UMKC Spreadsheet Random Part 1 Flashcards
Avulsion Milk is okay transport medium
Blomlof, Lindskog, 1983
Trust the Patient? 37% of time, PT could identify tooth causing pain; usually neighboring tooth
Friend & Glenwright, 1968
Why not apexification Ca(OH)2 for longer than 30 d weakens dentin
Cvek
History of various methods Vertical compaction demonstrated TWICE the number of lateral and accessory canals and denser fill
Brothman, 1981
Anatomical considerations CT scans of 38 patients; 5% had roots protruding into sinus; 2M closer to sinus than 1M
Eberhart, Torabinejad, 1992
Flexible splint Decribed flexible splint
Antrum, 1982
Apexification 96% healing (Ca(OH)2 long term)
Cvek
Stressed pulp Stressed-pulp, do endo prior to complex restorative work
Abou-Rass, 1982
Md 2P 90% - 1 canal, 10% - 2 canals
Green, 1955
Bevel on root resection Bevel shouldn’t be greater than depth of retrofill; 3 mm prep provides safe and effective seal even when bevel is 45 degrees
Gagliani, 1998
Methods of vitality testing Drop in pulp temp. safe with CO2 ice, no clinical damage to tooth
Augsburger, Peters 1981
Looking for zebras Sickle cell anemia patient - 8x more likely to have pulpal necrosis of clinically intact tooth
Costa, 2013
IC med ideal properties 10 ideal requirements of IC Med
Grossman, 1944
Nerves of pulp Sprouting, nuerogenic inflammation (CGRP,SP)
Byers, 1988
Membrane needed? No difference between guidor and control with 5 mm cranial defects
Bohning, Jeansonne, 1999
Why necessary? Sealer required as interface between GP and root dentin
Gutmann, 1998
Sinus tract 16 surgical cases of extraradicular lesions, mostly included actinomyces, recommended surgery for eradicating bacteria
Happonen, 1986
E. faecalis E. faecalis is resistant to Ca(OH)2 treatment
Bystrom, 1985
Ortho resorption on RCT teeth Vital teeth had a mean 1.04 mm resorption, and root-treated teeth, 0.82 mm (NS).
Esteves, 2007
Remove smear layer? SEM study showed that final irrigation with NaOCl after EDTA will result in collapse of collagen matrix
Haapasalo
Endo vs. Implants NSD between NS RCT and Implant (both had failure rate of 6%)
Doyle, Law, Bowles, 2006
Trephination to relieve pain? Described trephination to relieve pain
Chester, Selman, 1968
Non Endo Pain 10% of MI’s have pain referred to mandible
Drinnan, 1987
CBCT
Collegues of excellence
Anesthesia (1/50k epi.) Epi 1:50k produces better hemostasis than epi 1:100k (vasoconstriction via Alpha 1 adrenoceptor)
Gutmann, 1993
Anachoresis - supported showed anachoresis in traumatized pulps after systemic IV injection of bugs
Gier, Mitchell, 1968
PAR vs. No PAR 93% w/o PAR, 82% w/PAR
Friedman (2008)
Anachoresis - supported Found bacteria in traumatized teeth with intact crowns and necrotic pulps 64% of time
Bergenholtz, 1974
Mx 2P 65% - 1 canal; 35% - 2 canals
Green, 1955
Sinus tracts Epithelial lined sinus tract 33% (stratified squamous) sometimes, more commonly lined with granulation tissue 67%
Baumgartner, 1984
The 3 D’s (flexible pain control plan) D’s: Diagnosis, definitive treatment, and drugs (page 200 in Dental Pulp, 2nd ed.)
Hargreaves and Keiser
2nd RETX 47% healed
Allen, Newton, Brown
Intentional replant 81% healing
Bender & Rossman
Post op Pain 48% of PT with sealer/GP extrusion had post-obturation pain
Baumgartner, 1983
RETX vs. S RCT Success of RETX + Surgery is 24% higher than Surgery alone
Grung, 1990
History of various methods Canals can get recontaminated in unfilled canal in 2 days
Bystrom, 1981
Cvek Pulpotomy 96% healing (young incisors)
Cvek
Techniques Anticurvature filing, described danger and safety zones
Abou-Rass, Frank, Glick, 1980
Intraosseous IO+IA=90% numb compared to 42% IA alone
Dunbar and Reader 1996
Diff bact in diff roots of secondary inf Apical bacteria more diverse in primary infections than secondary, diff roots of same teeth with secondary infections displayed low similarity in bacterial composition
Chugal, 2011
Indications 4 indications for Abx: Rapid increase of Signs & Symptoms; anatomical danger zone; disease/drug that compromises immunity; systemic involvement
Harris, Baumgartner
Intentional replantation, 81% success
Bender, Rossman, 1993
Avulsion Don’t do endo before implanting avulsed teeth, replant quickly, open in 7-10 days and place Ca(OH)2 to stop resorption
Andreasen, 1981
Hydrodynamic Theory First developed hydrodynamic theory of pain (popularized by Brannstrom)
Gysi
Interpretating radiographs PAR in cancellous bone can’t be detected radiographically, had to remove cortical plate
Bender & Seltzer, 1961
PAR vs. No PAR 93% w/o PAR, 69% w/PAR
Friedman, (1995)
Strange morphology Palatal root of Max molars has B hook at apex 90% of time
Bone and Mule
Effect of Endo disease on Perio Found no association between pulp disease and: probing depths, extent of bone loss, and extent of perio disease
Bender, Seltzer, 1972
GI over MTA for immediate restoration GIC can be placed over freshly mixed MTA with minimal effects on MTA properties
Eid, 2012
Md 2M 85% - 3 canals, 5% - 4 canals
Green, 1955
Smoking affects implant and RCT success, and RCT affected by AP, post placement, and overfilling. No sig diff for diabetes, age, gender, or # of endo visits
Doyles, Bowles, 2007
Treatment Tx of internal resorption - 90% successful with nonperforating defect w/1wk of Ca(OH)2 and warm GP; 25% success with perforating defect
Caliskan, Turkun, 1997
C-shaped canals C shape classificatons both in pulp chamber and radiographically
Gutman, Fan 2004- 2006
Ca(OH)6 Long term Ca(OH)2 has increased risk of root fracture
Andreasen, 2002
Gutta-percha Gutta-percha = 65% Zinc oxide, 20% GP, 10% metal sulfates, 5% waxes and resins
Friedman, 1977
Pulpotomy (primary teeth) 84% w/formocresol; 93% with ferric sulfate; 97% with MTA
Fuks, 2008
Visualization Methylene blue can help detect cracks and isthmi at resection level
Cambruzzi, Marshall, 1985
RETX vs. S RCT Did S RCT in cases that had no NS RCT, 50% success, but 90% had bacteria in canals; Can see radiographic success even with bacteria in canals
Danin, 1999
Avulsion Okay to move avulsed tooth orthodontically 3 weeks after accident
Gazit, 1988
RCT during ortho tx Fill with Ca(OH)2 until ortho tx is completed
Hamilton, Gutmann, 1999
Methods of vitality testing Place EPT tip at incisal edge of anterior teeth
Bender, 1989
Lidocaine for blocks (not articaine) Articaine 4x more likely for paresthesia then lidocaine for IA block
Haas, Lennon 1994
Direct Pulp Cap 44.5% failures (18.5% questionable and 37% successful cases) in the 5-yr group and 79.7% failing, 7.3% questionable, and 13% successful cases in the 10-yr group. As a factor of influence, the placement of a definitive restoration within the first 2 days after pulp exposure was found to contribute significantly to the survival rate of these teeth.
Barthel, 2000
How to differentiate? Differentiating between external and internal resorption (symmetry, canal through lesion, etc.)
Gartner, Mack 1976
Anachoresis - refuted In order for anachoresis to occur, you need some tissue in canals; unfilled canals do not become infected from bloodstream
Delivanis, 1984
Maxillary sinus Apex of the MB max 2nd molar closest to sinus floor (mean 1.97 mm) and also P of max 1st molar
Ebenhardt and Torabinejad, 1992
PAR in Vital Teeth? Irreverible pulpitis: PAR visible in 3% of cases (PA), vs. 14% of cases (CBCT)
Abella, 2012
Interpretating radiographs Who’s reading the radiograph: 6 examiners agreed 47% of time (radiographic interpretation), 80% agree with self at later point
Goldman, Pearson, Darzenta, 1972
Horizontal root fracture Four modes of horizontal bone fracture: calcified callus, fibrous callus, bony ingrowth, granulation tissue
Andreasen, 1967
Going long 48% of PT with sealer/GP extrusion had post-obturation pain
Baumgartner, 1983
RETX vs. S RCT NS RETX better success than S RCT (66% vs. 54%)
Allen, 1989
Irrigation methods Closer the needle is to apex, better the irrigation (needle doesn’t irrigate much past the bevel tip)
Abou-Rass, 1982
Necrosis with calcification? 22% of traumatized teeth undergo calcific metamorphosis, only 7% develop necrosis
Andreasen, 1970
Caution with US retroprep US on medium power with water spray reduces incidence of root cracks
Frank, Bakland, 1996
Anachoresis - refuted Against anachoresis. Cat study: IV injection of bacteria did nothing in inflamed pulps
Doyle, Miller, 1981
Ultrasonic activation In vivo (instrumented then extracted): 1 minute use of US activated irrigation improved cleanliness of canals and isthmuses
Burleson, 2007 (Nusstein)
Tetracycline staining? Intentional endo, internal bleaching promising for tetracycline staining
Abou-Rass, 1982
Electronic apex locator EAL accurate even with apical resorption
Goldberg, 2002
Coronal Seal Quality of coronal restoration equally important as root filling at healing apical periodontitis; Systematic review
Gillen, 2011
The 3 D’s (flexible pain control plan) D’s: Diagnosis, definitive treatment, and drugs (page 200 in Dental Pulp, 2nd ed.)
Hargreaves and Keiser
US retroprep In endo surgery, US remove bacteria better than burs
Gutmann, 1994
Lymphatics Demonstrated lymphatics in human pulp
Bernick, 1977
Zones of Fish ICIS = Infection (bacteria, PMNs), Contamination (bacterial toxins, lymphocytes, macrophages), Irritation (macrophages, plasma cells), Stimulation (osteoblasts, fibroblasts)
Fish, 1939
Pulpotomy Advocated partial pulpotomy (removing 1.5-2 mm pulp), even after 72 hr traumatic exposure
Cvek, 1978
Perforation repair MTA suitable perforation repair material for several reasons (high pH, high biocompability, not affected by moisture)
Arens, Torabinejad, 1996
Definition of success? Defines S RCT success as: absence of symptoms, no swelling, sinus tract, infection, radiographic healing, normal function of tooth
Bradford, 1999
Flexible splint Monkey study, concluded that semi-rigid splint should be used for replanted teeth
Andreasen, 1985
Apexification Tx necrotic teeth with incompletely formed apices with Ca(OH)2, got 95% success for apical closure
Cvek, 1972
Focal Infection Theory Zones of Fish, early attempt to disprove focal infection theory, describes body’s wave of walling off and localizing infection
Fish, 1939
Techniques First to publish article on crown-down technique
Goerig
Articaine for infiltration Articaine for maxillary infiltration has shorter onset and longer duration than lidocaine. Articaine 1:100,000 epi has longer duration and shorter onset than with 1:200,000
Costa 2005
Post trauma 4 different types of root resorption after luxation: external surface, Inflammatory resorption, Replacement resorption, Internal resorption
Andreasen, 1989
Accessory canals 27% of teeth had lateral/accessory canals; usually located in apical third of root
DeDeus, 1975
Is it really healing? Disagreed with Brynolf, Only 26% of teeth with normal PA radiographically, showed inflammation
Green, Walton, 1997
Methods of vitality testing Studied 6 heat tests - Heated burnisher and hot water bath too hot, may cause pulp damage. Geated GP not hot enough. System B at 600 and Elements at 200 most predictable
Bowles (Minnesota) 2012
VRF detection with CBCT 5 signs of VRF on CBCT: 1 - loss of bone mid-root with intact bone coronal and apical to defect, 2-Absence of entire B plate in axial, coronal and/or 3d view, 3-radiolucency around root where post terminates, 4-space btwn B and/or L plate of bone and root surface, 5-visualization of VRF on CBCT
Fayad 2012
Intentional replantation Gave protocol for intentional replantation
Grossman, 1966, 1968
Strangulation theory Strangulation theory - inflammation at root end collapses vessels and strangles pulp in sudden and complete necrosis
Brown, 1894
Why necessary? Mechanical shaping alone is insufficient to remove residual bacteria and necrotic debris, Ca(OH)2 best IC med to kill residual bacteria
Bystrom, Sundqvist, 1981
Post removal Always use water when vibrating out posts with US
Gluskin, Ruddle, 2005
Anesthesia (1/50k epi.) During flap surgery, significant less blood loss when 1:50k epi. used (vs. 1/100k epi.)
Buckley, 1984
Sealer puff okay? Extruded material did not prevent radiographic repair of PAR
Augsburger, Peters, 1990
Air Emphysema Recommended using Stropko air syringe (10% of standard pressure) to avoid air emphysema
Eleazer, 1998
Heat up NaOCl? NaOCl (2.6%) is more effective in antimicrobial action at 37 degrees C
Cunningham, Joseph, 1980
US retroprep US retropreps on cadavers - showed no cracks
Calzonetti, 1998 (Toronto Group)
Apical resorption necrotic teeth tend to show more apical resorption
Frank, 1990
Obturation fill 87% = 0-2 mm short; 77% = short or long
Friedman (2008)
Biological Width Cadaver study to determine BW (CT attachment 1.07mm, Junctional Epithelium 0.97mm, Sulcular Depth 0.69)
Gargiulo, Wentz, Orban, 1961
Problems with crowns Abutment teeth necrosing - 15%, Crowned teeth necrosing - 3%
Bergenholtz
Effectiveness Susceptibility = Pen V: (85%), Amox: (91%), Augmentin: (100%), Clinda: (96%), and Metro: (45%). Metro if used in combo pen V or amox increased to 93% and 99%
Baumgartner, 2003
SLOB rule Describes simple explanation of buccal object rule with illustrations
Goerig, 1987
Problems with crowns long term followup of 1,000 crowned teeth, 13% became necrotic
Felton, 1989
Where to stop obturation? CLASSIC; Teeth that were fully instrumented but filled short of radiographic apex had best healing
Davis, Joseph, 1971
Accessory canals Furcation canals = 28%; 10% extend to PDL
Gutmann, 1978
C-shaped canals Mandibular 2nd M has 8% prevalence of C-shaped canals
Cooke and Cox 1979
Is Chloroform safe? Amount of chloroform exiting thru apical foramen during in vitro RETX is 1,000-15,000 times below permissable toxic dose
Chutich, 1998
Is it really healing? Normal healing occurred in only 7% of teeth after NS RCT, radiographic success doesn’t correlate with histologic success (but had chloropercha obturations)
Brynolf, 1967
Full strength NaOCl? Dilution of 5.25% NaOCl reduced its ability to dissolve necrotic tissue
Hand, 1978
Mx 1P 90% - 2 canals; 10% - 1 canal
Green, 1955
Air Emphysema Air syringe into RC can cause emphysema
Falomo, 1984
Bacteria in PAR? Found 13/13 of PAR had bugs: 63% obligate anaerobes, 36% facultative anaerobes
Abou-Rass, 1998
Vital vs. Necrotic 95% Vital, 75% Necrotic
Friedman (2003)
Post needed Teeth with posts usually fracture in unreparable manner
Gutmann, 1992
Biologic Width Biologic width = distance from crest of bone to base of sulcus (include CT attachment of 1 mm and epithelial attachment of 1 mm)
Garguilo, Orban, 1967
VRF causes wedging forces created by excessively tapaered inflexible spreader
Dang, Walton, 1989
4 Visit Endo supported 64% two steps, 55% one step
Friedman, 1995
S RCT 60% healed
Allen, Newton, Brown
Hydrodynamic Theory heat causes inward fluid movement, cold causes outward, results in distortion of processes stimulating nerve response (It’s Cold Out)
Brannstrom, 1966
Ultrasonic activation Most of benefits from US are due to acoustic streaming rather than cavitation (though Macedo, Van der Sluiss, Wesselink, et al 2014 found that cavitation can occur)
Ahmad, 1997
Risks First to warn of external resorption associated with nonvital bleaching
Harrington, Natkin, 1979
Anesthetic failure (7 reasons) 1. Anatomical; 2. Tachyphylaxis; 3. pH; 4. Blood flow; 5. Nociceptors (TTX-resistant); 6. Central sensitization; 7. Psychological
Hargreaves and Keiser, 2002
Root amputation 68% healing
Blomlof
Formocresol pulpotomies 84% w/formocresol; 93% with ferric sulfate; 97% with MTA
Fuks, 2008
Cracked tooth syndrome Coined term: “Cracked tooth syndrome”; Mand 2nd M is MC
Cameron, 1964
E. faecalis E. faecalis forms biofilm resistant to defense cells and antibiotics
Distal
Bacterial progression With time, obligate anaerobes increase vs. facultative anaerobes
Fabricius, 1982
How much resection? Isthmus tissue increased greatly at 3.6 mm from the apex, suggesting optimal root resection at this level
Bowles, 2010 (Minnesota)
Ideal sealer properties IB NERDINESS - Impervious, bacteriostatic, non-staining, easy to manipulate, radiopaque, dimensionally stable, insoluble, non-irritating, easily removed, seals, sterilizable
Grossman
Endotoxin Proposed that LPS from oral bugs (P. gingivalis) down-regulates E-selectin expression in vascular endothelium (reduced leukocyte diapedesis at distant sites)
Darveau 1995
Biological Width Coined the term BW
Cohen, 1962
Internal bleaching 98% but patient subjective success
Glockner
5 Visit Endo supported Syst Rev: No diff in outcomes b/w one and two visit RCT
Figini, 2008
Apexification 96% healing (Ca(OH)2 long term)
Cvek
Aging pulp Older pulps have decreased number of blood vessels and nerve fibers
Bernick, 1975
Focal Infection Theory Bacteremias: Extraction = 100%; Flap reflection = >80%; Curretage = 33%; NSRCT = 3.3% when instrumented beyond apex
Baumgartner, 1976-77
Reducing bacterial levels In dogs, 4 mo. healing shown even when obturated with bacteria remaining in RCS; Healing possible even when canals are still infected, but Sjogren 1997
Allard, Stromberg, 1987
E. faecalis E. faecalis has proton pump which resists high pH of Ca(OH)2
Evans
NiTi Compared NiTi and SS mechanical properties, efficiency (NiTi wins always) NiTi has 2 phases: Austenite (manufactured state) and Martensite; ability to cycle between these 2 states, phase transition occurs with rapid stress on file
Haikel, 1998
Leave tooth open? Stated that leaving a tooth open after treatment was better than closing it
Dr. August - 1982
Effect of file separation on prognosis No difference in failure rates with separated instruments, location of instrument is important
Crump, Natkin, 1970
Managing fluctuancy Key to managing fluctuant swelling due to infection is to obtain drainage
Harrington, 1992
Indications Bacteremias: Extraction = 100%; Flap reflection = >80%; Curretage = 33%; NSRCT = 3.3% when instrumented beyond apex
Baumgartner, 1976-77
Full strength NaOCl? 6% NaOCl was only irrigant capable of rendering bacteria nonviable and removing biofilm, higher concentrations = more antibacterial
Clegg, 2006
Adjust occlusion? Occlusal adjustment no difference in pain relief
Creech, Walton, 1984
Cvek Pulpotomy 96% healing (young incisors)
Cvek
Luxated teeth Necrosis rate of luxated permanent teeth: Concussion - 3%, subluxation - 6%, Extrusion - 26%, Lateral luxation - 58%, Intrusion - 85%
Andreasen, 1985
Bevel on root resection Minimal bevelling of root end to prevent more opening of dentinal tubules
Chong, 1997
Cells of pulp Mast cells described in pulp
Farnoush, 1984
Obturation technique 87% vertical; 77% lateral
Friedman (2008)
Interpretating radiographs 30-50% mineral loss needed to visualize radiographically
Bender, 1982
MB root of Mx 1M 71% - 2 canals
Fogel, Peikoff, 1994
Sargenti Paste Showed short term severe cytotoxicity of Sargenti paste in monkeys
Cohler, Newton, 1980
Post-treatment disease Primary endodontic infection: Gram negative, obligate anaerobes, Post-treatment disease: Gram positive, facultative anaerobes
Chavez de Paz
Time with NaOCl 0.5% = 1% = 2.5% = 5% NaOCl for antimicrobial effectiveness; IMPORTANT: when use at least 10 minutes contact time
D’arcangelo, 1999
Mandibular canal Apices of M roots of 1st molars were farthest from the canal. Canal pathway is S-shaped in 31%, B to 2nd molar and 2nd PM (more potential damage) and L to 1st M
Denio and Torabinejad, 1992
Success rates 98% but patient subjective success
Glockner
MTAD MTAD doesn’t remove biofilms
Clegg, 2006
Regendo For Regen, final rinse with EDTA allows for close approximation of DPSC’s to dentin
Galler, 2011
Mx Incisors & Canines 100% - 1 canal
Green, 1955
Latex in LA stoppers No reports of latex allergy from LA in dental world. Some limited medical reports of latex allergy after injections.
Haas (the baas), 2002
What apical size? With increasing file size, there was an increasing reduction in bacteria
Dalton, 1998
System-B temperature? >10 degree C increase is threshold for bony necrosis
Eriksson & Albrektsson, 1985
History of various methods Introduced warm vertical obturation
Berg, 1953
EDTA EDTA removes smear layer, but doesn’t remove organic debris
Baumgartner, 1987
Aging pulp Size of pulp chamber decreases with age, become more fibrotic also
Bernick, 1975
Pedo pulpectomy Explained procedures for pulpectomy on primary teeth
Goerig, 1983
Perforation repair Classification and prognosis of perforations
Fuss, Trope, 1996
Obturation technique 87% vertical; 77% lateral
Friedman (2008)
Luxated teeth 4 different types of root resorption after luxation: external surface, Inflammatory resorption, Replacement resorption, Internal resorption
Andreasen, 1989
Membrane needed? GTR procedures developed to exclude epithelial proliferation
Ellegard, 1974
Crown Down Instrumentation Crown-down instrumentation extrudes less debris (Also Goerig)
Gutmann, 1987
RETX vs. S RCT 66% = RETX; 54% = S RCT
Allen (1989)
Referred Pain Normal teeth, 37% of time PT could identify tooth being stimulated with EPT, goes up to 79% if tooth on either side is considered correct
Friend & Glenwright, 1968
Md Centrals 57% - 1 canal, 43% - 2 canals only 1% with separate foramina
Benjamin, Dowson, 1974
Luxated teeth 4% of luxated teeth can show transient PAR which recover over time
Andreasen, 1986
Cause for RCT failure Causes for failure of NS RCT: POOR PAST = Perforation, Obturation, Overfill, Root canal missed, Perio disease, Another tooth, Split, Trauma
Crump, 1979
Flare-ups Most effective method in reducing flare-ups is complete cleaning and shaping using crown down and minimizing apical extrusion
Goerig, 1982
5 Visit Endo supported Syst Rev: (Outcomes the same) PTs undergoing single visit RCT might have higher frequency of swelling and need more analgesic use
Figini, 2008
RETX vs. S RCT RETX is preferable over S RCT, meta-analysis
Briggs, Scott, 1997
NaOCl accident NaOCl injected beyond apex = PAIN; Tx with steroids, IV and continue for 3 d
Becker, Cohen, 1974
Radiology vs. histology There are relationships between radiologic and histologic signs of inflammation in human RCT teeth
Barthel, Trope, 2004
Sedation 0.25 mg Triazolam (Halcion) better than 0.5 mg Diazepam (Valium)
Ehrich, Dionne, Hutter, 1987
Air Emphysema Air emphysema: how to avoid and signs and symptoms
Battrum, Gutmann, 1995
Avulsion Tx avulsed teeth with Ca(OH)2 after splinting in order to minimize inflammatory resorption
Burke, 1976
Are EALs safe? EALs okay on pts with pacemakers
Fouad, 1993
Materials? Examined effects of materials against pulp. Concluded that seal was more important than material itself.
Cox, 1987
Problems with crowns Concluded that all types of crown margins leak
Goldman
Phantom tooth pain Phantom tooth pain, claimed incidence of 3% of population undergoing extirpation
Battrum, Gutmann, 1996
Apexification Described apexification; long term tx with Ca(OH)2
Frank, 1966
Intrapulpal Intrapulpal anesthesia - works by pressure, not LA agent
Birchfield, Rosenberg, 1975
History of various methods Introduced cold lateral condensation
Callahan, 1914
Looking for zebras Shingles can cause pulpal necrosis (case report)
Goon and Jacobsen, 1988
Parallel radiographs Paralleling technique more accurate for WL films than bisecting angle
Forsberg, 1987
Need for IC Med? Mechanical shaping alone is insufficient to remove residual bacteria and necrotic debris, problem of rebound, Ca(OH)2 best IC med to kill residual bacteria
Bystrom, Sundqvist, 1981
Hydrodynamic Theory Dentinal sensitivity explained by hydrodynamic theory
Brannstrom, 1966
Bevel on root resection Recommends perpendicular root end resection to decrease number of open tubules
Gilheany
Methods of vitality testing Described heat testing
Cooley, 1978
E. faecalis Unlike other microbes, E. faecalis can survive in RCS as single organism
Fabricius, 1982
Flare-ups Flareups more likely to occur in necrotic teeth
Harrington, Natkin, 1992
Regendo Apical foramen should be 1.1 or larger for RegEndo
Garcia-Godoy, 2011
