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Unit 1 Cell Biology > Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2 > Flashcards

Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Essential Idea (Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2)

A

Eukaryotes have more complex structure than prokaryotes

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2
Q

Three Domains

A
  • Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  • Archaea (prokaryotic)
  • Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Unicellular organisms with no internal compartmentalization, no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles
  • Metabolic processes occur within the cytoplasm
  • Belong to different domains (bacteria and archaea) due to differences in the cell wall composition and RNA
  • 1 micro meter in size
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4
Q

Prokaryotes Cell Structure (9)

A
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Capsule (only in some)
  • Cytoplasm
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Nucleoid Region
  • Plasmids
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5
Q

70S vs 80S Ribosomes

A
  • Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells 70S, are smaller, lighter and less dense than ribosomes in eukaryotic cells 80S
  • Both composted of two subunits (50S & 30S = 70S, 60S & 40S = 80S)
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6
Q

E-coli Microscope Organelles Image

A
  • Nucleoid region is lighter in the middle on in the microscope image
  • Ribosomes are dark spots
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7
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • Asexual reproduction process
  • Nucleoid DNA (chromosomes) are replicated
  • Two copied of DNA molecules move to opposite ends and the cell elongates (grows)
  • Plasma membrane grows inward and pinches off to form two separate identical cells (process called cytokinesis)
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8
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Genetic material is isolated from the cytoplasm by the nucleus
  • Eukaryota domain has four kingdoms: protocista, fungi, plantae (plant) and animalia (animal)
  • Vary in size (yeast to blue whale)
  • Compartmentalized
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9
Q

Compartmentalization

A
  • Refers to the formation of compartments within the cell by membrane bound organelles
  • Allows for greater metabolism efficiency
  • pH can vary to optimal conditions for different enzymes
  • Toxic or damaging substances are isolated
  • Flexible in changing position and quantity of organelles based on cell requirements
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10
Q

Eukaryote Cell Structure (11)

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • 80S ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Flagella or cilia
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11
Q

Animal Cell Structure

A
  • Small Vacuole
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Animal cells store carbohydrates as glycogen and are not a fixed shape
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12
Q

Plant Cell Structure

A
  • Large vacuole
  • Cell Wall
  • Chloroplast
  • Plant cells store carbohydrates as starch and are a fixed shape
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13
Q

Types of Pancreas Gland Cell

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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14
Q

Endocrine Pancreas Gland Cell

A

Secrete hormones into the blood stream

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15
Q

Exocrine Pancreas Gland Cell

A

Secrete digestive enzymes into a duct that goes to the small intestine to digest food and has large quantities of ribosomes and rough ER

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16
Q

Palisade Mesophyll Cell

A

The leafs function is photosynthesis, taking CO2, water and light to make oxygen and energy

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17
Q

Microscope Resolution

A
  • The shortest distance between two separate points in field of view that can still distinguish as distinct objects
  • Electron has higher resolution than light
  • Degree of detail within an image
18
Q

Plasma Membrane Function

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

19
Q

Cytoplasm Function

A

Fills the cell and holds all organelles, contains enzymes that catalyze reactions, site of cellular reactions

20
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

Site of cellular respiration in which ATP is generated, has different DNA

21
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, an organic compound used for energy

22
Q

Ribosomes Function

A

Sites of protein synthesis

23
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Controls all activity in the cell, composed of two membrane nuclear envelops containing pores, and pores bring RNA in and out

24
Q

Nucleolus Function

A

Part of the nucleus involved in ribosome prodution

25
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Produced and stores lipids

26
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty, waxy or oily compounds

27
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Transports proteins produced by ribosomes to the golgi apparatus, and is a flattened membrane system covered in ribosomes

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

Processes and packages proteins, normally released in golgi vesicles

29
Q

Vesicles Function

A

Small sac that transports and releases substances, exocytosis

30
Q

Flagella / Cilia Function

A

Microtubules that are involved in cell locomotive

31
Q

Small Vacuole Function (animal cell)

A

Used for temporary material storage or to transport substances

32
Q

Large Vacuole Function (plant cell)

A

helps osmotic balance and storage of substances (salts, minerals, nutrients and proteins to help the plant grow)

33
Q

Lysosomes Function (animal cell)

A

contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes and important for the destruction of microbes, digests worn out organelles

34
Q

Centrioles Function (animal cell)

A

Important in nuclear division process, establishes microtubules, paired cylinders

35
Q

Chloroplast Function (plant cell)

A

Responsible for photosynthesis, has different DNA

36
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

Prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic media and helps maintain cell shape, has rigid extracellular structure made from protein sugars

37
Q

Capsule Function

A

Only in some prokaryotic cells, protects the cell from being ingested or destroyed and is made of polysaccharides (sugar chains)

38
Q

Pili Function

A

Protein filaments on the cell wall that help adhesion and exchange of plasmids between two cells

39
Q

Plasmid Function

A

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes, which give the cell antibiotic resistance

40
Q

Nucleoid Region Function

A

Controls all the activities of the cell and is circular naked DNA

Unit 1 Cell Biology (5 decks)

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