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5th Semester: DI (Preeti) > Ultrasound (US) > Flashcards

Ultrasound (US) Flashcards

1
Q

High frequency sound waves beyond the range of human hearing is called

A

ultrasound

(20 Hz to 20 kHz = normal range)

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2
Q

What is the normal frequency of soundwaves

for diagnostic ultrasounds?

A

1 - 30 MHz

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3
Q

What is the propagation velocity of sound?

A

1540 m/s

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4
Q

Ultrasound depends on __________

calculated as the velocity times the tissue density

A

Acoustic Impedance (Z)

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5
Q

Frequency x Wavelength = ________

A

Velocity

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6
Q

If you want to achieve better resolution on an ultrasound,

you must:

_____ frequency and _____ wavelength

A

increase frequency

and

decrease wavelength

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7
Q

If you want to achieve better penetration on an ultrasound

you must:

______ frequency and _______ wavelength

A

decrease frequency

and

increase wavelength

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8
Q

Attenuation occurs with _______ frequencies

which causes less information to return

A

higher

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9
Q

Penetration ______ as

frequency and resolution increase

A

decreases

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10
Q

Increasing the distance from the transducer can

cause ________, or loss of the ultrasound

A

attenuation

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11
Q

A reflected soundwave is generated at the interface of

an _________ __________

A

impedance__mismatch

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12
Q

Constant impedance occurs when an ultrasound

is traveling through a __________ medium

A

homogenous

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13
Q

Impedance (Z) is a characteristic of the

_________ medium

A

propagation

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14
Q

Round trip transit time is directly related to the _________,

or the distance of the sound wave reflection site

A

depth

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15
Q

Total roundtrip time divided by 2

is representative of the _______

A

interface

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16
Q

What are the 4 assumptions made by Ultrasound?

A

Assumptions of US:

The <u>speed</u> of sound in all tissues is 1540 m/s

The US beam only travels in a <u>straight line</u> with a <u>constant rate of attenuation</u>

The US beam is <u>infinitely thin</u> with <u>all echoes</u> originating from its <u>central axis</u>

The depth of the reflector is <u>accurately determined</u> by the time for sound to travel from the transducer to the reflector and back again

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17
Q

What are the 6 artifacts that you may encounter with

Ultrasound?

A

Acoustic Shadowing

Acoustic Enhancement

Edge Shadowing

Reverberation Artifact

Slice Thickness Artifact

Mirror Image Artifact

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18
Q

This artifact occurs distal to highly reflective objects

(high acoustic impedance mismatch)

because the interface absorbs or reflects the entire sound

resulting in an anechoic area

A

Acoustic Shadowing

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19
Q

Clean Acoustic Shadowing occurs at the interface of

tissue and ______

A

bone

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20
Q

Dirty Acoustic Shadowing occurs at the interface of

tissue and ______

A

gas

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21
Q

Which type of acoustic shadowing occurs

when most of the sound waves get absorbed

resulting in a complete absence of reverberation artifacts?

A

Clean Acoustic Shadowing

(tissue-bone interface)

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22
Q

Which type of acoustic shadowing occurs

when 99% of the sound waves get reflected

and a resultant reverberation artifact is produced?

A

Dirty Acoustic Shadowing

(tissue-gas interface)

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23
Q

What type of acoustic shadowing is present if

a homogenous anechoic shadow is produced?

A

CLEAN

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24
Q

What type of acoustic shadowing is produced if

an inhomogenous/reverberation artifact is present?

A

DIRTY

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25
Q

This type of ultrasound artifact occurs when

fluid of homogenous acoustic impedance attenuates

less sound than the surrounding tissues,

and the US machine overcompensates resulting in a

hyperechoic area distal to the structure

A

Acoustic Enhancement

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26
Q

This US artifact occurs as a small shadow at the border of

round structures

A

Edge Shadowing

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27
Q

This US artifact occurs at

curved surfaces like the urinary bladder and the gallbladder

and can mimic sediment

A

Slice Thickness Artifact

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28
Q

This US artifact occurs at

highly reflective air-fluid interfaces

(like the diaphragm-lung or pericardium-lung interfaces)

and at concave surfaces

A

Mirror Image Artifact

(false image produced on the other side of the reflector)

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29
Q

Coupling Gel is used for ultrasounds because

______ is the enemy of US

A

AIR

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30
Q

________ prevents loss of sound due to the

compressibility of air.

Air acts like a shock absorber and dampens the US wave.

A

Coupling Gel

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31
Q

What are the 4 types of US transducers?

A

Multi-frequency

Linear

Sector

Convex

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32
Q

_______ crystals both emit and receive ultrasound

and are a component of US transducers

A

Piezoelectric crystals

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33
Q

The smaller the animal, the _____ the frequency (MHz) required

for ultrasound

A

higher

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34
Q

T/F:

Patients must fast for 12 hours before an ultrasound

can be performed

A

TRUE

35
Q

Stress must be avoided in patients that will be

undergoing ultrasound because stress can cause

_________

A

aerophagia

(AIR IS THE ENEMY OF ULTRASOUND!)

36
Q

An ultrasound is performed on an animal in

______ recumbency

A

dorsal

37
Q

In order to scan the sagittal plane,

the transducer must be ________ oriented

A

cranially

38
Q

In order to scan the transverse plane,

the transducer must be oriented ____________

A

towards the examiner

39
Q

What side of the body will you find the spleen?

A

LEFT

40
Q

The bladder and prostate are seen when scanning

the _____ side of the patient

A

left

41
Q

The liver is seen when scanning the

______ side of the patient

A

right

42
Q

The equivalent term for opacity on a radiograph

A

Echogenicity

43
Q

Vascularity can be assessed on ultrasound

by utilizing _______

A

Doppler

44
Q

Homogenously black structures seen on ultrasound

that are related to very low intensity of returning echoes

A

Anechoic

45
Q

This term refers in general to white structures

seen on an ultrasound due to high intensity of returning signals

A

Hyperechoic

46
Q

Put the following in order of echogenicity

from least echogenic (black) to most echogenic (white):

bone/air, liver, spleen, prostate, urine, kidney

A

Blackest to Whitest:

Urine

Kidney

Liver

Spleen

Prostate

Fat

Bone/Air

(UK Loves Super Pretty Foreign Babes)

47
Q

If a fluid appears anechoic on US,

it is most likely _________

A

Transudate

48
Q

If a fluid appears speckled or more echogenic,

it is most likely ________

A

Exudate, Blood, or Chyle

49
Q

What two locations in the abdomen will

be the first to accumulate free abdominal fluid?

A

Apex of Bladder

Between the Liver Lobes

50
Q

T/F:

Arteries are easily visualized in ultrasounds, but veins

are nearly invisible

A

FALSE!

VEINS are Visible, arteries are not!

51
Q

How would you distinguish the

portal veins from the hepatic veins

on an ultrasound?

A

Portal veins have hyperechoic walls (white)

and

Hepatic veins have isoechoic walls (blends in with surroundings)

52
Q

The liver is ____echoic to the spleen

and coarser in appearance

A

hypoechoic

(liver is darker than spleen)

53
Q

When examining the liver in ultrasound,

diffusely hypoechoic parenchyma with

a prominent portal vein wall

are indicative of what conditions?

A

Acute hepatitis

Venous congestion (would also see enlarged hepatic veins)

Lymphosarcoma

54
Q

When examining the liver on ultrasound,

a diffusely hyperechoic parenchyma (whiter) with

reduced visualization of portal vein wall

is indicative of what conditions

A

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperadrenocorticism

Hepatic Lipidosis

Lymphosarcoma

55
Q

A normal gallbladder is _____echoic to liver parenchyma

A

isoechoic

56
Q

T/F:

When examining the gallbladder of a normal dog or cat,

the intrahepatic biliary ducts (hepatic and cystic) are

readily visualized

A

FALSE!

intrahepatic biliary ducts are NOT detected

in a normal dog or cat

57
Q

The ___________ of the gallbladder can be

traced in normal cats, but not in dogs due to overlying

gas in the GI tract

A

Common Bile Duct

58
Q

T/F:

Sludge, or anechoic content, can be seen in a normal

animal’s gallbladder

A

TRUE

59
Q

A thickened gallbladder wall is indicative of

A

Cholecystitis

60
Q

If hyperechoic clean shadows are seen in the gallbladder,

the most likely cause is

A

Choleliths (mineral deposits)

61
Q

Dilation of the gallbladder and common bile duct

are indicative of

A

obstruction

62
Q

The normal echogenicity of the splenic capsule is

A

hyperechoic (white)

63
Q

The spleen has _______ echogenicity than the kidney

A

greater (whiter)

64
Q

Fat and the splenic vein can be seen at the _____ of the spleen

A

hilus

65
Q

The renal pelvis of the kidney is _____echoic due to fat

A

hyperechoic (white)

66
Q

The renal cortex is ______ echogenic than the spleen

A

less

Renal cortex is darker than the spleen

67
Q

The renal cortex of the kidney is _____ echogenic

than the renal medulla

A

more

Renal cortex is whiter than the renal medulla

68
Q

The renal pelvis is normally ______ mm wide

A

1 - 2 mm

69
Q

The proximal ureter is enlarged if it is greater

than _______ mm

A

3 - 4 mm

70
Q

The normal renal size in cats is ______ +/- 0.46 cm

but in dogs, the size is variable

A

3.66

71
Q

When would you want to ultrasound the urinary system?

A

To examine bladder neoplasia and calculi

72
Q

The bladder appears _____echoic on US

A

anechoic (black)

73
Q

The _______ is in close apposition with the liver caudally

and lies cranial to the last pair of ribs

A

stomach

74
Q

In a dog, the stomach is normally ____mm in thickness

A

3 - 5 mm

75
Q

In a cat, the stomach is normally _____mm in thickness

A

2 mm

76
Q

What are the layers and corresponding echogenicities of

the layers of the stomach?

A

Serosa- hyper

Muscularis- hypo

Submucosa- hyper

Mucosa- hypo

Lumen-Mucosa Interface- hyper

77
Q

______ peristaltic contractions per minute

are normal

A

4 - 5

78
Q

In a ______ the jejunum and the ileum are of similar thickness

but

In a _______ the duodenum and the ileum are similar

A

dog - jejunum and ileum

cat - duodenum and ileum

79
Q

The thickest layer of the intestines is the

________ and it is hypoechoic

A

mucosa

80
Q

Which pattern is seen in the small bowel

if it is in a collapsed state, is hyperechoic, and no acoustic

shadowing is present?

A

Mucous pattern

81
Q

Which pattern is seen in the small bowel

if the luminal content is anechoic?

A

Fluid pattern

82
Q

Which pattern is seen in the small bowel

if it is hyperechoic and acoustic shadowing is present?

A

Gas pattern

83
Q

The cecum in a ____ is difficult to identify due to intraluminal gas

A

dog

5th Semester: DI (Preeti) (13 decks)

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