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Health Assessment (2) > Ultrasound (Exam I) > Flashcards

Ultrasound (Exam I) Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency greater than ___________ hz (the human hearing limit).
What range do ultrasound devices operate at?

A
  • 20,000 hz
  • 2 - 18 megahertz
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2
Q

What type of ultrasound probe provides the best resolution in exchange for poor penetration?
What frequency is seen with this probe?

A
  • Linear
  • High frequency
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3
Q

What type of ultrasound probe provides the decent resolution and decent penetration?

A
  • Curvilinear
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4
Q

What type of ultrasound probe provides the best penetration in exchange for poor resolution?
What frequency is seen with this probe?

A
  • Phased
  • Low frequency
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5
Q

What aspect of the ultrasound probe converts electricity into sound?

A
  • Piezoelectric elements
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6
Q

Is the output from the ultrasound probe constant? Why or why not?

A
  • No because a “listening” period is needed for returning signals.
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7
Q

What tissue allows for the quickest sound conduction?
What then would have the slowest conduction speed?

A
  • Bone
  • Air
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8
Q

What zone is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
What is it’s importance?

A
  • Fresnel Zone (near field)
  • Decent lateral resolution in this region
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9
Q

What zone is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
What is it’s importance?

A
  • Fraunhofer Zone (far field)
  • Poor lateral resolution in this region
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10
Q

What zone is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
What is it’s importance?

A
  • Focal Zone (ultrasound is narrowest and beam intensity is greatest here.)
  • Best lateral resolution in this region
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11
Q

What is impedance?
What has the greatest impedance?
The least?

A
  • The resistance to ultrasound propagation as it moves through a medium.
  • Greatest impedance = bone
  • Least impedance = air
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12
Q

What is ultrasound reflection?

A
  • Reflection of ultrasound waves back to the probe
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13
Q

What has the highest reflection property?
What tissue is highest?

A
  • Air
  • Bone has highest reflection
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14
Q

What is mirror artifact?

A
  • Artifact where tissue is mirrored on the other side of a structure (diaphragm/liver example)
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15
Q

What is refraction?

A
  • Occurs when ultrasound strikes two tissues with different impedance values.
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16
Q

What is edge artifact?

A
  • Artifact occurring at the edges of smooth or rounded structures creating a shadow at structures edge.
17
Q

What is ultrasound attenuation?
What probe would be most affected by attenuation?

A
  • Loss of amplitude & intensity the deeper ultrasound waves penetrate. (due to absorption, refraction, & reflection)
  • Linear probe (due to higher frequency)
18
Q

What is ultrasound absorption?

A
  • Occurs as ultrasound wave travels through a medium losing energy.
19
Q

What is Anechoic? What is an example?

A
  • Structures that appear black due to having no internal echoes.
  • Ex. Blood vessels, bladder, cysts, etc.
20
Q

What is hypoechoic? What are tissue examples?

A
  • Structures that appear darker than surrounding tissue.

-seen in increased density tissues
- Ex. kidney compared to spleen.

21
Q

What is hyperechoic? What are tissue examples?

A
  • Structures that are brighter than the surrounding tissue.
    -lower density tissue
    Ex. Fatty tumors & bone
22
Q

What type of artifact is noted in the picture below?

A
  • Shadowing (occurs from bone reflecting back most ultrasound waves, and the rest attenuating quickly).
23
Q

What type of artifact is noted in the picture below?

A

Posterior Acoustic Enhancement
-increased brightness on posterior due to passing through low attenuation coefficent
(occurs from passing through low impedance tissue).

24
Q

What does M-mode do in the ultrasound machine?
What is it useful for?

A
  • Gives a motion over time display.
  • Lung sliding, fetal heart rate, etc.
25
Q

What color would the doppler appear based on the picture evaluating the radial artery below?

A
  • Red (blood moving towards doppler)
26
Q

What color would the doppler appear based on the picture evaluating the radial artery below?

A
  • Blue (blood moving away from doppler)
27
Q

When getting a pulse-wave doppler (PWD) how should the probe be positioned?

A
  • Parallel with the direction of flow. (perpendicular will cause flattening of the waveform)
28
Q

What doppler technique is depicted below?

A
  • Sliding (movement along long axis)
29
Q

What doppler technique is depicted below?

A
  • Sweeping (movement along short axis)
30
Q

What doppler technique is depicted below?

A
  • Tilting/Fanning (tilting along short axis)
31
Q

What doppler technique is depicted below?

A

Rocking/Heeling (tilting along long axis)

32
Q

What doppler technique is utilized to change between a short and long axis view?

A
  • Rotating
33
Q

Is an out-of-plane or in-plane view depicted below?

A
  • Out-of-plane
34
Q

Is an out-of-plane or in-plane view depicted below?

A
  • In-plane

Health Assessment (2) (22 decks)

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