UK vaccination programme 2017

Question 1

6-in-1 vaccine

Protects against
Given at

Answer 1

Protects against: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) and hepatitis B.

Given at: 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age to all babies born on or after 1 August 2017.

Question 2

Pneumococcal or pneumo jab (PCV)

Answer 2

Protects against: some types of pneumococcal infection

Given at: 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age

Question 3

Rotavirus vaccine

Answer 3

Protects against: rotavirus infection, a common cause of childhood diarrhoea and sickness
Given at: 8 and 12 weeks of age

Question 4

Men B vaccine

Answer 4

Protects against: meningitis (caused by meningococcal type B bacteria)
Given at: 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age

Question 5

Hib/Men C vaccine

Answer 5

Protects against: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis caused by meningococcal group C bacteria
Given at: one year of age

Question 6

MMR vaccine

Answer 6

Protects against: measles, mumps and rubella

Given at: one year and at three years and four months of age

Question 7

Children’s flu vaccine

Answer 7

Protects against: flu

Given at: annually as a nasal spray in Sept/Oct for all children aged two to eight years on 31 August 2017.

Question 8

4-in-1 pre-school booster

Answer 8

Protects against: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio
Given at: three years and four months of age

Question 9

HPV vaccine (girls only)

Answer 9

Protects against: cervical cancer

Given at: 12-13 years as two injections at least six months apart

Question 10

3-in-1 teenage booster

Answer 10

Protects against: tetanus, diphtheria and polio

Given at: 14 years

Question 11

Men ACWY vaccine

Answer 11

Protects against: meningitis (caused by meningococcal types A, C, W and Y bacteria)
Given at: 14 years and new university students aged 19-25

Question 12

Chickenpox vaccination

Answer 12

Protects against: chickenpox
Who needs it: siblings of children who have suppressed immune systems and are susceptible to chickenpox, for example because they’re having cancer treatment or have had an organ transplant.
Given: from one year of age upwards. Children receive two doses of chickenpox vaccine given four to eight weeks apart.

Question 13

BCG (tuberculosis) vaccination

Answer 13

Protects against: tuberculosis (TB)
Who needs it: babies and children who have a high chance of coming into contact with tuberculosis.
Given: from birth to 16 years of age.

Question 14

Flu vaccination

Answer 14

Protects against: flu
Who needs it: children aged six months to two years and those aged nine to 17 who have certain medical conditions or a weakened immune system, which may put them at risk of complications from flu. (All children aged two to eight years are given the flu vaccine as part of the routine immunisation schedule.)
Given: for children between the ages of six months and two years as a single jab every year in September/November. For children aged nine to 17 years of age as a nasal spray every year in September/November.

Question 15

Hepatitis B vaccination

Answer 15

Protects against: hepatitis B
Who needs it: children at high risk of exposure to hepatitis B, and babies born to infected mothers.
Given: as six doses over 12 months – a baby born to a mother infected with hepatitis B will be given a dose at birth, followed by further doses at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age, and a final dose at one year old.

Question 16

Eight weeks old

Answer 16

- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
(whooping cough), polio, Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B
-  Pneumococcal (13 serotypes) conjugate vaccination
-  Meningococcal group B (MenB)
-  Rotavirus gastroenteritis

Question 17

Twelve weeks old

Answer 17

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B

- Rotavirus

Question 18

Sixteen weeks old

Answer 18

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B
• Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)
• MenB

Question 19

One year old (on or after the child’s first birthday)

Answer 19

• Hib and MenC
• Pneumococcal
• Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles)
• MenB

Question 20

Two to eight years old (including children in reception class and school years 1-4)

Answer 20

• Influenza(each year from September)

Question 21

Three years four months old or soon after

Answer 21

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio

- Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 22

Girls aged 12 to 13 years

Answer 22

• Cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18
  (and genital warts caused by types 6 and 11)
• two doses 6-24 months apart

Question 23

Fourteen years old (school year 9)

Answer 23

• Tetanus, diphtheria and polio

- Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y disease

Question 24

Passive immunisation

Answer 24

• Only lasts a few weeks
• Administration of antibody to bind pathogenic antigens
• e.g pooled human sera from donors (HepB Ig to baby if mother +ve with a high viral load, Zoster Ig, Tetanus IgG, monoclonal chimeric antibody against RSV in at risk babies)

Question 25

Antibody against RSV

Answer 25

Palivizumab

Question 26

Examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 26

``` BCG MMR Oral polio vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Intranasal flu vaccine ```

Question 27

Toxoid vaccines

Answer 27

diphtheria | tetanus

Question 28

Examples of polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 28

Pneumococcus Meningococcus Hib

Question 29

What type of an immune response do polysaccharide vaccines produce?

Answer 29

B cell response to a capsular polysaccharide is T cell independent, meaning that B cells can produce antibodies without T cell stimulation.

Question 30

What is a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 30

A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a strong antigen thereby eliciting a stronger immunological response to the poor antigen.

Question 31

What's the advantage of a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 31

By conjugating the polysaccharide to a protein carrier, a T cell response can be induced. Normally, polysaccharides by themselves cannot be loaded onto the MHC complex of antigen presenting cells (APC) because MHC can only bind peptides. In the case of a conjugate vaccine, the carrier peptide linked to the polysaccharide target antigen is able to be presented on the MHC molecule and the T cell can be activated. T cells stimulate a more vigorous immune response and also promote a more rapid and long-lasting immunologic memory.

Question 32

Examples of conjugate vaccines

Answer 32

Hib Meningococcal A, C, ACWY Pneumococcal (10 or 13 serotypes)

Question 33

Who gets the PPV?

Answer 33

- Elderly >65 years - Asplenics - Immunosuppression - Chronic lung, renal, liver disease - Diabetes - Cochlear implants, CSF leaks - past history of invasive pneumoccal disease

Question 34

Who gets the zoster vaccine?

Answer 34

- 70-79 years - single dose - live, attenuated, varicella zoster virus

Question 35

Contraindications to immunisation

Answer 35

- Temporary: Fever > 38 degrees Pregnancy (live vaccines only) Evolving neurological conditions (children with unstable epilepsy) - Sustained: Immunosuppression (live vaccines only) Past history of anaphylaxis to vaccine or component (egg allergy and influenza)