Ultrasound

Question 1

What does FH/FM stand for in the context of confirming viability?

Answer 1

Fetal Heart Rate/Fetal Movement

FH refers to Fetal Heart Rate, and FM refers to Fetal Movement, both indicators of fetal viability.

Question 2

What are the possible numbers of fetuses in a pregnancy?

Answer 2

Singleton, twins, triplets

This refers to the number of fetuses present in a pregnancy.

Question 3

What are the types of fetal presentations?

Answer 3

Cephalic, Breech, Transverse, Oblique

These terms describe the position of the fetus in the womb during labor.

Question 4

What is the definition of Oligohydramnios?

Answer 4

Low amniotic fluid levels

Oligohydramnios is characterized by insufficient amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.

Question 5

What is the definition of Polyhydramnios?

Answer 5

Excess amniotic fluid levels

Polyhydramnios refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.

Question 6

What is the normal Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) range?

Answer 6

8-20 cm

AFI is a measurement used to assess the amount of amniotic fluid.

Question 7

What is the normal range for Deepest Vertical Pocket (DVP) of amniotic fluid?

Answer 7

2-8 cm

DVP is another method of evaluating amniotic fluid volume.

Question 8

What are the measurement parameters for fetal size in the third trimester?

Answer 8

Head (HC, BPD, OFD), Abdomen (AC), Legs (FL)

These parameters help assess fetal growth and development.

Question 9

What are the possible sites for placenta location?

Answer 9

Praevia, Anterior, Posterior, Fundal

The site of the placenta can significantly affect delivery and maternal health.

Question 10

What does Doppler Umbilical Artery assessment evaluate?

Answer 10

Normal, Increased S/D ratio, AEDF, REDF

This assessment helps evaluate fetal well-being and placental function.

Question 11

What do the acronyms AEDF and REDF stand for?

Answer 11

Absent End Diastolic Flow, Reversed End Diastolic Flow

Both terms relate to abnormal Doppler findings in the umbilical artery.

Question 12

What are common gynecological conditions that may be assessed during pregnancy?

Answer 12

Fibroid, Ovarian Cyst

These conditions can affect pregnancy and may need monitoring or intervention.

Question 13

At what gestational age can fetal gender be determined?

Answer 13

As early as 12 weeks, Best > 18/40

Early ultrasound can sometimes reveal fetal gender, but accuracy improves later in pregnancy.

Question 14

Causes of Oligohyramnios

Answer 14

Most common is rupture of membranes.

Other causes of oligohydramnios include:

-Fetal growth restriction
-Maternal medical comorbidities (e.g. hypertension)
-Placental abnormalities (e.g. abruption)
-Fetal urinary tract anomalies (e.g. renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves)
-Maternal drug use (e.g. NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors)
-Post-term pregnancy

Question 15

Causes of PolyHydramnios

Answer 15

-Idiopathic
-Fetal malformations (eg, gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction)
-Multiple gestation
-Maternal diabetes
-Fetal anemia, including hemolytic anemia due to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
-Other fetal disorders (eg, infections) or genetic abnormalities

Question 16

Calendar of U/S Scans

Answer 16

Booking – Routine12/40 CRL
Anomaly – RF/Routine 20-22/40
Growth – Routine 30-32/40
Serial Growth – every 2 weeks x 3
U/S Doppler OPD weekly, InPx (x2-3/week, alt day, daily)
BPP – Breathing, Tone, Movement, Fluid, HR
Cx Length – 14-16 weeks