UK vaccination programme 2017 Flashcards
6-in-1 vaccine
Protects against
Given at
Protects against: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) and hepatitis B.
Given at: 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age to all babies born on or after 1 August 2017.
Pneumococcal or pneumo jab (PCV)
Protects against: some types of pneumococcal infection
Given at: 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
Rotavirus vaccine
Protects against: rotavirus infection, a common cause of childhood diarrhoea and sickness
Given at: 8 and 12 weeks of age
Men B vaccine
Protects against: meningitis (caused by meningococcal type B bacteria)
Given at: 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
Hib/Men C vaccine
Protects against: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis caused by meningococcal group C bacteria
Given at: one year of age
MMR vaccine
Protects against: measles, mumps and rubella
Given at: one year and at three years and four months of age
Children’s flu vaccine
Protects against: flu
Given at: annually as a nasal spray in Sept/Oct for all children aged two to eight years on 31 August 2017.
4-in-1 pre-school booster
Protects against: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio
Given at: three years and four months of age
HPV vaccine (girls only)
Protects against: cervical cancer
Given at: 12-13 years as two injections at least six months apart
3-in-1 teenage booster
Protects against: tetanus, diphtheria and polio
Given at: 14 years
Men ACWY vaccine
Protects against: meningitis (caused by meningococcal types A, C, W and Y bacteria)
Given at: 14 years and new university students aged 19-25
Chickenpox vaccination
Protects against: chickenpox
Who needs it: siblings of children who have suppressed immune systems and are susceptible to chickenpox, for example because they’re having cancer treatment or have had an organ transplant.
Given: from one year of age upwards. Children receive two doses of chickenpox vaccine given four to eight weeks apart.
BCG (tuberculosis) vaccination
Protects against: tuberculosis (TB)
Who needs it: babies and children who have a high chance of coming into contact with tuberculosis.
Given: from birth to 16 years of age.
Flu vaccination
Protects against: flu
Who needs it: children aged six months to two years and those aged nine to 17 who have certain medical conditions or a weakened immune system, which may put them at risk of complications from flu. (All children aged two to eight years are given the flu vaccine as part of the routine immunisation schedule.)
Given: for children between the ages of six months and two years as a single jab every year in September/November. For children aged nine to 17 years of age as a nasal spray every year in September/November.
Hepatitis B vaccination
Protects against: hepatitis B
Who needs it: children at high risk of exposure to hepatitis B, and babies born to infected mothers.
Given: as six doses over 12 months – a baby born to a mother infected with hepatitis B will be given a dose at birth, followed by further doses at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age, and a final dose at one year old.
Eight weeks old
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B - Pneumococcal (13 serotypes) conjugate vaccination - Meningococcal group B (MenB) - Rotavirus gastroenteritis
Twelve weeks old
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B
- Rotavirus
Sixteen weeks old
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B
- Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)
- MenB
One year old (on or after the child’s first birthday)
- Hib and MenC
- Pneumococcal
- Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles)
- MenB
Two to eight years old (including children in reception class and school years 1-4)
- Influenza(each year from September)
Three years four months old or soon after
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
- Measles, mumps and rubella
Girls aged 12 to 13 years
- Cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18
(and genital warts caused by types 6 and 11) - two doses 6-24 months apart
Fourteen years old (school year 9)
- Tetanus, diphtheria and polio
- Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y disease
Passive immunisation
- Only lasts a few weeks
- Administration of antibody to bind pathogenic antigens
- e.g pooled human sera from donors (HepB Ig to baby if mother +ve with a high viral load, Zoster Ig, Tetanus IgG, monoclonal chimeric antibody against RSV in at risk babies)
Antibody against RSV
Palivizumab
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
BCG MMR Oral polio vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Intranasal flu vaccine
Toxoid vaccines
diphtheria
tetanus
Examples of polysaccharide vaccines
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Hib
What type of an immune response do polysaccharide vaccines produce?
B cell response to a capsular polysaccharide is T cell independent, meaning that B cells can produce antibodies without T cell stimulation.
What is a conjugate vaccine?
A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a strong antigen thereby eliciting a stronger immunological response to the poor antigen.
What’s the advantage of a conjugate vaccine?
By conjugating the polysaccharide to a protein carrier, a T cell response can be induced. Normally, polysaccharides by themselves cannot be loaded onto the MHC complex of antigen presenting cells (APC) because MHC can only bind peptides. In the case of a conjugate vaccine, the carrier peptide linked to the polysaccharide target antigen is able to be presented on the MHC molecule and the T cell can be activated. T cells stimulate a more vigorous immune response and also promote a more rapid and long-lasting immunologic memory.
Examples of conjugate vaccines
Hib
Meningococcal A, C, ACWY
Pneumococcal (10 or 13 serotypes)
Who gets the PPV?
- Elderly >65 years
- Asplenics
- Immunosuppression
- Chronic lung, renal, liver disease
- Diabetes
- Cochlear implants, CSF leaks
- past history of invasive pneumoccal disease
Who gets the zoster vaccine?
- 70-79 years
- single dose
- live, attenuated, varicella zoster virus
Contraindications to immunisation
- Temporary:
Fever > 38 degrees
Pregnancy (live vaccines only)
Evolving neurological conditions (children with unstable epilepsy) - Sustained:
Immunosuppression (live vaccines only)
Past history of anaphylaxis to vaccine or component (egg allergy and influenza)
