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Uk Geographical Issues > UK's Cities > Flashcards

UK's Cities Flashcards

1
Q

What are two contrasting areas in London?

A

Newham
Richmond-upon-Thames

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2
Q

What is Newham like?

A
  • In East London, one of the most deprived areas
  • Much lower incomes, so there’s a higher percentage of children on free school meals
  • Health worse in Newham, especially of people with a long-term limiting illness
  • High percentage of 19year olds without qualifications, however the percentage of students getting 5 grade 4’s or higher in GCSES is nearly equal to Richmond
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3
Q

What is Richmond like?

A
  • In South-West London, one of the wealthiest areas
  • Much higher incomes
  • High percentage of 19 year olds with no qualifications
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4
Q

Why did London’s docks decline?

A
  • The use of containers for transporting goods by sea
  • New container ships were larger, so ports moved downstream where water was deeper
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5
Q

What was the impact of the docks closing?

A
  • Industries that relied on the port moved elsewhere or closed- deindustrialisation
  • Had a massive impact on populations, and some parts of East London had unemployment rates of over 60%. The area suffered depopulation as people left in search of work
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6
Q

How did suburbanisation become possible in London?

A
  • London’s underground opened in 1863, and by 1930, it had an established network- suburban workers could be in the city in 30 minutes
  • The electrification of surface rail in the 1920s made travel quicker
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7
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

Shifting the balance of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD

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8
Q

What did decentralisation lead to the growth of?

A
  • Out of town shopping centres
  • Retail parks, built away from suburban shopping centres, but close to major roads
  • Business parks, which are areas for employment
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9
Q

Why is reurbanisation happening in London?

A

Space
- The closure of London’s docks and industries created space for regeneration.
- New housing and offices have been developed on former industrial areas

Investment by TNCs
- This creates jobs in financial and business services

Gentrification
- From high-income workers preferring to live closer to work than to commute

Studentification
- University expansion has been caused by demand from overseas students
- Universities bring employment and student spending can regenerate local services

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10
Q

What are London’s main problems?

A

Transport
Employment
Affordable housing
Energy-efficient housing
Green spaces
Recycling

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11
Q

How is transport being tackled?

A
  • London introduced a congestion charge in 2003, which resulted in a 6% increase in bus passengers
  • Since 2012, all new London buses have been hybrid, making buses cleaner and more fuel efficient
  • ‘Source London’ provides the UK’s first city-wide electrical vehicle charging network, with over 2500 charging points
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12
Q

How are employment issues being tackled?

A
  • Many companies and organisations are encouraging people to work at home for 1-2 days a week
  • Flexible working hours are more common, helping people to travel more cheaply outside of rush hours
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13
Q

How is affordable housing being tackled?

A
  • The East Village in Stratford has affordable housing, but the qualifying salary is £60,000, meaning workers on minimum wage might lose out on these houses to workers who earn a lot more
  • FIRST STEPS is a programme organised by the London Mayor to help low income Londoners buy property, by offering shared ownership. You buy a certain percentage of a property, and rent the remainder
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14
Q

How is energy efficient housing being tackled?

A
  • BedZED is a sustainable community in Sutton, South London that promotes energy conservation. There are nearly 100 houses and apartments, as well as offices and workplaces.

-Their homes use 81% less energy for heating, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than an average British home

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15
Q

How are green spaces a problem in London?

A

Green spaces are essential, for a good quality of life, but some think housing demands can only be met by building on greenfield land, which causes:

  • Loss of farmland
  • Loss of rural scenery
  • London’s ‘green belt’ might not survive
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16
Q

How is the problem of recycling being tackled?

A

London aims to reduce household waste by 10% by:

  • Reusing waste
  • Providing accessible recycling and composting services
  • Providing recycling bins over London
  • Developing waste burning power stations
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17
Q

What happened in East Devon in 2003?

A
  • The MET offices moved from its offices outside London to the edge of Exeter in East Devon
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18
Q

Why did the MET office move to East Devon?

A
  • Land costs are cheaper
  • Very accessible
  • Their offices are 3km away from Exeter airport, with daily flights to London
  • There are 42 train services daily to London
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19
Q

What pressures did the MET office move put on Devon?

A

Population Change
Pressure on housing
Pressure on leisure and recreating

20
Q

Describe population change in Devon?

A
  • In 2014, it gained 5000 migranrs from other parts of the UK
  • 40% of arrivals go to East Devon
21
Q

What are Devon’s housing problems?

A
  • Two thirds of East Devon are classified as AONB (Areas of outstanding natural beauty). Demand for housing her pushes up prices, but it is hard to increase supply as its difficult to get planning permission because of it’s impact on the scenery
  • Average incomes in Devon are 10% below the UK national average
22
Q

How is pressure put on Devon’s recreation and leisure?

A
  • Accessbility of Devon’s leisure attractions bring huge numbers of visitors, with the majority of visits being day trips. This puts pressure on roads and environmentally delicate areas
23
Q

What tourist attractions does Devon have?

A
  • Coastline around Exmouth and Sidmouth
  • World Heritage Jurassic Coast
  • Dartmoor National Park
24
Q

What is Cornwall like?

A
  • To the West of Devon
  • Known for Poldark, pasties, clotted cream and seafood
  • About 540,000 people live there
  • 4 million tourists visit every August
  • Alongside Devon, its the UK’s most popular summer destination
25
Q

What are the problems Cornwall faces?

A
  • It’s a long county, so road and rail transport is slow. There’s no motorway, and trains take a long time.
  • There are no large population centres- towns are too small to attract large employees
  • There’s no knowledge economy that could raise incomes- Cornwall has the UK’s lowest weekly wage
  • Much of the employment is seasonal, part-time and low-wage
26
Q

What was Cornwall’s traditional primary sector like?

A

Farming
Fishing
China clay quarrying
Tin mining

27
Q

What is farming like in Cornwall?

A
  • The number of dairy cattle has fallen by 60% since 2000
  • Falling milk prices have caused many farmers to give up dairying
28
Q

What is fishing like in Cornwall?

A
  • Fishing has suffered serious decline
  • This is caused by overfishing of the UK’s fish stocks by EU and UK fishing boats
29
Q

What is china clay quarrying like in Cornwall?

A
  • The St. Austell areas has some of the world’s best china clay
  • The quarries are owned by Imerys, a French TNC, and in the 1960’s, over 10,000 people were employed there
  • Now, cheaper clay overseas has reduced the number of jobs to 1000
30
Q

What is tin mining like in Cornwall?

A
  • Tin is hard to mine and needs a high global price to make it worthwhile
  • The collapse of tin prices led to the closure of Cornwall’s last mine in 1998
31
Q

What are services like in Cornwall?

A
  • Only 38% of villages have a doctor’s surgery, and most of these only open one morning a week
  • Buses serve 70% of villages, but there may only be 3 or 4 a day
  • The main hospital in Truro provides a wide range of treatments but for many, it’s 30 miles away
  • Young people sometimes have to travel over 30 miles for sixth-form education or training, and travel costs are high
32
Q

What happened in the Eden Project’s first ten years?

A
  • 13 million people visited
  • Visitor spending on accommodation and meals provided and extra £1 billion to the Cornish economy
  • It employed 700 people, and generated 3000 jobs elsewhere
33
Q

What are the Eden Project’s problems?

A
  • It’s sustainable aims have fallen short, as 97% of visitors arrive by car
  • Visitor numbers are falling, and after going once, many don’t return
34
Q

What is the Eden Project and what does it include?

A
  • Landscape of plastic domes called ‘biomes’ that contain plant displays from rainforests and Mediterranean regions
  • Opened in 2001 as a year-round visitor attraction
  • Education centre runs courses on sustainable living
  • Also has a zipwire, winter ice-skating, summer outdoor concerts and art projects
35
Q

What is diversification in terms of farms?

A

Finding a wider range of activities to allow a farm to survive

36
Q

What are 2 diversification ideas for farms?

A

Farm shops
Tourist accomodation

37
Q

What’s an example of a farm shop, and why was it created?

A
  • Lobb’s farm shop
  • The Lobb family in South Cornwall developed a farm shop to sell their beef and lamb to the 200,000 people who visit the nearby Lost Gardens of Heligan each year
  • It was created as until 2003, the family were earning just £30,000 from their 800 acres, and this money had to be shared between 3 families
38
Q

How was Lobb’s farm shop financed?

A
  • Using £200,000 grant funding from the EU and UK government
39
Q

What does Lobb’s farm shop sell and was it successful?

A
  • It sells meat and vegetables produced on the farm, and local products such as Cornish wine and cheese
  • The shop also includes a visitor centre with information about welfare and environmental farming as well as holding craft and food fairs
  • It has created 12 full-time jobs and 8 part-time, and most are year-round.
  • Its turnover is now over £700,000 each year
40
Q

How can farms benefit from tourism?

A
  • Barn conversions, turning farm buildings into holiday cottages
  • Camp sites
  • Some create leisure complexes including log cabins, health spas, swimming pools and play areas in order to encourage families
41
Q

What are the pros and cons of farms benefitting from tourism?

A
  • Economically beneficial for farms
  • However, the increasing number of barn conversions has led to a reduction in nesting places for birds
42
Q

How are London and rural areas interdependent?

A

GOODS
- London relies on rural areas for the supply of food
- People living in rural areas visit London for shops

SERVICES
- People from London use rural areas for leisure
- London has a wider range of hospitals and specialist services

LABOUR
- Many people travel to London each day for work
- People in their 20s move to London for work

43
Q

What are the costs of rural-urban independency?

A
  • Villages become dormitory settlements with no-one there in the day; shops may close due to the lack of custom
  • Increase in house prices due to demand
  • Commuters use shops in London instead of rural shops, reducing their income
  • New housing built on Greenfield sites destroys habitats
  • Increased traffic leads to air pollution and congestion
  • Overcrowding of recreation areas
44
Q

What are the benefits of rural-urban interdependency?

A
  • Increase in population sustains services such as schools and health centres
  • London provides jobs
  • Rural areas provide additional housing for workers
  • Farmers can gain income from selling land or buildings for conversion
  • People with higher incomes boost the economy
  • London doesn’t have enough workers
44
Q

What is the difference between site and situation?

A
  • Site is the exact location of a city, and describes the land its built on- factors such as relief, water supply, soil
  • Situation of a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural, such as rivers and communications

Uk Geographical Issues (10 decks)

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