Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2

Question 1

Essential Idea (Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2)

Answer 1

Eukaryotes have more complex structure than prokaryotes

Question 2

Three Domains

Answer 2

• Bacteria (prokaryotic)
• Archaea (prokaryotic)
• Eukaryota (eukaryotes)

Question 3

Prokaryotes

Answer 3

• Unicellular organisms with no internal compartmentalization, no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles
• Metabolic processes occur within the cytoplasm
• Belong to different domains (bacteria and archaea) due to differences in the cell wall composition and RNA
• 1 micro meter in size

Question 4

Prokaryotes Cell Structure (9)

Answer 4

• Cell wall
• Plasma Membrane
• Capsule (only in some)
• Cytoplasm
• Pili
• Flagella
• 70S ribosomes
• Nucleoid Region
• Plasmids

Question 5

70S vs 80S Ribosomes

Answer 5

• Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells 70S, are smaller, lighter and less dense than ribosomes in eukaryotic cells 80S
• Both composted of two subunits (50S & 30S = 70S, 60S & 40S = 80S)

Question 6

E-coli Microscope Organelles Image

Answer 6

• Nucleoid region is lighter in the middle on in the microscope image
• Ribosomes are dark spots

Question 7

Binary Fission

Answer 7

• Asexual reproduction process
• Nucleoid DNA (chromosomes) are replicated
• Two copied of DNA molecules move to opposite ends and the cell elongates (grows)
• Plasma membrane grows inward and pinches off to form two separate identical cells (process called cytokinesis)

Question 8

Eukaryotes

Answer 8

• Genetic material is isolated from the cytoplasm by the nucleus
• Eukaryota domain has four kingdoms: protocista, fungi, plantae (plant) and animalia (animal)
• Vary in size (yeast to blue whale)
• Compartmentalized

Question 9

Compartmentalization

Answer 9

• Refers to the formation of compartments within the cell by membrane bound organelles
• Allows for greater metabolism efficiency
• pH can vary to optimal conditions for different enzymes
• Toxic or damaging substances are isolated
• Flexible in changing position and quantity of organelles based on cell requirements

Question 10

Eukaryote Cell Structure (11)

Answer 10

• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• 80S ribosomes
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Vesicles
• Flagella or cilia

Question 11

Animal Cell Structure

Answer 11

• Small Vacuole
• Lysosomes
• Centrioles
• Animal cells store carbohydrates as glycogen and are not a fixed shape

Question 12

Plant Cell Structure

Answer 12

• Large vacuole
• Cell Wall
• Chloroplast
• Plant cells store carbohydrates as starch and are a fixed shape

Question 13

Types of Pancreas Gland Cell

Answer 13

Endocrine and exocrine

Question 14

Endocrine Pancreas Gland Cell

Answer 14

Secrete hormones into the blood stream

Question 15

Exocrine Pancreas Gland Cell

Answer 15

Secrete digestive enzymes into a duct that goes to the small intestine to digest food and has large quantities of ribosomes and rough ER

Question 16

Palisade Mesophyll Cell

Answer 16

The leafs function is photosynthesis, taking CO2, water and light to make oxygen and energy

Question 17

Microscope Resolution

Answer 17

• The shortest distance between two separate points in field of view that can still distinguish as distinct objects
• Electron has higher resolution than light
• Degree of detail within an image

Question 18

Plasma Membrane Function

Answer 18

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 19

Cytoplasm Function

Answer 19

Fills the cell and holds all organelles, contains enzymes that catalyze reactions, site of cellular reactions

Question 20

Mitochondria Function

Answer 20

Site of cellular respiration in which ATP is generated, has different DNA

Question 21

ATP

Answer 21

Adenosine triphosphate, an organic compound used for energy

Question 22

Ribosomes Function

Answer 22

Sites of protein synthesis

Question 23

Nucleus Function

Answer 23

Controls all activity in the cell, composed of two membrane nuclear envelops containing pores, and pores bring RNA in and out

Question 24

Nucleolus Function

Answer 24

Part of the nucleus involved in ribosome prodution

Question 25

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

Answer 25

Produced and stores lipids

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

Fatty, waxy or oily compounds

Question 27

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

Answer 27

Transports proteins produced by ribosomes to the golgi apparatus, and is a flattened membrane system covered in ribosomes

Question 28

Golgi Apparatus Function

Answer 28

Processes and packages proteins, normally released in golgi vesicles

Question 29

Vesicles Function

Answer 29

Small sac that transports and releases substances, exocytosis

Question 30

Flagella / Cilia Function

Answer 30

Microtubules that are involved in cell locomotive

Question 31

Small Vacuole Function (animal cell)

Answer 31

Used for temporary material storage or to transport substances

Question 32

Large Vacuole Function (plant cell)

Answer 32

helps osmotic balance and storage of substances (salts, minerals, nutrients and proteins to help the plant grow)

Question 33

Lysosomes Function (animal cell)

Answer 33

contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes and important for the destruction of microbes, digests worn out organelles

Question 34

Centrioles Function (animal cell)

Answer 34

Important in nuclear division process, establishes microtubules, paired cylinders

Question 35

Chloroplast Function (plant cell)

Answer 35

Responsible for photosynthesis, has different DNA

Question 36

Cell Wall Function

Answer 36

Prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic media and helps maintain cell shape, has rigid extracellular structure made from protein sugars

Question 37

Capsule Function

Answer 37

Only in some prokaryotic cells, protects the cell from being ingested or destroyed and is made of polysaccharides (sugar chains)

Question 38

Pili Function

Answer 38

Protein filaments on the cell wall that help adhesion and exchange of plasmids between two cells

Question 39

Plasmid Function

Answer 39

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes, which give the cell antibiotic resistance

Question 40

Nucleoid Region Function

Answer 40

Controls all the activities of the cell and is circular naked DNA