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Biology - 1 > Ultrastructure of cells > Flashcards

Ultrastructure of cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Membrane bound DNA inside a true nucleus

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2
Q

Plasma membrane: Structure

A

> Phospholipid bilayer
Embedded proteins and cholesterol
Glycolipids and glycoproteins located on the surface

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3
Q

Fluid - mosaic model

A

Refers to the fluidity and range of molecules in the membrane

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4
Q

Plasma membrane: Function

A

> Cholesterol - provides strength. and reduces fluidity
Proteins - transport
Glycolipids and glycoproteins - act as receptors for cell recognition

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5
Q

Mitochondria: Structure

A

> Double membrane
Cristae - folded inner membrane
Matrix - fluid centre
70s ribosomes

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6
Q

Mitochondria: Function

A

> Aerobic respiration
ATP production

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7
Q

Nucleus: Structure

A

> Nuclear envelope - double membrane
Nuclear pores
Chromosomes - protein-bound linear DNA (histones), and nucleolus

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8
Q

Nucleus: Function

A

> DNA replication
DNA transcription
Nuclear envelope prevents DNA damage
Nucleolus - site of rRNA production and ribosome synthesis

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9
Q

Cilia: Structure

A

Hair-like projections out of cells

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10
Q

Cilia: Function

A

> Can be mobile or stationary
Mobile - moves substances in sweeping motion
Stationary - sensory organs (nose)

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11
Q

Flagella: Structure

A

Whip-like

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12
Q

Flagella: Function

A

> Mobility
Sometimes a sensory organelle for chemical stimuli

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus: Structure

A

> Cisternae - flattened membrane sacs
Surrounded by small, round and hollow vesicles

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus: Function

A

> Protein and lipid modification
(eg adding carbohydrates to form glycoproteins)
Products are transported in golgi vesicles

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15
Q

Centrioles: Structure

A

Made of microtubules in pairs to form a centrosome

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16
Q

Centrioles: Function

A

> Spindle fibre production
Organisation of chromosomes in cell division

17
Q

Lysosome: Structure

A

> Formed when Golgi apparatus contains hydrolytic enzymes

18
Q

Lysosome: Function

A

> A type of golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes

19
Q

Cytoskeleton: Structure

A

> Network of fibres within cytoplasm
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

20
Q

Cytoskeleton: Function

A

> Mechanical strength
Maintains shape and stability
Binds to organelles
Microfilaments - cell movement
Microtubules - scaffolding

21
Q

Ribosome: Structure

A

> Small granules
Made of protein and RNA
Subunits - 70s and 80s

22
Q

Ribosome: Function

A

Site of translation in protein synthesis

23
Q

R+S endoplasmic reticulum: Structure

A

> Sheets of membranes linked to the nucleus
Cisternae - flattened membrane sacs
RER: Ribosomes embedded

24
Q

RER: Function

A

> Protein synthesis (transported)
Glycoprotein synthesis

25
Q

SER: Function

A

> Lipid synthesis
Steroid formation

26
Q

Chloroplasts: Structure

A

> Double membranę
Thylakoids - folded membrane containing chlorophyll
Stroma - fluid centre

27
Q

Chloroplasts: Function

A

> Photosynthesis
Stroma - contains enzymes for the light-independent stage

28
Q

Cell wall: Structure

A

> Found in plants, fungi, algae
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (fungi)
Middle lamella - thin boundary layer between adjacent cells

29
Q

Cell wall: Function

A

> Structural strength
Prevents rupturing due to osmosis

30
Q

Production and secretion of proteins

A

1) Polypeptide chains are synthesised on RER (ribosomes)
2) Chains move to cisternae in RER to be packaged into vesicles
3) Vesicles are sent to Golgi apparatus via the cytoskeleton
4) At golgi, proteins are modified and packaged into vesicles
5) Secretory vesicles carry proteins to plasma membrane, where it fuses and releases by exocytosis

31
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

A

> Smaller
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
70s ribosomes
DNA - single, circular molecule, not in histones

32
Q

Prokaryotic cell structures:

A

> Murein (glycoprotein) wall
Plasmids - survival genes
Capsule - protection
Flagella - locomotion

Biology - 1 (3 decks)

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