Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 1 Cell Biology > Introduction to Cells 1.1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Cells 1.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Essential Idea (Introduction to Cells 1.1)

A
  • The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialization and cell replacement
  • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Theory Creators & Date

A
  • Created in 1838
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Rudolph Virchow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rules of Cell Theory

A
  • Living organisms are composed of cells
  • Cells are the smallest units of life
  • Cells come from pre existing cells
  • All cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed on during cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exceptions of Cell Theory

A
  • Striated muscle fibres
  • Aseptate fungal hyphae
  • Giant Algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Living vs Non Living Organisms

A

All living organism can do the functions of life (MRHGREN) while non living cannot (viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Striated Muscle Cell

A
  • Multiple nucleus per cell
  • Composed of sarcomeres which show a stripped pattern under a microscope
  • Average length is 30mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Giant Algae

A
  • Single cell of gigantic size that challenges the idea that cells are the smallest unit of life
  • Size can vary from 5-100mm
  • Three anatomical parts: rhizoid, long stalk, top umbrella branches that fuse into a cap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aseptate Fungal Hyphae

A
  • Doesn’t have cell walls resulting in shared cytoplasm and multiple nuclei
  • Tubular system of hyphae from dense networks called mycelium
  • Outer cell wall composed of chitin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • Uses lenses to bend light and magnify images
  • Used to study dead or living cells in colour
  • Cell movement can be studied
  • Larger field of view
  • Magnified up to 2000x and resolve objects 200nm apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • Uses electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve
  • Requires cell to be killed and chemically treated before viewing
  • No movement can be seen, no colour without stain or dye
  • Smaller field of view
  • Magnified up to 250000x and can resolve objects 0.2nm apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Magnification Equation

A
  • Magnification = size of image / actual size
  • Calculations must be done in the same units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of Life (7)

A

Metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Paramecium

A
  • Widespread in aquatic environments
  • Protists (any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus)
  • Heterotrophs (cannot produce its own food)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chlamydomonas

A
  • Green algae found in water (stagnant water, damp soil, freshwater, seawater and snow)
  • Autotrophs (can produce its own food, photosynthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reason for Cell Division (SA:V)

A

Once a cell grows to a certain size they divide due to the volume growing larger than the surface area, if the volume is greater not enough molecules can get in and not enough waste (including heat) can get out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Volume increases by the power of 3 (cubed), surface area increases by the power of 2 (squared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Better Efficiency, Small or Large Cells?

A

More energy is necessary for diffusion (membrane to location in cell, high to low concentration) if the distance between the organelle and plasma membrane is larger therefore small is more efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Increasing the Surface Area

A

Cells and tissues specialized for gas or material exchange will increase the surface area to optimize the transfer of material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that store oxygen and they maximize the surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Villi

A

Small folds in the small intestine that increase surface area allowing for a higher nutrients absorption efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Volume Formula

A

Length x width x height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Surface Area Formula

A

Length x width x number of sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio Formula

A

SA/V, simplify and find the ratio (SA:V)

24
Q

Evolutionary Steps of the Organisms

A

Organisms were originally one cell however through differentiation cells became specialized. This allowed multicellular organisms to display emergent properties

25
Q

Emergent Properties

A

An emergent property is a property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have.

26
Q

Cell Differentiation

A
  • Differentiation is the process during development whereby newly formed cells become more specialized and distinct from one another as they mature
  • The process involves the expression of some genes and not others in the cells genome
27
Q

Stem Cell

A
  • Stem cell is an undifferenced cell of a multicellular organism
  • They can divide indefinitely and give rise to various specialized cells
  • Once a cell is specialized it is very difficult to change back
  • Stem cells ability to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and makes them suitable for therapeutic use
28
Q

Types of Stem Cells

A
  • Totipotent
  • Pluripotent
  • Multipotent
  • Unipotent
29
Q

Totipotent

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell and can give rise to a complete organism

30
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell but cannot give rise to a complete organism

31
Q

Multipotent

A

Can differentiate into a few types of body cells

32
Q

Unipotent

A

Can only associate with their own type of cell

33
Q

Stargardt’s Disease (Stem Cell)

A
  • Disease of the eye caused by a recessive gene mutation in the gene ABCA4
  • Causes active transport proteins on photoreceptor cells to malfunction leading to vision loss
  • Production of dysfunctional proteins cannot perform transports
  • Degenerated photoreceptor cells can be replaced with retinal cells from a steam cell
  • Retinal cells are injected into the retina and central vision is improved
  • Affects 1 in 10000 children
34
Q

Leukaemia (Stem Cell)

A
  • High levels of abnormal white blood cells causes leukaemia which is cancer of the blood or bone marrow
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (multipotent) are harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood
  • Abnormal white blood cells removed from chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • Healthy white blood cells are transplanted
35
Q

Ways to Obtain Stem Cells

A
  • Embryo
  • Cord blood
  • Adult stem cells
36
Q

Embryo Stem Cells

A
  • Can be obtained from excess embryos generated by IVF (in vitro fertilization) programs
  • Almost unlimited growth potential
  • High risk of tumour development
37
Q

Cord Blood Stem Cells

A
  • Umbilical cord is removed at birth and the stem cells can be harvested
  • Reduced potential of growth
  • Low risk of tumour development
38
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A
  • Difficult to obtain as there are very few buried deep in tissues
  • Adult patients can give permission for cells to be extracted
39
Q

Supporting Arguments for Stem Cells

A
  • Used in therapy to replace bad cells eliminating a serious disease or disability
  • Donating organs not needed and doesn’t put pressure on someones body
  • Stem cells harvested when the embryo is at an early stage and when it hasn’t developed a nervous system
  • Stem cell research beneficial for future discoveries and some technology would not have occurred if they were banned
40
Q

Arguments Against Therapeutic Cloning

A
  • Involved creation and destruction of human embryo
  • Embryonic stem cells are capable of continued division leading to cancerous cells and tumours
  • More embryos are produced than needed, extra death
  • Not cost efficient other technology may fulfil similar roles
  • Religious moral objects
  • Cloning humans is illegal, there is potential to clone
41
Q

Reproduction (Paramecium & Chlamydomonas)

A

Both reproduce asexually using mitosis or sexually using meiosis and gametes

42
Q

Homeostasis (Paramecium & Chlamydomonas)

A

Both regulate and keep internal conditions, contractile vacuoles expel excess water

43
Q

Metabolism (Paramecium & Chlamydomonas)

A

Both produce enzymes which catalyze different chemical reactions in the cytoplasm

44
Q

Excretion (Paramecium)

A

Expels waste products of metabolism, CO2 from respiration diffuses out of the cell

45
Q

Excretion (Chlamydomonas)

A

Expels waste products of metabolism, oxygen from photosynthesis diffuses out of the cell

46
Q

Response (Paramecium)

A

Reacts to stimuli, reverses if direction of movement when it touches a solid object

47
Q

Response (Chlamydomonas)

A

Reacts to stimuli, senses where the brightest light is with its eyespot and swims towards it

48
Q

Growth (Paramecium)

A

Increases in size and dry mass by accumulating organic matter and minerals from its food

49
Q

Growth (Chlamydomonas)

A

Increase in size and dry mass due to photosynthesis and absorption of minerals

50
Q

Nutrition (Paramecium)

A

Feeds on smaller organisms by ingesting and digesting them in vesicles (endocytosis)

51
Q

Nutrition (Chlamydomonas)

A

Produced its own food by photosynthesis using a chloroplast that occupies much of the cell

52
Q

Tissues

A

A groups of cells that do the same kind of work are called tissues

53
Q

Metabolic Rate vs Exchange of Material

A

If the metabolic rate is greater than the rate of exchange of vital materials and wastes, the cell will eventually die

54
Q

Rate of metabolism

A

Chemical reactions in the cell

55
Q

Rate of material exchange

A

Movement of material in a cell

56
Q

Cristae Mitochondria

A

Increases the surface area

Unit 1 Cell Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions