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Geography > UK's Human Landscape > Flashcards

UK's Human Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What is population density?

A

The average number of people in an area, given in km (squared)

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2
Q

What is urban?

A

Built up areas such as towns and cities

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3
Q

What is rural?

A

The countryside, away from urban areas

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4
Q

Why do people migrate to cities?

A

Better job opportunities, Transport facilities

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5
Q

What is a multiplier effect?

A

When ones action has knock on effects which continue to happen e.g. people move to an area, they need more services which means jobs are created, people earn more money

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6
Q

What is conurbation?

A

A continuous build up area, formed by merging towns and cities

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7
Q

What is the northern powerhouse?

A

The region politicians think could drive the economy of Northern England

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8
Q

Where is the northern powerhouse?

A

Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of rural areas?

A

Low population density
Older populations
Lower incomes
Higher transport costs

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10
Q

How the government tired to reduce the gap between urban cores and rural periphery areas?

A

Make the area more attractive
Enterprise zones
Improvements to transport

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11
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Places where the UK government offer companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes and access to super fast broadband

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12
Q

What improvements to transport have been planned?

A

HS2 railway link between London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds

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13
Q

What is immigration?

A

The number of people moving onto the country

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14
Q

What are the causes of the growth of the UK population?

A

Net migration

Rising birth rate

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15
Q

What is emigration?

A

The number of people leaving a country

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16
Q

What is net migration?

A

The difference between immigrants and emigrants

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17
Q

Why has immigration increased?

A

EU membership

Globalisation

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18
Q

Why is birth rate increasing?

A

More women in their 20s choosing to have children

Women choosing to have children who had previously postponed having children for a career

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19
Q

What are the impacts of immigration?

A

Multicultural society

Ageing population

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20
Q

What is an ageing population?

A

The % of people over 65 who depend on the working population

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21
Q

Why is an ageing population a problem?

A

Pension and health costs increase, more taxes are needed

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22
Q

How does immigration help reduce the problem of an ageing population?

A

Adding to the working economy therefore adding to the taxes being paid to support the ageing population

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23
Q

What are the different types of jobs?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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24
Q

What are primary jobs?

A

Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmer, fisher, miner

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25
Q

What are secondary jobs?

A

Making/ manufacturing products

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26
Q

What are tertiary jobs?

A

Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare

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27
Q

What are Quaternary jobs?

A

Specialist researchers, IT consultant

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28
Q

Which 2 categories of jobs make up the old economy?

A

Primary and secondary

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29
Q

What is the new economy?

A

Tertiary and Quaternary

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30
Q

Why did the primary and secondary jobs go into decline?

A

Cheaper to make products overseas

Technology/Machinery is doing jobs instead of people

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31
Q

What is de-industrilisation?

A

The closing of industry in locations

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32
Q

What is the domino effect because of de-industilisation?

A

As one industry closes, others do as weel as which leads to shops and services closing aslo

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33
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city which trades and invests globally

34
Q

What is quaternary jobs sometimes also known as?

A

The knowledge economy

35
Q

What is the knowledge economy?

A

An economy based on specialist knowledge and skills which often require university degrees plus specialised training

36
Q

What is teleworking?

A

Working form home

37
Q

Why has teleworking increased?

A

Increased technology
Flexibility to work own hours
Reduces travelling

38
Q

What are the advantages of teleworking?

A

No commuting
Allows variable working hours
Better productivity

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of teleworking?

A

Isolation from work collaegues

Sometimes difficult to motivate and organise workers

40
Q

What are footloose industries?

A

Industries which are not tied to any fixed location

41
Q

Give examples of UK companies which operate overseas

A

Virgin
BP
British airways

42
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

43
Q

What is FDI?

A

The investment of money/ trade/ organisation from one country to another

44
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The change in ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the public sector to private sector

45
Q

In the UK, where has the privatisation taken place?

A

Infrastructure, Local council services such as rubbish collections, NHS

46
Q

What are the different parts of the city?

A

CBD, Inner city, Suburbs, Rural-urban fringe

47
Q

What does CBD stand for?

A

Central Business District

48
Q

What are the characteristics of the CBD?

A

High rise building
High density of buildings
High land values

49
Q

What traditionally was found in the inner city?

A

Factories, Terraced housing, Poor environmental quality

50
Q

How has the inner city changed?

A

Large older houses have been divided up into flats to accommodate the increasing population
Improvements to transport
Deindustrilisation

51
Q

What is the rural urban fringe?

A

Where the city meets the countryside

52
Q

Why do new arrivals move to the inner city

A

This is where the cheapest areas of the city

53
Q

What are suburbs like?

A

Housing is more expensive
Living conditions are better
More green space

54
Q

What is deprivation?

A

Not having access to the same resources and opportunities are other people

55
Q

What does IMD stand for?

A

Index of Multiple Deprivation

56
Q

What is the IMD?

A

Scores small areas across the UK for a different range of measures

57
Q

Why do cities have deprivation?

A

Lack of jobs as industires move out

Increased crime

58
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

Locating shopping and businesses in the suburbs

59
Q

Why has decentralisation happened?

A

Land was cheaper

More space available

60
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When wealthier people move into deprived areas where property is cheap. As there is more investment more people move in and area develops.

61
Q

Where in London has experienced gentrification?

A

Chelsea

62
Q

What is studentification?

A

When large numbers of young people become residents near universities. As there is more investment more people move in and the area develops. Houses prices and rents increase

63
Q

Where in London has experienced studentification?

A

Camden

64
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Redevelopment of deprived areas to improve environmental quality

65
Q

What are the positive impacts of regeneration?

A

New job opportunities
Residents have better access to services (shopping)
Derelict buildings

66
Q

What are the negative impacts of regeneration?

A

Areas can become too expensive for poorer residents so they get displaced
New jobs can be paid low (bartender)

67
Q

What are sustainable cities?

A

Greener, less polluted, easier to get around and less expensive to live in

68
Q

How can we make a living in urban areas more sustainable?

A 
Recycling more
Creating affordable housing 
Improve transport systems 
Use oyster cards/ public transport
Use brownfield sites for development
69
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

An area of land previously built on

70
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

An area of land not built on

71
Q

What is a greenbelt land?

A

Area of land which is protected and cannot be built on

72
Q

What are the flows between urban and rural areas?

A

Migration, Services and Goods

73
Q

Why does migration occur between urban and rural

areas?

A

People might migrate to urban areas for jobs, lifestyle and education.
People might migrate to rural areas for quality of life and commute to city for work

74
Q

Describe the flow of services between urban and rural areas

A

Rural residents use urban hospitals, universities. Urban residents use rural areas for recreation

75
Q

Describe the flow of goods between urban and rural areas?

A

Rural residents get consumer goods from cities. Urban residents get food from rural areas
Leisure activities - golf/ horse riding

76
Q

What are the advantages of the relationship between urban and rural areas?

A

People live in rural areas but work in the city getting higher wages.
People in rural areas can still access urban services
Urban residents can access rural areas fro recreation

77
Q

What are the disadvantages of the relationship between urban and rural areas?

A

Rural areas are empty during the day (closure of businesses)

Rural locations become to expensive for young people to buy so they move away

78
Q

How has housing changed in rural areas?

A

People moving from the city can afford to pay more for houses so house prices increases which means there is less housing available for local people

79
Q

How was the population changed in rural areas?

A

Young people move away to cities. Older people move to rural areas

80
Q

What is a commuter village?

A

A village where people live in rural areas but work in the city

81
Q

What are the problems with commuter villages?

A

Villages can seem empty during the week which can lead to closure of local services such as banks and post offices

Geography (3 decks)

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