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UK's Human Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What is population density?

A

The average number of people in an area, given in km (squared)

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2
Q

What is urban?

A

Built up areas such as towns and cities

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3
Q

What is rural?

A

The countryside, away from urban areas

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4
Q

Why do people migrate to cities?

A

Better job opportunities, Transport facilities

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5
Q

What is a multiplier effect?

A

When ones action has knock on effects which continue to happen e.g. people move to an area, they need more services which means jobs are created, people earn more money

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6
Q

What is conurbation?

A

A continuous build up area, formed by merging towns and cities

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7
Q

What is the northern powerhouse?

A

The region politicians think could drive the economy of Northern England

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8
Q

Where is the northern powerhouse?

A

Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of rural areas?

A

Low population density
Older populations
Lower incomes
Higher transport costs

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10
Q

How the government tired to reduce the gap between urban cores and rural periphery areas?

A

Make the area more attractive
Enterprise zones
Improvements to transport

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11
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Places where the UK government offer companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes and access to super fast broadband

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12
Q

What improvements to transport have been planned?

A

HS2 railway link between London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds

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13
Q

What is immigration?

A

The number of people moving onto the country

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14
Q

What are the causes of the growth of the UK population?

A

Net migration

Rising birth rate

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15
Q

What is emigration?

A

The number of people leaving a country

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16
Q

What is net migration?

A

The difference between immigrants and emigrants

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17
Q

Why has immigration increased?

A

EU membership

Globalisation

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18
Q

Why is birth rate increasing?

A

More women in their 20s choosing to have children

Women choosing to have children who had previously postponed having children for a career

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19
Q

What are the impacts of immigration?

A

Multicultural society

Ageing population

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20
Q

What is an ageing population?

A

The % of people over 65 who depend on the working population

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21
Q

Why is an ageing population a problem?

A

Pension and health costs increase, more taxes are needed

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22
Q

How does immigration help reduce the problem of an ageing population?

A

Adding to the working economy therefore adding to the taxes being paid to support the ageing population

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23
Q

What are the different types of jobs?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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24
Q

What are primary jobs?

A

Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmer, fisher, miner

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25
What are secondary jobs?
Making/ manufacturing products
26
What are tertiary jobs?
Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare
27
What are Quaternary jobs?
Specialist researchers, IT consultant
28
Which 2 categories of jobs make up the old economy?
Primary and secondary
29
What is the new economy?
Tertiary and Quaternary
30
Why did the primary and secondary jobs go into decline?
Cheaper to make products overseas | Technology/Machinery is doing jobs instead of people
31
What is de-industrilisation?
The closing of industry in locations
32
What is the domino effect because of de-industilisation?
As one industry closes, others do as weel as which leads to shops and services closing aslo
33
What is a world city?
A city which trades and invests globally
34
What is quaternary jobs sometimes also known as?
The knowledge economy
35
What is the knowledge economy?
An economy based on specialist knowledge and skills which often require university degrees plus specialised training
36
What is teleworking?
Working form home
37
Why has teleworking increased?
Increased technology Flexibility to work own hours Reduces travelling
38
What are the advantages of teleworking?
No commuting Allows variable working hours Better productivity
39
What are the disadvantages of teleworking?
Isolation from work collaegues | Sometimes difficult to motivate and organise workers
40
What are footloose industries?
Industries which are not tied to any fixed location
41
Give examples of UK companies which operate overseas
Virgin BP British airways
42
What does FDI stand for?
Foreign Direct Investment
43
What is FDI?
The investment of money/ trade/ organisation from one country to another
44
What is privatisation?
The change in ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the public sector to private sector
45
In the UK, where has the privatisation taken place?
Infrastructure, Local council services such as rubbish collections, NHS
46
What are the different parts of the city?
CBD, Inner city, Suburbs, Rural-urban fringe
47
What does CBD stand for?
Central Business District
48
What are the characteristics of the CBD?
High rise building High density of buildings High land values
49
What traditionally was found in the inner city?
Factories, Terraced housing, Poor environmental quality
50
How has the inner city changed?
Large older houses have been divided up into flats to accommodate the increasing population Improvements to transport Deindustrilisation
51
What is the rural urban fringe?
Where the city meets the countryside
52
Why do new arrivals move to the inner city
This is where the cheapest areas of the city
53
What are suburbs like?
Housing is more expensive Living conditions are better More green space
54
What is deprivation?
Not having access to the same resources and opportunities are other people
55
What does IMD stand for?
Index of Multiple Deprivation
56
What is the IMD?
Scores small areas across the UK for a different range of measures
57
Why do cities have deprivation?
Lack of jobs as industires move out | Increased crime
58
What is decentralisation?
Locating shopping and businesses in the suburbs
59
Why has decentralisation happened?
Land was cheaper | More space available
60
What is gentrification?
When wealthier people move into deprived areas where property is cheap. As there is more investment more people move in and area develops.
61
Where in London has experienced gentrification?
Chelsea
62
What is studentification?
When large numbers of young people become residents near universities. As there is more investment more people move in and the area develops. Houses prices and rents increase
63
Where in London has experienced studentification?
Camden
64
What is regeneration?
Redevelopment of deprived areas to improve environmental quality
65
What are the positive impacts of regeneration?
New job opportunities Residents have better access to services (shopping) Derelict buildings
66
What are the negative impacts of regeneration?
Areas can become too expensive for poorer residents so they get displaced New jobs can be paid low (bartender)
67
What are sustainable cities?
Greener, less polluted, easier to get around and less expensive to live in
68
How can we make a living in urban areas more sustainable?
``` Recycling more Creating affordable housing Improve transport systems Use oyster cards/ public transport Use brownfield sites for development ```
69
What is a brownfield site?
An area of land previously built on
70
What is a greenfield site?
An area of land not built on
71
What is a greenbelt land?
Area of land which is protected and cannot be built on
72
What are the flows between urban and rural areas?
Migration, Services and Goods
73
Why does migration occur between urban and rural | areas?
People might migrate to urban areas for jobs, lifestyle and education. People might migrate to rural areas for quality of life and commute to city for work
74
Describe the flow of services between urban and rural areas
Rural residents use urban hospitals, universities. Urban residents use rural areas for recreation
75
Describe the flow of goods between urban and rural areas?
Rural residents get consumer goods from cities. Urban residents get food from rural areas Leisure activities - golf/ horse riding
76
What are the advantages of the relationship between urban and rural areas?
People live in rural areas but work in the city getting higher wages. People in rural areas can still access urban services Urban residents can access rural areas fro recreation
77
What are the disadvantages of the relationship between urban and rural areas?
Rural areas are empty during the day (closure of businesses) | Rural locations become to expensive for young people to buy so they move away
78
How has housing changed in rural areas?
People moving from the city can afford to pay more for houses so house prices increases which means there is less housing available for local people
79
How was the population changed in rural areas?
Young people move away to cities. Older people move to rural areas
80
What is a commuter village?
A village where people live in rural areas but work in the city
81
What are the problems with commuter villages?
Villages can seem empty during the week which can lead to closure of local services such as banks and post offices

Geography (3 decks)

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