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Geography > UK physical landscape > Flashcards

UK physical landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

what is erosion?

A

the wearing away of the landscape

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2
Q

what 3 factors have affected the landscape?

A

Geology
Past tectonic processes
Glaciation

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3
Q

How has glaciation changed the landscape?

A

Altering river valleys making them deeper into U shaped valleys

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4
Q

What are 3 rock types?

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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5
Q

How are igneous rocks created?

A

They were once molten and them cooled and crystallized

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6
Q

How are sedimentary rocks created?

A

Formed when sediment eroded and deposited by rivers or the sea. They are made up of layers

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7
Q

How are metamorphic rocks created?

A

They are rocks that are heated and compressed

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8
Q

Give an example of igneous rock?

A

Granite, Basalt

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9
Q

Give an example of sedimentary rock?

A

Chalk, Clay and Sandstone

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10
Q

Give an example of metamorphic rock?

A

Slate and Marble

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11
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering?

A

Rainwater gets into the cracks in the rock, freezes and expands. The rock breaks into pieces

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12
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Tree and shrub roots breaks up solid rock

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13
Q

How can people change the landscape?

A

Planting new trees/ forests
Creating new settlements (housing)
Farming

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14
Q

What are the 2 different types of coastlines?

A

Concordant and Discordant

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15
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

When the rocks run parallel to the coastline

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16
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

When the rocks run at angles to the coastline

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17
Q

What are weaknesses in rocks called?

A

Joints or Faults

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18
Q

Name 4 types of erosion

A

Abrasion, Attrition, Hydraulic action, Solution

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19
Q

Name how material is moved across the beach?

A

Long shore drift

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20
Q

Name the land forms created by erosion at the coast

A

Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump

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21
Q

Name the 2 different types of waves?

A

Constructive and Destructive

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22
Q

What is swash?

A

When material is put on the beach

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23
Q

What is backwash?

A

When material is taken off the beach

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24
Q

Name the land forms created by deposition at the coast

A

Beaches, Sand dunes, Bar, Lagoon, Spit

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25
Q

How do people affect the coast?

A

Building houses
Office developments
Agriculture
Industry

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26
Q

What are the 2 methods of engineering available to protect the coast?

A

Hard and Soft

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27
Q

What is hard coastal engineering?

A

Manmade

28
Q

What is soft coastal engineering?

A

Natural

29
Q

Give examples of hard engineering at the coast

A

Sea wall, Revetments, Gabions, Rock Armour, Groynes

30
Q

What is terminal groyne syndrome?

A

When groynes trap sediment to protect one area but further down the coast is starved on sediment and vulnerable to erosion

31
Q

Give examples of soft engineering at the coast

A

Planting vegetation, Beach nourishment, Offshore breakwaters, Sand dunes

32
Q

What is meant by “hold the line”?

A

Use sea defence to stop erosion

33
Q

What is meant by strategic realignments?

A

Gradually let the coast erode and move people/ businesses

34
Q

What is meant by “Do nothing”?

A

Take no action at all and let nature takes it course

35
Q

Name the 4 types of transport in a river

A

Solution, Suspension, Saltation, Traction

36
Q

In the upper course of the river, erosion happens in which direction?

A

Vertically (downwards)

37
Q

What river land forms can be found in the upper course of the river?

A

Waterfalls

38
Q

Where are meanders and oxbow lakes found in the river?

A

Middle course

39
Q

What is velocity?

A

The speed of a river measured in m/s

40
Q

What is discharge?

A

The volume of water flowing in a river measured in cubic metres per second

41
Q

How is discharge measured?

A

Its measred by multiplying the area (width x average depth) by velocity

42
Q

What is the flood plain?

A

The area of land surrounding a river which is most likely to be flooded

43
Q

Where is the fastest flow in a meander?

A

Outside bend

44
Q

Where is the slowest flow in a meander?

A

Inside bend

45
Q

What is the long profile of a river?

A

Changes in the rivers gradient form the source to the mouth

46
Q

What is the cross profile of a river?

A

Changes in the valley shape from the source to the mouth

47
Q

How does the long profile of a river change from the south to the mouth?

A

Steep at the source and gentle/ flat at the mouth

48
Q

How does the cross profile of a river change from the source to the mouth?

A

The source is a V shaped valley and is it almost flat by the mouth

49
Q

What is a storm hydrograph?

A

A graph which shows how a river changes as a result of rainfall. It shows rainfall and discharge

50
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Water soaking into the soil

51
Q

What is surface runoff?

A

When water flows overground

52
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation from leaves/ plants

53
Q

What is throughflow?

A

Water seeping onto the river through soil air spaces

54
Q

What human activity can change the shape of a hydrograph?

A

Land use change, Urbanization, Deforestation

55
Q

What physical activity can change the shape of a hydrograph?

A

Relief, Geology, Vegetated areas

56
Q

What were the physical causes of the floods in Carlisle?

A

Prolonged rain

Surrounded by mountains so surface runoff occurs quickly

57
Q

What were the human causes of the floods in Carlisle?

A

Large areas of urbanization

Drains were overwhelmed and could not cope

58
Q

What were some of the impacts of the floods in Carlisle?

A

Two people drowned
Over 1200 homes were flooded
Roads were damaged

59
Q

Give examples of hard engineering methods in rivers?

A

Flood walls, Construct levees, Dreging, Flood relief channel

60
Q

What is a flood wall in river management?

A

Building a high wall alongside a river to increase its capacity

61
Q

What are river levees?

A

Similar to flood walls but a normally built at a distance from the river which increases the capacity even more

62
Q

What is dredging?

A

Taking away material from the bottom and sides of the river to increase the capacity. It could also be lined with concrete to speed up the river flow and get flooded water away quickly

63
Q

What is a flood relief channel?

A

Creating extra channels to divert excess water from city centres

64
Q

Give examples of soft engineering methods in rivers?

A

The level of flood plains is lowered and restored to grassland so they hold water overtime and release it slowly into the river

65
Q

What is the river channel restoration?

A

Rebuilding meanders to lengthen the river and slow water down. Removing hard engineering material and replacing with plans/ trees

Geography (3 decks)

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