ULTIMATE FLASH SUPPLEMENT Flashcards
1
Q
Surge and Decline Theory
A
a theory proposing that the surge of stimulation occurring during presidential elections subsides during midterm elections, accounting for the differences we observe in turnouts and results
2
Q
Bradley Effect
A
the difference between a poll result and an election results in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist
3
Q
First Past The Post
A
a system in which the winner of an election is the candidate who wins the greatest number of votes cast, also known as plurality voting. Voters are rational and do not want to waste votes
4
Q
Dillon’s Rule
A
a legal principle that holds state power and actions above those of local governments and declares state governments to be sovereign relative to local governments
5
Q
why government?
A
to protect common and private goods
6
Q
John Locke
A
cool
7
Q
Neustadt?
A
power to persuade, bargaining rather than arguing, professional reputation, public prestige
8
Q
magna carta
A
cool
9
Q
Mayhew: What drives Congressmen
A
re-election
10
Q
Fenno: What drives Congressmen
A
Re-election, advancement within their chamber, career beyond their chamber, good public policy
11
Q
How do members pursue re-election?
A
advertising, credit claiming, position-taking
12
Q
Why parties?
A
To solve the collective action problem:
Facilitate position-taking-Party brand, voters pay little attention so easier to track party than an individual
Other Goals- Re-election $$$, advancement beyond their chamber
13
Q
Hastert Rule
A
Bill is only considered if a majority of the majority party supports it
14
Q
Byrd Bath
A
The Senate parliamentarian decides which partsof the bill are germane to the budget
15
Q
clouture
A
motion to proceed past a filibuster using 60 votes
16
Q
Irregular Order
A
More reliance on “Omnibus” legislation: that combinesmultiple spending bills▶Leadership control over major legislation▶Showdowns over must-pass legislation (debt ceiling,government shutdowns, fiscal cliff)▶The spectre of the Senate’s filibuster
17
Q
Canes Wrone on ideologically extreme voting
A
punished at the polls but they don’t just respond to broad constituencies:Activists and interest groups have extreme preferences▶Primary voters vs. general election voters▶Gerrymandering
18
Q
Congress checks the power of federal agencies through
A
budget and oversight
19
Q
Weberian model of bureaucracy
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organization structure that favors specialization, hierarchy. Hierarchical, specialized, and apolitical
20
Q
Graham-Cassidy Bill
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block grants
21
Q
acquisitive model of bureaucracy
A
agencies are naturally competitive and power hungry
22
Q
monopolistic model
A
agencies have no competition, stifles innovation
23
Q
Alison: Conceptual Models of bureaucracy
A
rational policy, organizational politics, bureaucratic politics,
24
Q
rational policy
A
nternational politics is like a chess match. Kennedy vs.Khruschev
25
organizational politics
Leaders don’t make decisions, government actions are the sumof organizations with standard operating procedures
26
bureaucratic politics
The organizations compete to use their favored technology▶State department favors diplomacy, military wants to bomb
27
federalism: Past and Present
previously a layer cake, now a marble cake
28
New Federalism
Decentralization of policies increases efficiency
29
Block Grants
Money sent to states with no strings attached
30
Categorical Grants
Federal money used to share costs with states, subject to administrative criteria
31
unfunded mandates
Obligations for states and local government withoutcompensation for incurred costs
32
venue shopping
Interest groups can choose between different institutions tochange policy
33
First chief justice and what established judicial review
John Jay, Marbury v. Madison 1803
34
Number of judges
1793: 6▶1869: 9▶1937: 16?▶2016: 8
35
Neustadt on sharing of powers
Separated institutions sharing power
36
starr
first among equals
37
Ideal Types from Segal and Spaeth
legal model: Legal doctrines guide all decisions▶\Unbiased search for the correct legal answer"
attitudinal model:Personal policy preferences guide decisions▶Bush v. Gore (2000)
38
constraints on judicial behavior
stare decisis, judicial restraint, strict construction,
39
stare decisis
decisions should be consistent with prior decisions
40
judicial restraint
judges should defer to elected officials as much as possible
41
strict construction
judges rely on the words on the page, not contextual factors
42
other actors
judges act with the legitimacy of the courts or spatial preferences in mind
43
agents of political socialization
Parents/family▶Friends/community institutions▶Media▶Political elites (leaders, elected officials)
44
how do we form opinions
low political information, heuristics, partisan filter
45
horserace coverage
continual media coverage of who's ahead
46
party press era
Newspaper content was based on political partisanship
47
yellow journalism
Sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories
48
muckraking
News coverage that exposes corrupt practices▶Integral to the Progressive era
49
Golden age of journalism
only 3 major broadcasters, NBC, ABC, CBS
50
partidan media
Outlets that de-emphasize “ideal of objectivity” and attract anaudience by providing more overtly ideological perspectives
51
soft news
News presented in an entertaining style
52
mass media starts with the radio
first president Warren starts with the era in the 1920s, FDR and his fireside chats
53
sunshine laws
transparency laws that require government disclosure
54
hypodermic needle
theory that the media can place information in a citizen's brain. Empirically disproved
55
Effects of the media that is supported by evidence
agenda setting: media can choose which topics get attention
| framing: process of giving a news story specific context
56
Misconceptions as argued by Fiorina
Divisions, activists, the media, people vs. choices
57
so what happened in culture war?
Elite levelpartisanpolarization is not re ected in mass levelpopularpolarization▶Sorting: voters are more likely to affiliate with theideologically \correct" party▶Key factor: Southern Realignment
58
Duverger's Law
first past the post elections with single member districts lead to a two party-system,
59
Hillygus and Shields
Bush voted through moral values? But a lot of people in blue states voted against gay marriage. Is cuz "Moral" voters would have voted for Republicans anyways. Partisans were swayed by opinions on iraq war, terrorism or the economy. Independents best determined by iraq war. Controlling for party, abortion and gay marriage opinions had no effect.
60
three models of voting
retrospective voting, pocketbook voting, and prospective voting
61
retrospective voting
Voter looks at the candidate’s past actions and the currenteconomic climate
62
pocketbook voting
Voter considers personal economic condition to determine howto vote
63
prospective voting
Voter uses candidate’s past behavior to predict who will leadto a better future
64
election timing cycles
on-cycle: elections the same year as POTUS (11 govs)
Mid-Term: 2 years after POTUS
Off-cycle" the year after POTUS (NJ,VA) or 3 years after (LA,KY, MS)
65
who pays attention to state polictics? coattails on the president
response to national politics will affect how people vote in state level politics
66
State governer
Governors have tremendous power over legislative branch
▶
Full-year service, resources
▶
Statutory power
▶
Line item veto (Vanna White)
▶
Balanced budgets (crises, rainy day funds, etc.)
▶
Attention: citizens only care about the governor
67
Types of legislators + remember to know
Types of legislatures
▶
Professional: California: Mini US Congress, $104,118/year
▶
Hybrid: New Jersey: More typical, $49,000
▶
Citizen: New Hampshire: 450 members, 6 week terms, $200/2
years
68
Pros/Cons Term limits
```
Pros of term limits
▶
New blood, fresh ideas
▶
Increase diversity
▶
Cons of term limits
▶
In uence is a zero-sum game, TL shifts this to
Governor/bureaucracy
▶
Helps lobbyists who develop expertise
```
69
takeaways on state politics
attention deficit, polarization, accountability low, and usually reactionary to important policy demands
70
direct democracy
referendum: yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government
initiative: law proposed and passed by the voters
recall: removal of a politician or government official by the voters
71
effects of direct democracy
Can make legislators more responsive to the public (e.g.
marijuana)
▶
The “Gun behind the door” effect
▶
Legislators will be proactive to avoid direct democracy
▶
Dangers?
▶
Protection of minority rights: California’s Proposition 8 (2008)
and the 2004 gay marriage bans
72
Municipal govt: counties
mid level administrative units but can operate important functions
73
municipal govt: cities
Mayor-council: a structure of government with elected
legislative (city council) and executive (mayor) members
Council-member: a structure of government in which elected
members of the city council appoint a city manager to carry
out administrative functions
74
Election type: Partisan/NonPartisan
Pros: Low-information races, party cue is valuable
▶
Cons: Do not want to politicize service delivery
75
Shah and Marschall on ethnic diversity
racial minority no longer means African American. Growth in population for multicultural cities. Minority mayors and officeholders increased since the voting rights amendment
76
symbolic representation
- voters electing officials that share their demographic characteristics
- significant because the presence of a minority group in elected office transforms perceptions about the proper role of that group in politics Does it matter? symbolic effects of minority representation are often fleeting or present only when improvements in local services are conspicuous.
77
consequences of lax representation
corruption, lack of accountability, single party rule, media coverage.
78
negative freedoms
Negative freedom: protection from unwanted intrusions
79
positive freedoms
Positive freedom: right to enjoy and experience freedom
80
civil liberties
Limitations on government power intended to protect freedoms
81
civil rights
Guarantees that government will treat people equally and
decisions will be made on basis of merit rather than personal
characteristics (e.g. race, gender)
82
Procedural, Criminal, Individual
dfgdfgdf
83
civil liberties
Limitations on government power intended to protect freedoms
84
civil rights
Guarantees that government will treat people equally and
decisions will be made on basis of merit rather than personal
characteristics (e.g. race, gender)
85
Lacour and fake data but what actually worked: Broockman and Kalla
gay people didn't change minds. Asking individuals to take transgender people's perspectives did change their minds. No difference between transgender and non-transgender canvassers.
86
Right to Privacy?
privacy doesn't appear in the founding documents but the founders sought a common law right to privacy and louis brandeis anticipated it with the 9th amendment, Griswold v Connecticut, and Roe v Wade
87
FISA court
meant to check clandestine operations
88
Equal Rights Amendment
No discrimination via sex period
89
lemon test
must not lead to excessive government entanglement, neither advance nor inhibit religion, for a secular purpose. Issues with free exercise clause and conscientious objectors.
90
14th amendment
the Equal Protection Clause gives all
people and groups the right to be treated equally regardless of
individual attributes
91
rational basis test
There must be a good reason for a discriminatory practice
▶
In courts, the burden of proof is on the individual or group
challenging a practice or law as unacceptable
92
jim crow laws
state and local laws that promoted racial segregation
93
grandfather clause
provisions allowing illiterate whites to vote in south
94
poll tax
annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote; outlawed by the 24th amendment
95
red lining
financial institutions refused to provide services to African-Americans in certain neighborhoods
96
white flight
whites moving to suburbs after period of substantial black migration out of rural south to northern urban areas
97
de jure segragation
results from government action
98
de facto segregation
results from the private choice of individuals
99
Voting Rights Act
empowered the federal Department of Justices to approve subnational policies
100
glass ceiling
invisible practices that prevent.
101
affirmative action
use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have been historically been subject to discrimination
102
title 9
prohibits discrimination in education on basis of sex
103
foreign policy
The strategy a country uses to achieve its goals in dealing with
other countries
104
who sets foreign policy
Alexander Hamilton: “A swift and energetic” executive
105
actors in foreign policye
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The President
▶
Diplomats
▶
Military
▶
Congress
```
106
foreign policy outputs
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Intelligence gathering
▶
Strategic planning
▶
Diplomatic relations
▶
Foreign trade agreements
▶
Declaration of war
▶
Maintaining a military
▶
Sign peace treaties
```
107
legislative branch foreign policy outputs
```
diplomatic relations
foreign trade agreements
declaration of war, military action for up to 60 days
maintaining a military
ratifying treaties
```
108
executive branch outputs for foreign policy
intelligence gathering, strategic planning, sign peace treaties. changed over time to favor power in the executive branch.
109
two presidencies thesis
presidency for foreign and domestic policy respectively. Presidents more successful in foreign than domestic policy. Clearer formal powers and informal powers Congress allows POTUS to speak. "Partisanship stops at the water's edge"
110
bread and peace
it's the economy stupid + if there is peace in our time.
111
since cold war, FP has become more partisan
Congress less willing to concede formal leadership on Foreign Policy
112
Where doe congressional influence lie in terms if foreign policy?
War Powers Act: executive military action for up to 60 days, Power of the Purse (defense is the larges discretionary portion of the budget), signals to foreign powers
113
Logan Act
forbids unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign governments
114
isolationism
US should avoid foreign entanglements and keep to itself
115
liberal internationalism
proactive engagement in world affairs by cooperating in community of nations
116
neo-conservatism
aggressive use of power to promote values and ideals around the world
117
free trade
unfettered flow fo goods and services across the borders
118
protectionism
using tariffs or other barriers to prevent other countries from selling goods and borders
119
myth of isolationism
Louisiana purchase, Monroe doctrine, Mexican American war, manifest destiny, panama canal
120
Kellogg briand pact
outlawed war
121
WW 14 points
moralistic. League of Nations a failure.
122
American Moralistic behavior was A-OK in 20th century
Europen monarchies replaced by republican democracies. The US succeeded where Napoleon failed against Great Britain.
123
Cold War Myth
Us vs. Them... but there were problems with both
▶
Them: Communism was a united global force, the “rising tide”
▶
Us: America’s Coming of Age
124
strategy of containment
```
Needed to stop Communism at every turn
▶
The Marshall Plan (success)
▶
Fear of the Domino effect
```
125
George Bush justification of war on terror
9/11 had no links to Iraq, Iraq had WMDs and link to North Korea
126
military industrial complex
Comfortable relationship between government entities and
| defense manufacturers
127
culture war: what hijacked American Democracy
```
Ascendance of the Purists
▶
Expansion of Government
▶
Rise of participatory democracy
```
128
ascendance of the purists
Professionals: “belief in compromise and bargaining... and
broadening public appeal”
▶
Purists: “emphasis on what they believe deep down inside,
rejection of compromise”
129
expansion of the government
Government has massive influence over people's lives
130
rise of participatory democracy
proliferation of polls and participation in bureaucracy, media, and etc.
131
How fix
redistricting reform, get money out of politics, primary reform
132
citizens united
money = free speech
133
Leibovich
According to Leibovich, outside business interests have been
successful in lobbying the Trump White but in different ways
▶
Attacks on “The Establishment”
▶
Congressional Republicans live in fear of “mean tweets”
▶
Some Congressional Republicans have been more pro-active,
especially with foreign partners (like Graham/McCain)
134
what is trumpism
Religious, pro-life, white identity politics,
| welfare reform, protect social security
135
impeachment
political question Starts in House (majority vote), Senate is then the trial (2/3
vote)
▶
No president has been removed via impeachment
▶
Political question: “going to Moscow for 6 months is not a
‘crime’ but is an impeachable offense” (Sunstein)
▶
25th Amendment: Section 4 of the 25th Amendment allows
VP and majority of Cabinet to recommend the removal of the
president
▶
if he is “unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office”
▶
the House and Senate confirm the recommendation over the
president’s objection (2/3 vote)
136
things wrong with projects
What is judicial restraint? How does it differ from strict
constructionism? Judicial activism?
▶
Access to political information (through changing media) does
not entail retention of information, what can go wrong?
▶
Important to think about how direct democracy complements
traditional representative democracy
