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Geography > UK's Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

UK

A

> England: 84% of UK pop lives here, London.
Scotland: 8.3%, Edinburgh.
Wales: 4.8%, Cardiff.
Northern Ireland: 2.9%, Belfast.

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2
Q

Population Density

A

How many people per km^2, average number.

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3
Q

Population Distribution

A

Sparse or dense.

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4
Q

UKs population density, London.

A

> 268.6 peeps/km^2.

>London - 5500p/km^2.

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5
Q

Urban core, rural periphery

A

Birmingham, Yorkshire Dales.

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6
Q

Core Regions

A

An urban area with high economic activity. For example London creates 25% of UK GDP and has 13% of UK population.

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7
Q

UK Population Distribution

A

> Town’s and cities only make up 7% of UK area.
UK’s towns and cities drive the economy.
93% of the UK isn’t urban nor overcrowded.
Urban core - Birmingham.
Rural periphery - Yorkshire Dales.
Population density varies across the UK as in core regions there are more jobs and infastructure so more people.

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8
Q

UKs Urban Core Regions

A

> People migrate to big cities for work they then spend money on housing, goods and services - positive multiplier effect.
As multiplier effect develops it spreads beyond the city becoming centre of a core region, cities merge with towns into conurbations.
Coal fields were vital for early industries, brought in money for the UK economy.

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9
Q

Northern Powerhouse

A

A region that has the potential to drive the economy of northern England.

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10
Q

Conurbations

A

> Newcastle: 290,000: Tyneside: 1.7 million.
Manchester: 515,000: Greater Manchester: 2.5 million.
London: 8.6 million: Greater London London: 11 million.
Liverpool: 550,000: Merseyside: 1.4 million.

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11
Q

Strategies for Rural Peripheral Areas

A

> Regional Development Grants
EU Grants
Improvements to Transport
Enterprise Zones

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12
Q

Regional Development Grants

A

> More available over UK than enterprise zones.
Include grants and advice to help businesses start up.
Most targeted at peripheral areas, but funds are small and investors have to raise 5.5 times the amount of money of any government grant.

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13
Q

EU Grants

A

> Funds to help poorest regions of EU whose GDP is below 75% of EU average.
In 2015, only Cornwall and west and north Wales qualified.

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14
Q

Improvements to Transport

A

> Vital for rural regions.
Cornwall, north Wales, Scottish Highlands have no motorways.
Most transport investment is in England’s urban cores e.g. HS2 railway.
Cuts in government spending reduce spending on transport elsewhere.
Scotland’s government invested in a new Borders Railway between Edinburgh and Tweedbank, A9 dual-carriageway from Perth to Inverness, Forth Bridge is planned.

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15
Q

Enterprise Zones

A

> Places where government helps companies with start-up costs, reduced taxes on profits, access to super-fast broadband.
In 2015, there were 24 enterprise zones but most were in urban locations and all in England.
For example, Manchester City Airport, Tee Valley, Royal Docks, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

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16
Q

Cornwall

A

> Located by the sea in south-west of England.
Pull Factors: peaceful, aesthetics, coastline, climate (temp).
Push Factors: road and rail transport is slow, no motorways, county is 140km long.
There’s no large-enough towns to attract big employers.
Mainly seasonal jobs.
Low wages.

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17
Q

Challenges that Face Rural Cornwall

A

> Decline in its traditional primary economy: farming. Dairy cattle numbers have fallen 60% since 2000.
1960s, over 10,000 people employed in China clay quarrying. Now cheap clay overseas has reduced number of jobs to under 1000.
Tin is hard to mine so needs high global price to make it worth mining. In 1998, tin prices collapsed leading to closure of Cornwall’s last tin mine.
Only 38% of villages have doctors surgery, most open just one morning a week.
Main hospital is in Truro a 30 mile drive from some parts of Cornwall.
Young people have to travel over 30 miles for 6th form education.
Buses serve 70% of villages, but maybe only 3-4 a day.

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18
Q

New Opportunities in Rural Areas: Eden Project

A

> Designed on sustainable principles, it’s an education centre that runs courses about sustainable living, opened in 2001 - all year round tourist attraction.
13 million people have visited it, but visitor numbers are falling as few return.
Employed 700 people, generating 3000 jobs elsewhere.
Accommodation and meals generated an extra £1 billion to Cornish economy.
Sustainable aims have fallen short - 97% visitors arrive by car.
Though it does offer reduced admission for anyone arriving by public transport.

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19
Q

New Opportunities in Rural Areas: Lobb’s Farm

A

> Developed farm shop to sell their beef and lamb to the 200,000 people visiting Lost Garden of Heligan each year.
Sells meat, veg from farm and local Cornish products.
Craft and food fairs.
Financed using £200,000 grant funding from EU and UK government.
Created 12 full-time jobs and 8 part-time jobs.
Turnover in 2003 = £30,000, now = £700,000 per year.
£10 spent in farm sharp = £23 in local economy rather than £13 from supermarket.
Loses all income if it breaks down and it relies on Gardens of Heligan.

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20
Q

New Opportunities in Rural Areas: Accommodation

A

> Many farms now supplement their income with that from tourism.
Barn conversions, holiday cottages, camp sites, swimming pools + play areas attract families.
Economically beneficial as creates employment.
Attracts tourists to area, who put money into local economy.
Gives opportunities for local businesses to develop.
Increasing numbers of barn conversions led to a reduction in nesting places for birds such as swallows, and for owls.

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21
Q

CBD

A

> Central Business District.
Heart of urban area.
Often containing high % of shops and offices.

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22
Q

Inner Suburbs

A

> Housing found further from city centre than inner city housing.

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23
Q

Rural-Urban Fringe

A

> The area where a town/city meets the countryside.

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24
Q

Environmental Quality

A

> E.g. aesthetics - litter, greenery.

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25
Q

London’s Structure

A

> Has a CBD where you find businesses/offices/shops and this radiates out residential homes all the way to the rural-urban fringe.
As London’s economy (mainly knowledge) grows, it has created two CBDs: Canary Wharf, Londons ‘West End’.
Despite its density, still has a lot of parks.
Has UKs worst air quality.
Main inner suburbs of London = Kensington (one of most expensive areas to live) and Hackney (undergoing regeneration).
London’s Rural-Urban Fringe: area where city meets countryside.
Epping Forest is on its rural-urban fringe here there are bigger homes, better environmental quality, gardens.

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26
Q

Inner Suburbs

A

> London’s most varied parts.
1km west from London’s West End is Kensington - one of worlds most expensive suburbs.
1km east of the city is Hackney - area of old factories and newer flats which are replacing them.
Inner suburbs changing rapidly.
Environmental quality varies between areas that are run down but changing (Hackney) and smarter areas (Notting Hill).

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27
Q

London and Migration

A

> London = one of most diverse cities in the world.
Attracts migrants that are 21-35yrs so working age.
Internal migrants tend to be skilled uni graduates who take up jobs in knowledge economy.
Migrants from other countries (immigrants) also move and take up skilled jobs where there are job shortages.
Many migrate to get unskilled jobs.

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28
Q

Unskilled jobs

A

> No need to study for them.

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29
Q

Immigrants in London

A

> Many who come to London are from EU, India, Pakistan, West Africa.
Most seek cheap, rented accommodation initially.
Often clusters of particular ethnic communities develop to help defend against immigration and support ethnic shops, services and places of worship. This helps preserve distinctiveness (Notting Hill Carnival - cultural festivals.)
Economic necessity as some London companies appoint migrants with particular skills from overseas and unskilled workers are needed to do jobs that UK workers don’t want to do.

30
Q

Immigration in Newham

A

> Ethnicity: 1 of London’s most diverse boroughs - 30% white, 26% black Caribbean and African, 39% Asian.
Low-income area.
32% own house, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
38% of children live in poverty, putting pressure on social services.
Schools under pressure from high birth rate.

31
Q

Immigration in Lambeth

A

> Ethnicity: diverse, 38% born outside UK from 152 countries, 25% black, 55% white, 8% Asian.
Average income area.
44% own a property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing.
81% of children in schools are from an ethnic background, there are 140 languages spoken in Lambeth schools and English is the 2nd language for half of students.

32
Q

Immigration in Richmond-upon-Thames

A

> One of least diverse London boroughs: 85% white, 7% Asian. Though many residents born overseas - USA, EU.
Very high income - £41,000 - almost double UK average.
69% pwn a house, 16%rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
Less pressure on schools as there are fewer children.
Higher than average percentage of kids in care homes.

33
Q

Inequality

A

> When there’s a divide between the most and least economically developed.

34
Q

Deprivation

A

> A lack of wealth and services.

>It usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational qualifications.

35
Q

Index of Multiple Deprivation

A

> IMD.
Means of showing how deprived some areas are.
There’s a close link between deprivation and life expectancy.
Uses incomes, housing, health and services.
Measured low - high. Low is better,

36
Q

Inequalities in London

A

> Throughout areas of London there are inequalities.
London has highest wages in the country (7% higher than national average).
Countries richest million people and poorest million people are in the same city.
Richmond and Newham shows this.

37
Q

Newham vs Richmond

A

> Low incomes in Newham so there are more kids on free school meals.
Average household incomes in Richmond are twice as great as in Newham.
Percentage of adults educated to degree level is 64% in Richmond so they can get higher paid jobs compared to Newham’s 26%.
Health care is worse in Newham with infant mortality rate at 5.5 per 1000 births sompared to 2.75 in Richmond.
Especially those with limiting long term illnesses which limits people’s ability to work. 12.3% vs 7.6%.
IMD: Newham is most deprived (40+), Richmond is less deprived (19 and under).

38
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

> Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries leading to unemployment.

39
Q

Depopulation

A

> Decline in total population of an area.

40
Q

Decline and Deindustrialisation of London

A

> 1980s - parts of London faced decline in industry due to the closure of the London Docks.
Industries reliant on the port moved (flour mill).
Nearby industries closed (Lee Valley one of London’s biggest manufacturing areas.)
By 2001, 7.5% of people worked in manufacturing compared to 30% in 1971.
Area suffered depopulation as people left in search for work.
Between 1917 and 1981, inner London boroughs lost over 500,000 people (16% of its population.)

41
Q

The Closure of London’s Docks

A

> Goods delivered faster by air, it was badly damaged by war, new container ships were larger so ports moved downstream where water was deeper.
London Docks closed in 1981.
It’s closure meant city can’t make money and it became run down - negative multiplier effect.

42
Q

Suburbanisation

A

> Where people leave the inner city for house in the outer suburbs.

43
Q

Suburbanisation in London

A

> London lost 1.5 million people between 1951 and 1981.
London’s underground opened in 1863 and by 1930 the network was established. This meant suburban office workers could get into the city in 30 minutes.
The electrification of surface rail in the 1920s made travel beyond London faster. Guildford - 50km away - took 30 minutes.
As people moved to the suburbs people spent money there too.
Therefore, shopping habits changed.

44
Q

Decentralisation

A

> The shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD. Central Business District.

45
Q

Effects Of Suburbanisation

A

> Due to suburbanisation, shopping habits changed and this caused decentralisation.
People began to shop by car not train.
Out of town shopping centres (e.g. Croydon’s Whitgift Centre).
Retail parks (e.g. Kew Retail Park on London’s South Circular Road).
Business parks (e.g. Stockley Park near London’s Heathrow Airport and near M4 and M25.

46
Q

Expansion and Regeneration

A

> Since 1991, the amount of people leaving London reversed causing re-urbanisation.
So space was needed to create new homes.
London has many brownfield sites.
London has become a sprawling city, invading the rural-urban fringe.
To limit growth, the greenbelt was introduced to protect countryside.
London lost 1.5 million people between 1951 and 1981 yet still managed to grow.

47
Q

Brownfield Site

A

> An area that has previously been built on but can now be redeveloped or regenerated.
Former industrial area that has been developed before.

48
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

> Although people moved out of London, it was often to the Home Counties where the population rose. Therefore the boundary between the city and countryside became more blurred.

49
Q

Re-urbanisation

A

> Where a city grows.

>This has taken place in London since 1991 due to space, investment, gentrification and studentification.

50
Q

Causes of re-urbanisation in London

A 
>SPACE= Closure of London's docks and industries has created more space for redevelopment. New housing and offices were built on brownfield sites around the docks.
>INVESTMENT= Large TNCs created jobs in financial and business services in London's docklands. 100,000 people work in Canary Wharf and HSBC has its' global headquarters there.
>GENTRIFICATION = Where London is occupied and renewed by middle classes enjoying the lifestyle London has to offer (theatres, bars). High-income workers prefer to live closer to work than commute.
>STUDENTIFICATION = Universities bring employment and student spending regenerates the pubs, shops and buy-to-let market. University expansion caused by demand from overseas students. In East London, Queen Mary Uni has increased numbers since 2010.
51
Q

Regeneration

A

> Redeveloping former industrial areas of housing to improve them.
For example, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park was a largely derelict and industrial area before the games.

52
Q

Rebranding

A

> A change of image.

53
Q

Advantages of Rebranding

A

> Areas which were once run-down are now more desirable.
It has caused gentrification of some of London’s poorest areas.
Environmental areas are improved.
New transport links to make east London very accessible. Bus routes have been expnaded and run 24hrs a dayand tube and rail links have been extended, 24hrs/day.
Land that was once derelict now changed to housing, offices and hotels.

54
Q

Disadvantages of Rebranding

A

> Little open space has been created.
Pressure on housing means more spaced used for housing.
It causes an increase in London’s population density.
London’s housing is among the world’s most expensive as:
-population growth is faster than the rate at which houses are being built.
-overseas investors by London property but leave it vacant reducing housing stock.

55
Q

Rebranding - Changing Environmental Quality

A

> Some of London’s poorest areas have been gentrified and environmental quality has improved due to regeneration, e.g. the New Olympic Park.
Little open space has been created.
Inner London has many long-established parks, e.g. Victoria Park in Hackney. But recent Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park was the first major one in 150 years.
Pressure on housing means space is used for housing not parks and London’s population density is increasing.

56
Q

Rebranding - Economic Opportunities

A

> In 2015, London’s economy was as large as Sweden’s.
Growing economy creates jobs and attracts people.
Estimated that London’s economy will create 35,000 jobs every year until 2036.
Demand for housing and offices means London’s construction industry is booming.
City creates own multiplier effect.
It’s expensive - companies pay more to work in London so price of restaurant meals and coffees rises.
£39,000 is required annual salary for suggested lifestyle in London, however, thousands of people don’t earn this.

57
Q

Creating a Sustainable City - London

A

> Challenges facing London:

  1. Transport
  2. Recycling
  3. Employment
  4. Energy Efficient Housing
  5. Green Spaces
  6. Affordable Housing
58
Q

Energy Efficient Housing

A

> BedZD is a development in Beddington, London.
Sustainable community, trying to reduce eco-footprint.
BedZD homes use 81% less energy, 45% less electricity, 58% less water.
They recycle 60% of their waste.

59
Q

Employment

A

> Companies encourage people to work at home 1-2 days a week.
The number of people working at home rose from 4.3% to 8.6% in 2012 - 1 in 12.
Felxible working hours have become more common which means travel is cheaper as outside rush hour.
Limits - can’t apply to coffee shop worker.

60
Q

Recycling

A

> By 2020, London aims to reduce household waste by 10%.
By reusing waste, providing accessible recycling and composting services, putting recycling bins all over the city and developing waste-burning power stations.
1/3 of fuel used in the Energy Center in the Olympic Park is household waste, which heats water to generate energy for the whole park.

61
Q

Affordable Housing

A

> East Village in Stratford is 50% affordable housing.
However, the qualifying salary is £60,000 so minimum wage workers are squeezed out.
FIRST STEPS help low-income Londoners to but, by offering shared ownership.
However, it is still expensive. In Kings Park, Harold Wood, Essex it’s £400,000 for a 3-bed property so £1300 a month.

62
Q

Green Space

A

> Essential for quality of life.
Some think housing demand can only be met by building on greenfield land.
Loss of rural scenery.
Loss of farmland since 1945 = 750,000.
This has been lost to development and is bigger than London, Berkshire, Hertfordshire and Oxfordshire combined.

63
Q

Transport

A

> Congestion charge in 2003 caused a 6% increase in bus passengers and its’ income is invested in London’s transport (£12 billion in 10 years).
Since 2012, hybrid buses have been used, these are cleaner and more fuel efficient.
Electrical charging points - ‘Source London’ are building 4500 charging points in London by 2018 (more than the number of petrol stations).

64
Q

Terling, Essex

A 
>English village near Chelmsford, Essex.
>Shops fighting for survival.
>Bus only runs twice a week.
>Doctors surgery only open for 5 hours a week.
>Very accessible.
>Expensive.
>It's a dormitory village.
65
Q

Dormitory Village

A

> Places where people sleep, but are away during the day.

66
Q

Rural-urban Fringe

A

> Area where town/city meets countryside.

67
Q

Terling, Essex - accessibility

A

> 5 minute drive from A12, which lnks London and Colchester.
Chelmsford is 7 miles away (its supermarkets, shops and services mean there’s a reduction in Terling’s.)
Terling depends on Chelmsford for goodsd, services and work.
Railway station at Hatfield Peveral is a 5 minute drive away, train from there to London takes 45 minutes.
There’s 650,000 commuters to London from places like Terling everyday.
It’s very expensive due to it’s accessibility.
Counter-urbanisation to towns/villages on rural fringe has been continuous. Chelmsford’s population in 1971 = 58,000 and in 2011 = 168,000.
Works well as travel + housing is cheaper.

68
Q

Met Office Relocation

A

> In 2003, the Met Office relocated its’ offices from outside London to the edge of Exeter in East Devon.
Local council estimates the move brought an extra $74 million annually to east Devon and has had a huge multiplier effect on the region.
More jobs.
170 miles from central London.

69
Q

Why did the Met move to Exeter?

A

> Cost are cheaper - office rental is £9 per squarefoot vs £90 in central London
Very accessible. Met offices are 3km from Exeter Airport with daily flights to London, northern UK cities and Europe.
42 train services to London daily - fastest one is 2 hours.
Met Offices is 0.5km from M5 Junction 29.

70
Q

Problems for Devon from the Met move

A

> In 2014, Devon gained 5000 migrants from other parts of the UK.
Increasing population means more housing is needed.
2/3 of East Devon is ‘AONB’ so hard to get planning permission.
Demand for housing means prices rise.
Average income in East Devon (£360 a week, 2015) are 10% below UK average yet housing is only 3% cheaper.
Jurassic Coast, Dartmoor National Park.
15 million day trips each year puts pressure on roads and environmentally sensitive areas.

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