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Theraputic Interventions II > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

When acoustical energy is absorbed by tissue what is created?

A

Thermal energy is created

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2
Q

Are tendons and ligaments dense tissues?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Compression happens in what type of tissue?

A

Dense tissue

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4
Q

Rarefraction happens in what type of tissue?

A

Less dense tissue

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5
Q

What are the principles of acoustic energy?

A
  • Propagation of US waves
  • Production of compression and rarefractions
  • effect on US on various tissue densities
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6
Q

Is ultrasound more effective at heating dense tissues or less dense tissues?

A

Dense tissues

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7
Q

What does alternating current cause the crystal in US sound head to do?

A

Causes the crystal to expand and compress at a fast rate

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8
Q

What is the following a definition of?

Drawing in & drawing out of the shape of crystal

A

Piezoelectric effect

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9
Q

What is the ERA?

ERA = effective radiating area

A

Smaller than the actual size of the sound head

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10
Q

What are the frequencies that the ultrasound head can be placed at?

A

1 MHz, 3 MHz, 3.3 MHz

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11
Q

Frequency and depth of penetration are ____ ____

A

inversely proportional

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12
Q

Does tissue absorb heat faster at 1 MHz or 3 MHz?

A

3 MHz

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13
Q

A frequency of 1 MHz will penetrate how deeply?

A

6 cm deep

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14
Q

A frequency of 3 MHz will penetrate how deeply?

A

2.5 cm deep

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15
Q

What are the guidelines for intensity?

A

No guidelines - follow how to pt feels and is responding to treatment

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16
Q

What is the unit of measurement of dosage?

A

Joules (J)

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17
Q

What mode is this?

US delivered at constant energy level throughout the treatment

A

Continous

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18
Q

What mode is this?

energy flow cycles on/off

A

Pulsed

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19
Q

What part of the Pulsed Mode of US is this?

Time energy is flowing?

A

Pulse duration

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20
Q

What part of the Pulsed Mode of US is this?

‘on’ time (flow) + ‘off’ time (no flow)

A

Pulse Period

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21
Q

What part of the Pulsed Mode of US is this?

‘on’ time / ‘on’ time + ‘off’ time

A

Duty cycle

22
Q

What is the following a definition of?

nonuniformity of acoustical energy at different parts of the collimated beam

A

Beam Nonuniformity Area (BNR)

23
Q

A low BNR (3 or less) will do what?

A

Minimize the pt’s discomfort

24
Q

What is this purpose for?

Distribute ‘hot spots’ around the treatment area and avoid burns (discomfort) by continually moving the ultrasound head

A

Beam Nonuniformity Area (BNR)

25
Q

How big should the treatment area for US be?

A

No larger than 2-4x the treatment area (ERA)

26
Q

What heats faster with ultrasound, muscle or achilles tendon?

A

Achilles tendon

27
Q

What angle should the incident angle be at to avoid reflection of the US waves

A

90 degrees

28
Q

How fast should the sound head be moving during treatment?

A

2 cm/sec to 6 cm/sec

29
Q

What research design is the following?

RCT’s with an active interventin, appropriate control groups, and subjects randomly assigned to each group

A

Class I

30
Q

What research design is the following?

Active intervention and control group without randomization to groups

A

Class II

31
Q

What research design is the following?

Active intervention but without control groups; these are often single group designs

A

Class III

32
Q

What research design is the following?

Single-subject ‘experimental’ designs and observational studies that involve case control, cohort, and case studies

A

Class IV

33
Q

What type of theraputive effectiveness is this?

number of studies reporting improvement is greater or equal to 60%

A

Substantiated

34
Q

What type of theraputive effectiveness is this?

number of studies reporting improvement is less than 60% but greater than or equal to 40%

A

Conflicting

35
Q

What type of theraputive effectiveness is this?

number of studies reporting improvement is less than 40%

A

Unsubstantiated

36
Q

What type of theraputive effectiveness is this?

< 5 studie of any type

A

Lack of evidence

37
Q

What type of Strength of evidence is this?

50% or more of the studies are in class I

A

Strong evidence

38
Q

What type of Strength of evidence is this?

> 50% of the stuides are in class I, II, and III

A

Moderate evidence

39
Q

What type of Strength of evidence is this?

> 50% of the studies are in class IV

A

Weak evidence

40
Q

What type of Strength of evidence is this?

fewer than 5 studies reporting on the outcomes under investigation

A

Lack of evidence

41
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • benefit for pain
  • conflicting evidence for increased pain threshold
  • unsubstantiated effect on cervical ROM
A

Myofascial pain

42
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • conflicting evidence
  • no definitive conclusions
A

Back pain

43
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • Insufficient evidence for thermal US
  • no evidence of pulsed information US
A

Shoulder pain

44
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • little evidence to support use of theraml or nonthermal US
A

Lateral epicondylitis

45
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • strong substantial evidence for thermal US
  • Reduction of pain and improved functional outcomes
A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

46
Q

Which part of the body does this evidence support?

  • Parameters widely varied
  • Evidence for thermal US for pain & dysfunction
A

Calcific tnedonitis

47
Q

Are the following contraindicatios or precautions? continous or pulsed?

  • Pregnancy
  • Active bone growth at epiphysis
  • cancer
  • tuberculosis infection
  • hemorrhagic conditions
  • impaired circulation
  • myositis ossificans
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • acute injury
  • recently irradiate tissue
  • impaired sensation or cognition and communication
  • skin disease
  • pacemaker
  • reproductive organs
  • anterior neck
  • metal implants over chest, heart or head
A

Contraindications of continous US

48
Q

Are the following contraindicatios or precautions? continous or pulsed?

  • Plastic or cemented implants
  • spinal cord and superfical or regenerating nerves
A

Precautions of continous US

49
Q

Are the following contraindicatios or precautions? continous or pulsed?

  • pregnancy
  • cancer
  • hemmorhagic conditions
  • myositis ossifcans
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • recently irrated tissue
  • pacemaker
  • reproductive organs
  • eyes
  • anterior neck
  • metal implants over heart, head, or chest
A

Contraindications of Pulsed US

50
Q

Are the following contraindicatios or precautions? continous or pulsed?

  • Active bone growth at epiphysis
  • areas of infections
  • acute injury
  • impaired sensation
  • impaired cognition or communication
  • impaired circulation
  • skin disease
  • plastic or cemented implants
  • spinal cord and superficial or regnerating nerves
A

Precautios of Pulsed US

51
Q

What is the following a definition of?

  • Use of US to enhance delievery of topical agents through the skin
  • ‘pushing’ molecules and increased permeability
  • poor evidence for either mechanism
A

Phonophoresis

Theraputic Interventions II (6 decks)

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