobes in failing endo)
Molander, 1998
Invasive cervical resorption Classification and etiology (ortho, trauma, bleaching)
Heithersay, 2004
Managing fluctuancy Vertical incisions bleed less since most vessels run parallel to long axis of tooth
Macphee, Cowley, 1981
MTA Direct pulp cap Direct Pulp Caps = MTA (success of 78%); Ca(OH)2 (success rates of 60%)
Mente, 2010
PAR vs. No PAR 95% w/o PAR, 85% w/PAR
Imura (2007)
2 Visit Endo supported 81% one step, 71% two steps (all had PAR)
Peters, 2002
Preoperative CHX Preoperative CHX reduces flora 94% immediately and 78% even after 10 days
Martin, Nind, 1987
Frequency of pain following RCT Syst Rev: 3.4% of RCT treated teeth with persistent pain have nonodontogenic pain
Nixdorf, Law, 2010
Perforation repair If perforation immediately repaired, favorable healing occurred
Lantz, 1967
Methods of vitality testing Endo ice can elicit response through crown
Johnson, Miller 2004
Where to stop obturation? Meta-analysis shows within 2 mm of apex improved success
Ng, 2008
Methods of vitality testing Compared cold, heat, and EPT: Cold was most reliable for positive and negative results
Petersson, 1999
Formocresol pulpotomies Systemic distribution of formaldehyde after formocresol pulpotomies
Pashley, Myers, 1980
Apical plug vs. obturate entire RCS Seal of 3-5 mm MTA plug is similar to completely obturated root over time; no difference in fracture resistance between the two treatments
Martin, Pashley, Tay, 2007
Healing w/open apex? CLASSIC: immature teeth can have pulp survival and regeneration of nerve function after replantation, especially if have open apical foramen
Ohman, 1965
Direct Pulp Cap 80% healing (uninflammed pulps)
Ravn
Md Laterals 55% - 1 canal, 45% - 2 canals
Kartal, 1992
How long to stabilize? After orthodontic extrusion, recommended 1 month stabilization for every 1 mm moved
Lemon, 1982
Concerns with Hemostatic agents Rabbit: Ferric sulfate left in situ delayed healing
Lemon, Jeansonne, 1993
Lidocaine for blocks (not articaine) Based on sales vs incidents of paresthesia - lidocaine and articaine have similar incidence, prilocaine has disproportionately high incidence
Pogrel 2007
Concerns with Hemostatic agents Rats: Surgicel and bone wax left in situ delayed healing, complete healing with gelfoam
Ibarrola, 1985
Problems with crowns 5.7% of vital teeth treated with full coverage crown needed RCT
Jackson, Skidmore, Rice 1992
Temporaries Cavit - sealing properties
Parris, Kapsimalis
Landmark Article 1st description of orthodontic vertical root exrrusion
Heithersay, 1973
3 Visit Endo supported 75% two steps, 65% - one step
Molander, 2007
External cervical resorption Review
Patel, 2009
MTA F. nucleatum leakage study: 0% leakage with MTA, 44% leakage with Amalgam
Nakata, Baumgartner, 1998
C-shaped canals Review of C shaped canals
Jafarzedeh 2007
AH 26 AH26 cytotoxicity due to formaldehyde release from epoxy resin, NOT released from AH plus
Leyhausen, 1999
Rate of PAR healing PARs heal at rate of 3.2 mm/mo; <12 mo.
Murphy
Mental foramen Most common location of mental foramen inferior to crown of 2nd PM and 60% of distance from B cusp tip of that tooth to inferior border of mandible
Phillips and Kulild, 1990
Vital vs. Necrotic 95% Vital, 88% Necrotic
Imura (2007)
Cemental tear Report of cemental tear in endodontic literature. Case reports associated with age, trauma, and traumatic occlusion
McClanahan, 2006
Ferrule effect 1.5-2 mm of ferrule needed
Juloski, 2012 (Syst. Rev)
Pulpotomy Pulpotomies reduce pain regardless of use of sedative dressing
Hasselgren, 1989
Focal Infection Theory Ignited the theory, attributed mulitude of diseases to focal infection, Mauseleums of gold?
Hunter, 1910
Indirect Pulp Cap <50% healing (11/24 cases)
Jordan, Suzuki, Skinner
Orthodontic considerations Endo treated teeth an be moved orthodontically without increased risk of resorption, NSD between resorption of endo and non treated teeth
Mattison, Delivanis, 1984
Immune components involved Immune components found in pulp: T & B lymphocytes; Plasma cells; Macrophages; Dendritic cells; Cytokines & Prostaglandins
Jontell, 1998
PDL PDL is an intraosseous injection with significant CV effects
Pashley, 1986
Problems with crowns Endodontically treated teeth not crowned after obturation were lost at a 6.0 times greater rate than teeth crowned after obturation
Kaplan, 2002
Flare-ups Prophylatic Pen VK reduced flareups from 2-20%
Morse, Furst, 1987
Extrusion Damage to the IAN as the result of root canal therapy, surgical debridement within 48 hrs ass. w/ resolution of symptoms (he’s an oral surgeon)
Pogrel, 2007
Antibiotics for pain relief? Antibiotics gave no pain relief for patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis
Keenan, 2006
Effect of Endo on tooth Previous studies believed RCT dried out teeth. This study: vital dentin = 12.4% moisture; root filled dentin = 12.1%
Papa, Messer, 1994
Focal Infection Theory bacteremias occur in healthy patients undergoing routine toothbrushing or flossing without adverse effects
Nair
Immunoglobulins PAR contain IgG>A>E>M for cysts and granulomas
Pulver, 1978
Preflaring canals Preflaring canals increased efficacy of Root ZX
Ibarrola, Chapman, 1999
Dentinal permeability Dynamics of dentinal permeability (diameter, density, etc?)
Pashley
Non Endo Pain Craniofacial pain only complaint during ischemic episode in 6% of patients.32% reported craniofacial pain concomitant with pain in other regions.
Kreiner, Okeson, 2007
1 vs. 2 visits? No difference in incidence of pain when treatment performed in 1 visit or 2
Mulhern, 1982
Decoronation Described decoronation
Malmgren, 2000
Canal walls clean? All instrumentation techniques (lightspeed, profile, GT, NiTi hand files) left 35% or more of the canals? surface area unchanged.
Peters 2001
Why do some PARs not heal? Why some PARs don’t heal: Persistent intracanal infection, true cyst, extradicular infection, foreign body, cholesterol crystals
Nair, 1999
Trust the Patient? ER pts can locate tooth 73% of time if PDL is not involved, 89% if PDL involved.
McClanahan, Bowles, 2010
Membrane needed? Calcium sulfate excludes soft tissue
Pecora, 1997
When to recall? Endodontic recall at 1 yr; peak incidence of healing is 1 yr, may take 4 years, 76% of PAR developing after NS RCT are seen at 1 y
Orstavik, 1996
Cvek Pulpotomy 91% healing (young molars)
Mass
Ibuprofen masking diagnosis Tested SIP/SAP teeth, found that ibuprofen taken 1 hr before diagnosis can cloud diagnosis, bite test (Asma Khan’s baby) can save you
Read, McClanahan, Bowles 2014
Spaces of infection Spread of infection: factors include virulence of organism, host resistance, and muscle and fascial arrangements
Laskin, 1964
Temporaries Cavit and TERM were more leakproof temporary restorations as compared with IRM
Pashley, 1988
Gate Control Theory Gate Control Theory of Pain
Melzack, Wall, 1965
Don’t trust radiograph Difference between apical foramen and anatomic apex can vary as much as 2 mm
O’Neil, 1974
Necrosis with calcification? Suggested that 15-20% of teeth showing calcific metamorphosis due to trauma become necrotic
Jacobsen
Can Perio cause Endo problems? Pulpal/Perio interactions, pulpal necrosis occurs only if apical blood supply is compromised
Langeland
Adjust occlusion? Occlusal adjustment no difference in pain relief with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Parirokh, 2013
Bacteria in Tubules? Bacteria can invade upt to 150-250 um into dentinal tubules
Love, 1996
Strange morphology Dens invaginatus: infolding of dental papilla during development; Mechanism of action unknown
Hulsmann, 1997
Internal resorption Review
Patel, 2010
Pulpotomy only? No difference in pulpotomy, pulpectomy on post-endo pain
Maddox & Walton, 1978
Apical foramen anatomy Described major and minor diameters, CDJ is 0.5-0.75 mm from anatomical apical foramen (fill to radiographic apex is overextended) (Green did this too, just not as well)
Kuttler, 1955
Orthodontic considerations Orthodontic movement always causes external root resorption
Mattison
Why do some PARs not heal? Pocket cysts (he renamed from Simon’s Bay Cyst) should heal following NS RCT, Large true cysts are less likely to heal following NS RCT
Nair, 1996
Md Canines 82% - 1 canal, 5% - 2 canals
Pineda, 1972
Caries effect on pulp If thickness between caries and pulp was 1.11 mm, no significant lesion in pulp. When less than 0.5 mm acute inflammation occurs
Reeves, Stanley, 1966
NS RCT success? 91% Healed
Imura (2007)
Methods of vitality testing Cold test with cotton pellet, not q-tip because cotton pellet holds more refrigerant
Jones
Necrosis with calcification? Review of PCO: Up to 25% of traumatized anterior teeth can develop PCO; Discoloration is common w/PCO; Up to 75% with PCO are symptom-free and require no TX
McCabe, Dummer, 2012
Trephination to relieve pain? Trephination wasn’t justified because more pain occurred after pulpectomy + trephination vs. pulpectomy alone
Moos, 1996
Flare-ups No change in prognosis if flare-up occurs
Kerekes, Tronstad, 1979
Curettage all tissue? Periapical curettage: remove for visability, but need not remove all granulation tissue for healing to take place
Lin, Langland, 2007
Focal Infection Theory Great Review of focal infection theory
Pallasch, Wahl, 2000
How to avoid file separation Aqueous EDTA showed less torque and force on rotary instruments than past-type EDTA
Peters, 2005
Landmark Articles Called for endodontic instrument standardization (occurred in 1976)
Ingle, 1955
Why Chloroform? Chloroform greatly facilitated removal of thermafill carriers
Ibarrola, 1993
NaOCl accident NaOCl incidents: How to avoid, signs and symptoms
Hermann, 1989
Access Laws of finding canals: centrality, CEJ, Symmetry, Color change, Orifice location (wall and floor, fusion lines)
Krasner, Rankow, 2004
Prognostic factors Pre-operative absence of PAR, root filling with no voids, RCF within 2 mm of xray apex, satisfactory coronal restoration improved primary root canal outcome
Ng, 2007
Regendo First suggested bleeding and regenerative endodontics, (Iwaya 2001, Banchs & Trope 2004 cases)
Nygard-Ostby, 1961
Focal Infection Theory Introduced focal infection theory; human mouth is focus of infection
Miller, 1890
Crown Down Instrumentation Developed crown-down technique
Marshall
Bacteria needed for PAR Bacteria necessary for PAR formation, gnotobiotic rats
Kakehashi, Stanley, Fitzgerald 1965
C-shaped canals Classification for C shapes C1-5
Melton 1991
Prognostic factors Pre-op absence of PAR; small vs big PAR; absence of pre-op sinus tract; patency; RCF close to apex; use of EDTA then NaOCl 2?RCTx; no 2% CHX; absence of tooth/root perforation (P = 0.06); absence of interappointment flare-up (pain or swelling) (P =0.002); absence of RCF extrusion; satisfactory coronal restoration
Ng, 2011
PAR prevention P/E selectin knockout mice; showed that PMN’s and macrophages protect against PAR,
Kawashima, Stashenko, 1998
PAR vs. No PAR Teeth with PAR prior to NS RCT had lesser success rates
Kerekes, Tronstad, 1979
Sargenti Paste re-emergence of sargenti paste
Musikant et al
Methods of vitality testing Cold test with CO2 ice safe on enamel and porcelain
Peters 1983
Coronal Seal Retreatment of obturated root canals that have been exposed to the oral cavity for at least 3 months.
Magura, 1991
NS RCT success? Washington Study (94% success)
Ingle
Transillumination Describes transillumination as a useful adjunct
Hill, 1986
1 Visit Endo supported 85% one step, 80% two steps (all had PAR)
Penesis, 2008
Ca(OH)3 Ca(OH)2 remains best IC med available to reduce microbial flora
Law, 2004
Pain relief? Systematic review: Antibiotics gave no pain relief for patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis
Keenan, 2006
Improving IANB success in hot teeth For SIP, 0.5 mol/L mannitol added to 1.9 mL lidocaine with epi resulted in higher success. the combo lido/mannitol formulation would not result in predictable pulpal anesthesia
Reader group, 2012
Apical resorption In teeth with PAR, 81% revealed apical inflammatory root resorption
Laux, 2000
Ododontoblasts Odontoblasts extend 1/3 the length of tubule
Pashley
RETX vs. primary endo 83% healing in primary and 80% healing in RETX
Ng, 2011
MTA Plug MTA Plug success rate: 85% w/PAR, 96% w/o PAR
Mente, 2013
Coronal Seal Quality of coronal seal more important than quality of endo tx for prevention of apical periodontitis; Retrospective study, 1,010 NSRCT
Ray, Trope, 1995
Immunoglobulins levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, elastase & PGE2 were higher in inflamed pulps than in normal pulps
Nakanishi, 1995
Perforation repair F/u to 2010 paper (larger sample size)
Mente, 2014
Post space Leave at least 5 mm of gutta-percha to not affect apical seal
Mattison, 1984
Intermediate cementum Zone of highly calcified tissue at junction b/t cementum and dentin, not product of cemento/dentinogenesis, has enamel matrix proteins, product of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath
Harrison, Roda, 1995
Methods Walking bleach, recommended superoxol + Na perborate for greater efficacy, change every week
Nutting, Poe, 1963
NaOCl accident Long term paresthesia (15 months) after injection of 1% NaOCl thru buccal perforation of maxillary incisor
Reeh, Messer, 1989
Why Chloroform? Tested 5 solvents, Chloroform was best and only one which completely dissolved gutta-percha
Kaplowitz, 1990
RETX vs. S RCT RETX is preferable over S RCT, S RCT shouldn’t be considered primary tx when NS RETX can be done
Moiseiwitsch, Trope, 1998
Gutta-percha Storage of GP in referigerator and at low humidity will lengthen shelf life
Kolokruis, 1992
Pathogenesis Germ free rats showed no inflammatory resorption after replantation, Inflammatory resorption has bacterial component
Nishioka, Suda, 1998
Membrane needed? Large PAR healed more rapidly and better with GTR
Pecora, Kim, 1995
PAR in Vital Teeth? Not necessary for pulp to be completely necrotic before PAR appears, still need LA to access necrotic teeth
Mullaney, Howell, Petrich 1970
Retroprep depth Depth of root end preparation should be 3 mm for stability of material
Mattison
Perforation repair 92% healed
Kvinnsland
Temporaries Cavit better than GIC, both leak after 14 days
Hartwell, 2010
Effect of Endo on tooth Endodontic procedures have small effect on tooth stiffness (5% reduction), occlusal prep (20%), MOD (63%)
Reeh, Messer, 1989
Other bugs involved Yeast cells isolated from RCS of infected teeth
Nair, 1990
History of various methods Invented thermafill
Johnson, 1978
Bacterial progression Initially - Facultative anaerobic; Finally - obligate anaerobes
Moller, 1981
Regendo Mixture of Cipro, Metro, and Mino was 100% effective
Hoshino, 1996
Perforation repair 86% long tern follow up success with MTA
Mente, 2010
Effect of file separation on prognosis Meta-analysis - shows prognosis not significantly reduced for teeth with separated instruments during NS RCT
Panitvisai, 2010
Indirect Pulp Cap <50% healing (11/24 cases)
Jordan, Suzuki, Skinner
Cemental tear Incisors (76.1%); men (77.5%); >60 yrs old (73.2%); abscess formation (66.2%); PD >6 mm (73.2%); vital pulp (65.3%); opposing tooth (84.3%), mod-severe attrition (77.9%)
Lin, 2011
Ca(OH)5 CMCP not useful as IC med, since it clears only 67% of bacteria from RCS, compared to 97% for Ca(OH)2
Messer, 1984
Techniques First to publish an article on true crown-down instrumentation
Morgan, Montgomery
Steroids effective? Yes. IM Steroids; injectable dexamethasone better than placebo for reducing post-endo pain; Be sure pain is due to inflammation and not infection
Marshall, 1984
Sargenti Paste First discredited the Sargenti technique
Langeland, 1973
Regendo CLASSIC: immature teeth can have pulp survival and regeneration of nerve function after replantation, especially if have open apical foramen
Ohman, 1965
How to remove separated files Removal of separated instruments: US application and Hedstrom files
Krell, 1984
Cyst healing after Endo? In theory: After NS RCT, cysts heal becuase epithelium stops proliferating due to reduction in inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis occurs
Lin, 2007
Intraosseous Buccal infiltration with 4% articaine w/ epi and IO injection with 2% lidocaine w/ epi are likely to allow pain-free TX than PDL and repeat IANB injections w/ 2% lidocaine w/ epi SIP
Kanaa, 2012
Can Perio cause Endo problems? If main blood supply remains intact, perio disease unlikely to cause endo disease
Mee-Madison, 1992
Flare-ups Rate of flare up is same for tx vs. retx (Most related factor is pre op pain)
Mattscheck, Law, Noblett, 2001
File separation Cyclic fatigue: Rotation subjects NiTi to both tensile and compressive forces in area of canal curvatures, producing destructive form of loading
Pruett, Clement, Carnes, 1997
MB root of Mx 1M 96% - 2 canals (Stropko 1999 said the more Max molars done with magnification, the more MB2s you will find)
Kulild, 1990
Status of pulp matter? Consider status of pulp prior to determining length; Necrotic teeth with PAR show more apical resorption
Malueg, Wilcox, Johnson, 1996
Direct Pulp Cap 80% healing (uninflammed pulps)
Ravn
Steroids effective? Yes. Oral Steroids; oral dexamethasone better than placebo for reducing post-endo pain
Krasner, 1986
Methods of vitality testing Place EPT on MB cusp tip for molars
Lin, 2007
Cyst or Granuloma? Can’t distinguish between cyst or granuloma radiographically
Priebe, 1954
Apical resorption with PAR, always resorption (can also reference Delzangles)
Malueg, Wilcox, Johnson, 1996
What apical size? The minimum instrumentation size needed for penetration of irrigants to apical third is #30
Khademi, 2006
Risks Bleaching factors associated with the teeth exhibiting resorption were heat with 30% hydrogen peroxide
Madison, Walton, 1990
How much resection? Resect at least 3 mm, removes 98% of apical ramifications
Kim, 2006
Steroids effective? Yes. PDL Steroids; Intraligamentary injection of slow release methylprednisolone effective reducing post-endo pain
Kaufman, 1994
Post op Pain 2 case reports of heat sensitivity after NS RCT. Missed canals. Don’t rule out Endo treated teeth as source of patient’s thermal discomfort
Kier, Walker, 1991
Perforation repair Best prognosis for perf repair is in apical or middle thirds. Contamination with oral fluids = failure.
Jew, Weine, 1982
Techniques Step back (telescopic technique) - Apical stop at #25, step back incrementally while increasing file size; recapitulate with 25; Coronal flare with GG
Mullaney, 1979
Response of EPT to necrotic teeth 72% of necrotic teeth correctly identified by EPT as necrotic
Peters, Baumgartner, et al 1994
Pulp Chamber Floor Law of symmetry, law of centricity, law of color change, laws of orifice location
Krasner and Rankow 2004
AH 27 AH 26 least toxic after set, best sealer causing no or mild inflammation in 3 yr follow up on monkeys
Pascon, Spangberg, 1988
Is Chloroform safe? Chloroform is safe in dental operatory, measured room air chloroform levels during endo well below OSHA limits (8 hr limit = 2 ppm)
McDonald, 1992
RETX 86% healed
Imura (2007)
Trephination to relieve pain? No need to prophylactically trephinate since incidence of post-endo pain is low
Peters, 1980
Formocresol pulpotomies MTA pulpotomies significantly better than ferric sulfate or formocresol
Ng, 2008
Mx 2P 54% - 1 canal; 45% 2 canals
Pineda, Kuttler
Review of Sensibility Testing Review of sensibility testing
Jafarzedeh, Abbott, 2010
Ca(OH)2 Introduced Ca (OH)2 to dentistry; Showed that Ca(OH)2 could stimulate dentin bridge following direct pulp cap
Hermann, 1928
Pulp microcirculation Dynamics of blood flow and neuropeptide inf luence
Kim, 1985,89
VRF causes Vertical root fractures: Diagnosis and causes, 85% reported occurred as result of excessive force in lateral compaction
Meister, 1980
Ultrasonic activation Among the first to propose use of ultrasonics with irrigation, showing better success in canal cleanliness
Martin, Cunningham, 1982
Access Remove cervical ledges over canal orifice to enhance straight-line access
Leeb, 1983
Why do some PARs not heal? Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis, Types of apical periodontits (cysts, etc.) and why some PARs don’t heal
Nair, 2004
Extrusion induced resorption Resorption as a result of extrusion is rare
Malmgren, 1991
Avulsion PDL vitality important for success of replantation, replant quickly without damaging PDL, PDL is tissue to save, so do Endo after replantation
Loe, 1961
Obturation technique Warm GP has a higher rate of overextension than CL; Post-op pain, long-term outcomes, and obturation quality are similar between the two
Peng, 2007
NaOCl NaOCl has pH of 11, hypochlorus acid is active antibacterial property, disrupts oxidative phosphorylation
Hurst, 2001
Necrosis with calcification? Only 7% of teeth with calcific metamorphosis develop problems, so no prophylactic tx is indicated
Holcomb, Gregory, 1967
Methods of vitality testing No relationship between EPT value and pulp pathology
Mumford, 1968
Cvek Pulpotomy 91% healing (young molars)
Mass
E. faecalis E. faecalis may just be innocent opportunistic bystander, found it in only 12% of failing RCT’s
Kaufman, 2005
Sealer puff okay? Endodontic filling materials can induce periapical inflammation
Hollan, 1996
PAI Proposed use of PAI (periapical index) to evaluate radiographic success by comparison to 5 standard images
Orstavik, 1986
Bacteria needed for PAR Monkey, Bacteria etiologic factor for apical periodontitis, no evidence that necrotic tissue per se induces lesions, need bugs (mostly obligate anaerobes)
Moller, 1981
Nerves of pulp 28% of nerves = myelinated A fibers; 72% of nerves = unmyelinated C fibers
Reader, 1981
PAR in Vital Teeth? PAR in vital teeth, 11 of 24 healed with indirect pulp cap
Jordon, 1978
2nd surgery? showed that success rate of 2nd surgery performed on same tooth is 35.7% (Old-school technique)
Petersen, Gutmann 2001
2nd S RCT 36% healed; 26% uncertain
Peterson & Guttmann
Endo vs. Implants No significant difference - meta-analysis
Iqbal, Kim, 2007
Biologic Width Biologic width = CT attachment (1.07 mm) + Epi. attachment (0.97 mm); sulcus =- 0.69 mm; margin should be at least 3 mm coronal to alveolar crest to permit healing and proper restoration
Ingber, 1977
