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MICROPARA > ULTRASTRUCTURE > Flashcards

ULTRASTRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics (8)

A

Ave 1-2 um in dia.
* No nucleus
* No membrane-bound organelles
* Circular, Naked DNA (nucleiod)
* Divides by fission
* Cytoskeletons absent
* Not capable of endocytosis & exocytosis
* 70S ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes examples

A

bacteria,archaea, cyanobacteria
(BGA), mycoplasmas

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3
Q

Eukaryotic characteristics (8)

A
  • > 10-100 um
  • With nucleus
  • With membrane-bound organelles
  • Packed in chromosomes
  • Divides by mitosis & meiosis
  • w/ cytoskeleton
  • Capable of endocytosis &
    exocytosis
  • 80S ribosomes
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4
Q

Eukaryotic examples (4)

A

yeasts, molds, algae, protozoa

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5
Q

Thin hairlike filament with helical shape extending from the
cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall

A

Flagella

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6
Q

Filament protein of flagella is called

A

Flagellin, hook, basal body

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7
Q

Flagella propel through liquid as fast as

A

100um/sec = 3000 body lengths
per minute

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8
Q

Flagella rotates in what fashion

A

corkscrewlike-fashion

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9
Q

Function of flagella

A

Motility
 Chemotaxis

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10
Q

responses to other environmental stimuli

A

Chemotaxis

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11
Q

Arrangements of flagella and explain

A

Mono,Lipo,Amphi,Perittrichous

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12
Q

-also called fimbriae
- filamentous, hollow-like but not helical

A

Pilus/Pili

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13
Q

Pili/fimbriae found in

A

Gram negative bacteria

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14
Q

Function of Pili

A

for sexual reproduction, attachment or adhesion

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15
Q

layer of viscous material composed of polymers
- Require special stains for microscopic observations = appear as halo

A

Glycocalyx

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16
Q

2 types of glycocalyx and function

A

Capsule- firmly attached
Slime- loosely attached

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17
Q

Function of glycocalyx (4)

A
  • adherence
  • reservoir of stored food
  • prevent attachment and lysis of cells by bacteriophages
  • protect bacteria from phagocytosis.
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18
Q

-Thick rigid layer surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

Cell wall is composed of

A

peptidoglycan (a.k.a. murein) 10-40%

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20
Q

Function of cell wall (4)

A
  • gives shape to bacterial cells (spherical, rod like, or
    spiral)
  • reaction to gram stain (positive or negative).
  • protection from differences in osmotic pressure
  • involved in normal growth & cell division
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21
Q

3 kinds of building
blocks cell wall

A

1) N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG)
2) N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
3) Tetrapeptide- amino acids may differ from
one bacterium to another

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22
Q

formed by
cross-linkage of one
polypeptide chain with
another through the
tetrapeptides

A

Rigid framework

23
Q

Lipid A can be toxic in humans, and if so, is referred to as

A

Endotoxin

24
Q

O polysaccharides functions as

A

Antigens

25
Q

Also called cytoplasmic membrane

A

Plasma Membrane

26
Q

the only eubacteria without cell wall;
contain sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Mycoplasma

27
Q

Function of plasma membrane (4)

A

Functions:
1) Transport of molecules in & out of the cell
2) Site of enzyme specific activity
3) Site for energy production & synthesis of cell wall
4) Involved in DNA replication & cell division

28
Q

appearance of mycoplasma colonies on agar. The
colonies are about 0.5 mm in diameter.

A

Fried egg

29
Q

Prevents leakage and gateway for transport nutrients into and out of cell

A

Permeability Barrier

30
Q

Site of proteins

A

Protein anchor

31
Q

Site of generation and use of the proton motive force

A

Energy Conservation

32
Q

Site of many chemical reactions
Thick fluid

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

Cytoplasm is 80% water and contains (5)

A

containing amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates,
ions, and enzymes

34
Q

Suspends other substances in cytoplasm such as. (4)

A

ribosomes sulfur granules volutin granulespoly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)

35
Q

for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

36
Q

in H2S-oxidizing bacteria (as energy
source)

A

sulfur granules

37
Q

used for identification including
causative agent of diphtheria

A

volutin granules

38
Q

as reserve C & energy source

A

poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)

39
Q

nuclear material positioned near the
center of the cell
* Naked DNA
* Circular chromosome

A

Nucleoid

40
Q

Functions Nucleoid

A
  • it stores the cell’s hereditary material,
    or DNA
  • coordinates the cell’s activities, which
    include growth, intermediary
    metabolism, protein synthesis, and
    reproduction (cell division).
41
Q

-are circular extrachromosomal DNA

A

Plasmids

42
Q

Dormant forms of bacteria
*Thick-walled highly refractile, highly resistant to
environmental changes

A

Spores/Endospores

43
Q

from spore during sporulation resulting
in dehydration process

A

expulsion of water

44
Q

not found in
vegetative cells

A

large amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA)

45
Q

Heat resistance could be due to:

A

1) expulsion of water from spore during sporulation resulting
in dehydration process
2) large amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) – not found in
vegetative cells

46
Q

Pose problem in the food industry

A

Clostridium botulinum – causes botulism (type of food
poisoning)

47
Q

Produced one per cell
*Highly resistant to extreme heat (w/stand 80°C for 10 min),
drying & exposure to chemicals

A

Spores/ Endospores

48
Q

Examples of Genera that are endospore-forming:

A

Clostridium, Bacillus = bacilli- shaped (more common)
Sporosarcina = cocci- shaped (exception)

49
Q

bright
refractile structures) inside
the cells

A

presence of
endospores

50
Q

Formation of Endospores

A

Vegetative cell, Sporulating, Mature spore

51
Q

widespread in
dairy products and some are potent
pathogens.

A

Streptococcus

52
Q

bacilli
* palisade arrangement

A

Arthrobacter

53
Q

Stalked-bacterium
* rossete formation

A

Caulobacter

MICROPARA (3 decks)

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