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Political Science 110 > ULTIMATE FLASH SUPPLEMENT > Flashcards

ULTIMATE FLASH SUPPLEMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Surge and Decline Theory

A

a theory proposing that the surge of stimulation occurring during presidential elections subsides during midterm elections, accounting for the differences we observe in turnouts and results

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2
Q

Bradley Effect

A

the difference between a poll result and an election results in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist

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3
Q

First Past The Post

A

a system in which the winner of an election is the candidate who wins the greatest number of votes cast, also known as plurality voting. Voters are rational and do not want to waste votes

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4
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

a legal principle that holds state power and actions above those of local governments and declares state governments to be sovereign relative to local governments

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5
Q

why government?

A

to protect common and private goods

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6
Q

John Locke

A

cool

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7
Q

Neustadt?

A

power to persuade, bargaining rather than arguing, professional reputation, public prestige

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8
Q

magna carta

A

cool

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9
Q

Mayhew: What drives Congressmen

A

re-election

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10
Q

Fenno: What drives Congressmen

A

Re-election, advancement within their chamber, career beyond their chamber, good public policy

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11
Q

How do members pursue re-election?

A

advertising, credit claiming, position-taking

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12
Q

Why parties?

A

To solve the collective action problem:
Facilitate position-taking-Party brand, voters pay little attention so easier to track party than an individual
Other Goals- Re-election $$$, advancement beyond their chamber

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13
Q

Hastert Rule

A

Bill is only considered if a majority of the majority party supports it

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14
Q

Byrd Bath

A

The Senate parliamentarian decides which partsof the bill are germane to the budget

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15
Q

clouture

A

motion to proceed past a filibuster using 60 votes

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16
Q

Irregular Order

A

More reliance on “Omnibus” legislation: that combinesmultiple spending bills▶Leadership control over major legislation▶Showdowns over must-pass legislation (debt ceiling,government shutdowns, fiscal cliff)▶The spectre of the Senate’s filibuster

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17
Q

Canes Wrone on ideologically extreme voting

A

punished at the polls but they don’t just respond to broad constituencies:Activists and interest groups have extreme preferences▶Primary voters vs. general election voters▶Gerrymandering

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18
Q

Congress checks the power of federal agencies through

A

budget and oversight

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19
Q

Weberian model of bureaucracy

A

organization structure that favors specialization, hierarchy. Hierarchical, specialized, and apolitical

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20
Q

Graham-Cassidy Bill

A

block grants

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21
Q

acquisitive model of bureaucracy

A

agencies are naturally competitive and power hungry

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22
Q

monopolistic model

A

agencies have no competition, stifles innovation

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23
Q

Alison: Conceptual Models of bureaucracy

A

rational policy, organizational politics, bureaucratic politics,

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24
Q

rational policy

A

nternational politics is like a chess match. Kennedy vs.Khruschev

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25
Q

organizational politics

A

Leaders don’t make decisions, government actions are the sumof organizations with standard operating procedures

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26
Q

bureaucratic politics

A

The organizations compete to use their favored technology▶State department favors diplomacy, military wants to bomb

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27
Q

federalism: Past and Present

A

previously a layer cake, now a marble cake

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28
Q

New Federalism

A

Decentralization of policies increases efficiency

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29
Q

Block Grants

A

Money sent to states with no strings attached

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30
Q

Categorical Grants

A

Federal money used to share costs with states, subject to administrative criteria

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31
Q

unfunded mandates

A

Obligations for states and local government withoutcompensation for incurred costs

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32
Q

venue shopping

A

Interest groups can choose between different institutions tochange policy

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33
Q

First chief justice and what established judicial review

A

John Jay, Marbury v. Madison 1803

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34
Q

Number of judges

A

1793: 6▶1869: 9▶1937: 16?▶2016: 8

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35
Q

Neustadt on sharing of powers

A

Separated institutions sharing power

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36
Q

starr

A

first among equals

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37
Q

Ideal Types from Segal and Spaeth

A

legal model: Legal doctrines guide all decisions▶\Unbiased search for the correct legal answer”
attitudinal model:Personal policy preferences guide decisions▶Bush v. Gore (2000)

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38
Q

constraints on judicial behavior

A

stare decisis, judicial restraint, strict construction,

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39
Q

stare decisis

A

decisions should be consistent with prior decisions

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40
Q

judicial restraint

A

judges should defer to elected officials as much as possible

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41
Q

strict construction

A

judges rely on the words on the page, not contextual factors

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42
Q

other actors

A

judges act with the legitimacy of the courts or spatial preferences in mind

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43
Q

agents of political socialization

A

Parents/family▶Friends/community institutions▶Media▶Political elites (leaders, elected officials)

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44
Q

how do we form opinions

A

low political information, heuristics, partisan filter

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45
Q

horserace coverage

A

continual media coverage of who’s ahead

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46
Q

party press era

A

Newspaper content was based on political partisanship

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47
Q

yellow journalism

A

Sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories

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48
Q

muckraking

A

News coverage that exposes corrupt practices▶Integral to the Progressive era

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49
Q

Golden age of journalism

A

only 3 major broadcasters, NBC, ABC, CBS

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50
Q

partidan media

A

Outlets that de-emphasize “ideal of objectivity” and attract anaudience by providing more overtly ideological perspectives

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51
Q

soft news

A

News presented in an entertaining style

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52
Q

mass media starts with the radio

A

first president Warren starts with the era in the 1920s, FDR and his fireside chats

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53
Q

sunshine laws

A

transparency laws that require government disclosure

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54
Q

hypodermic needle

A

theory that the media can place information in a citizen’s brain. Empirically disproved

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55
Q

Effects of the media that is supported by evidence

A

agenda setting: media can choose which topics get attention

framing: process of giving a news story specific context

56
Q

Misconceptions as argued by Fiorina

A

Divisions, activists, the media, people vs. choices

57
Q

so what happened in culture war?

A

Elite levelpartisanpolarization is not re ected in mass levelpopularpolarization▶Sorting: voters are more likely to affiliate with theideologically \correct” party▶Key factor: Southern Realignment

58
Q

Duverger’s Law

A

first past the post elections with single member districts lead to a two party-system,

59
Q

Hillygus and Shields

A

Bush voted through moral values? But a lot of people in blue states voted against gay marriage. Is cuz “Moral” voters would have voted for Republicans anyways. Partisans were swayed by opinions on iraq war, terrorism or the economy. Independents best determined by iraq war. Controlling for party, abortion and gay marriage opinions had no effect.

60
Q

three models of voting

A

retrospective voting, pocketbook voting, and prospective voting

61
Q

retrospective voting

A

Voter looks at the candidate’s past actions and the currenteconomic climate

62
Q

pocketbook voting

A

Voter considers personal economic condition to determine howto vote

63
Q

prospective voting

A

Voter uses candidate’s past behavior to predict who will leadto a better future

64
Q

election timing cycles

A

on-cycle: elections the same year as POTUS (11 govs)
Mid-Term: 2 years after POTUS
Off-cycle” the year after POTUS (NJ,VA) or 3 years after (LA,KY, MS)

65
Q

who pays attention to state polictics? coattails on the president

A

response to national politics will affect how people vote in state level politics

66
Q

State governer

A

Governors have tremendous power over legislative branch
▶
Full-year service, resources
▶
Statutory power
▶
Line item veto (Vanna White)
▶
Balanced budgets (crises, rainy day funds, etc.)
▶
Attention: citizens only care about the governor

67
Q

Types of legislators + remember to know

A

Types of legislatures
▶
Professional: California: Mini US Congress, $104,118/year
▶
Hybrid: New Jersey: More typical, $49,000
▶
Citizen: New Hampshire: 450 members, 6 week terms, $200/2
years

68
Q

Pros/Cons Term limits

A 
Pros of term limits
▶
New blood, fresh ideas
▶
Increase diversity
▶
Cons of term limits
▶
In uence is a zero-sum game, TL shifts this to
Governor/bureaucracy
▶
Helps lobbyists who develop expertise
69
Q

takeaways on state politics

A

attention deficit, polarization, accountability low, and usually reactionary to important policy demands

70
Q

direct democracy

A

referendum: yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government
initiative: law proposed and passed by the voters
recall: removal of a politician or government official by the voters

71
Q

effects of direct democracy

A

Can make legislators more responsive to the public (e.g.
marijuana)
▶
The “Gun behind the door” effect
▶
Legislators will be proactive to avoid direct democracy
▶
Dangers?
▶
Protection of minority rights: California’s Proposition 8 (2008)
and the 2004 gay marriage bans

72
Q

Municipal govt: counties

A

mid level administrative units but can operate important functions

73
Q

municipal govt: cities

A

Mayor-council: a structure of government with elected
legislative (city council) and executive (mayor) members

Council-member: a structure of government in which elected
members of the city council appoint a city manager to carry
out administrative functions

74
Q

Election type: Partisan/NonPartisan

A

Pros: Low-information races, party cue is valuable
▶
Cons: Do not want to politicize service delivery

75
Q

Shah and Marschall on ethnic diversity

A

racial minority no longer means African American. Growth in population for multicultural cities. Minority mayors and officeholders increased since the voting rights amendment

76
Q

symbolic representation

A
  • voters electing officials that share their demographic characteristics
  • significant because the presence of a minority group in elected office transforms perceptions about the proper role of that group in politics Does it matter? symbolic effects of minority representation are often fleeting or present only when improvements in local services are conspicuous.
77
Q

consequences of lax representation

A

corruption, lack of accountability, single party rule, media coverage.

78
Q

negative freedoms

A

Negative freedom: protection from unwanted intrusions

79
Q

positive freedoms

A

Positive freedom: right to enjoy and experience freedom

80
Q

civil liberties

A

Limitations on government power intended to protect freedoms

81
Q

civil rights

A

Guarantees that government will treat people equally and
decisions will be made on basis of merit rather than personal
characteristics (e.g. race, gender)

82
Q

Procedural, Criminal, Individual

A

dfgdfgdf

83
Q

civil liberties

A

Limitations on government power intended to protect freedoms

84
Q

civil rights

A

Guarantees that government will treat people equally and
decisions will be made on basis of merit rather than personal
characteristics (e.g. race, gender)

85
Q

Lacour and fake data but what actually worked: Broockman and Kalla

A

gay people didn’t change minds. Asking individuals to take transgender people’s perspectives did change their minds. No difference between transgender and non-transgender canvassers.

86
Q

Right to Privacy?

A

privacy doesn’t appear in the founding documents but the founders sought a common law right to privacy and louis brandeis anticipated it with the 9th amendment, Griswold v Connecticut, and Roe v Wade

87
Q

FISA court

A

meant to check clandestine operations

88
Q

Equal Rights Amendment

A

No discrimination via sex period

89
Q

lemon test

A

must not lead to excessive government entanglement, neither advance nor inhibit religion, for a secular purpose. Issues with free exercise clause and conscientious objectors.

90
Q

14th amendment

A

the Equal Protection Clause gives all
people and groups the right to be treated equally regardless of
individual attributes

91
Q

rational basis test

A

There must be a good reason for a discriminatory practice
▶
In courts, the burden of proof is on the individual or group
challenging a practice or law as unacceptable

92
Q

jim crow laws

A

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation

93
Q

grandfather clause

A

provisions allowing illiterate whites to vote in south

94
Q

poll tax

A

annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote; outlawed by the 24th amendment

95
Q

red lining

A

financial institutions refused to provide services to African-Americans in certain neighborhoods

96
Q

white flight

A

whites moving to suburbs after period of substantial black migration out of rural south to northern urban areas

97
Q

de jure segragation

A

results from government action

98
Q

de facto segregation

A

results from the private choice of individuals

99
Q

Voting Rights Act

A

empowered the federal Department of Justices to approve subnational policies

100
Q

glass ceiling

A

invisible practices that prevent.

101
Q

affirmative action

A

use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have been historically been subject to discrimination

102
Q

title 9

A

prohibits discrimination in education on basis of sex

103
Q

foreign policy

A

The strategy a country uses to achieve its goals in dealing with
other countries

104
Q

who sets foreign policy

A

Alexander Hamilton: “A swift and energetic” executive

105
Q

actors in foreign policye

A 
The President
▶
Diplomats
▶
Military
▶
Congress
106
Q

foreign policy outputs

A 
Intelligence gathering
▶
Strategic planning
▶
Diplomatic relations
▶
Foreign trade agreements
▶
Declaration of war
▶
Maintaining a military
▶
Sign peace treaties
107
Q

legislative branch foreign policy outputs

A 
diplomatic relations
foreign trade agreements
declaration of war, military action for up to 60 days
maintaining a military
ratifying treaties
108
Q

executive branch outputs for foreign policy

A

intelligence gathering, strategic planning, sign peace treaties. changed over time to favor power in the executive branch.

109
Q

two presidencies thesis

A

presidency for foreign and domestic policy respectively. Presidents more successful in foreign than domestic policy. Clearer formal powers and informal powers Congress allows POTUS to speak. “Partisanship stops at the water’s edge”

110
Q

bread and peace

A

it’s the economy stupid + if there is peace in our time.

111
Q

since cold war, FP has become more partisan

A

Congress less willing to concede formal leadership on Foreign Policy

112
Q

Where doe congressional influence lie in terms if foreign policy?

A

War Powers Act: executive military action for up to 60 days, Power of the Purse (defense is the larges discretionary portion of the budget), signals to foreign powers

113
Q

Logan Act

A

forbids unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign governments

114
Q

isolationism

A

US should avoid foreign entanglements and keep to itself

115
Q

liberal internationalism

A

proactive engagement in world affairs by cooperating in community of nations

116
Q

neo-conservatism

A

aggressive use of power to promote values and ideals around the world

117
Q

free trade

A

unfettered flow fo goods and services across the borders

118
Q

protectionism

A

using tariffs or other barriers to prevent other countries from selling goods and borders

119
Q

myth of isolationism

A

Louisiana purchase, Monroe doctrine, Mexican American war, manifest destiny, panama canal

120
Q

Kellogg briand pact

A

outlawed war

121
Q

WW 14 points

A

moralistic. League of Nations a failure.

122
Q

American Moralistic behavior was A-OK in 20th century

A

Europen monarchies replaced by republican democracies. The US succeeded where Napoleon failed against Great Britain.

123
Q

Cold War Myth

A

Us vs. Them… but there were problems with both
▶
Them: Communism was a united global force, the “rising tide”
▶
Us: America’s Coming of Age

124
Q

strategy of containment

A 
Needed to stop Communism at every turn
▶
The Marshall Plan (success)
▶
Fear of the Domino effect
125
Q

George Bush justification of war on terror

A

9/11 had no links to Iraq, Iraq had WMDs and link to North Korea

126
Q

military industrial complex

A

Comfortable relationship between government entities and

defense manufacturers

127
Q

culture war: what hijacked American Democracy

A 
Ascendance of the Purists
▶
Expansion of Government
▶
Rise of participatory democracy
128
Q

ascendance of the purists

A

Professionals: “belief in compromise and bargaining… and
broadening public appeal”
▶
Purists: “emphasis on what they believe deep down inside,
rejection of compromise”

129
Q

expansion of the government

A

Government has massive influence over people’s lives

130
Q

rise of participatory democracy

A

proliferation of polls and participation in bureaucracy, media, and etc.

131
Q

How fix

A

redistricting reform, get money out of politics, primary reform

132
Q

citizens united

A

money = free speech

133
Q

Leibovich

A

According to Leibovich, outside business interests have been
successful in lobbying the Trump White but in different ways
▶
Attacks on “The Establishment”
▶
Congressional Republicans live in fear of “mean tweets”
▶
Some Congressional Republicans have been more pro-active,
especially with foreign partners (like Graham/McCain)

134
Q

what is trumpism

A

Religious, pro-life, white identity politics,

welfare reform, protect social security

135
Q

impeachment

A

political question Starts in House (majority vote), Senate is then the trial (2/3
vote)
▶
No president has been removed via impeachment
▶
Political question: “going to Moscow for 6 months is not a
‘crime’ but is an impeachable offense” (Sunstein)
▶
25th Amendment: Section 4 of the 25th Amendment allows
VP and majority of Cabinet to recommend the removal of the
president
▶
if he is “unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office”
▶
the House and Senate confirm the recommendation over the
president’s objection (2/3 vote)

136
Q

things wrong with projects

A

What is judicial restraint? How does it differ from strict
constructionism? Judicial activism?
▶
Access to political information (through changing media) does
not entail retention of information, what can go wrong?
▶
Important to think about how direct democracy complements
traditional representative democracy

Political Science 110 (10 decks)

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