The UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Where are the most densely populated areas in the Uk and why?
- Major cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow
- People migrate to these places for work and spend money there (leading to multiplier effect)
- As the multiplier effect develops, it spreads beyond the city, and cities can merge with towns into conurbations, which then begin to influence a wider area
What does the rural periphery consist of?
- Low population density
- Older populations
- Lower incomes
- High transport costs
- Out-migration of young people
What problems are faced by peripheral areas?
- They don’t receive the same levels of investment that affluent urban core regions receive
How does the government try and make periphery areas more attractive to companies?
- Enterprise zones
- EU grants
- Improvements to transport
- Education and training scholarships
How do enterprise zones make an area more attractive?
- These are places where the government offers businesses help with start-up costs, reduced taxes on profits and access to super-fast broadband
What are EU grants?
- The EU provided millions of pounds in grants to rural areas, to reduce inequality between rural and urban areas
- This includes agricultural grants for farms, and tourism grants to develop attractions
How do improvements to transport make peripheries more attractive?
- Vital for rural regions
- Public transport is important for people to travel to work, to access services, or to stop old people from being isolated
- The government is investing in new bus links, as they’re easy and cheap
What is net immigration like in the Uk?
- In 2014, 600,000 immigrants arrived to live in the Uk
Why is the Uk’s birth rate high?
- More women in their twenties choosing to have children earlier
- More women at older ages choosing to have children who had previously postponed having them for career reasons
- Increasing numbers of overseas-born women who often have higher fertility rates
What are the pros and cons of enterprise zones?
PROS
- New job opportunities for locals, including construction of the park and working in businesses
- Attracts high-earning scientist, who can afford to live in rural areas
CONS:
- Rural land lost to built offices, which destroys habitats for wildlife
- Not all businesses can relocate to rural areas
What are the pros and cons of EU grants for rural regions?
PROS:
- Tourism provides job opportunities and local businesses can profit too
- Keeping Briths farms running will provide good produce without importing food into the Uk
CONS:
- Grants can be difficult to apply for and receive, so some of the smallest businesses can’t benefit
What are the pros and cons of transport links?
PROS
- Public transport stops isolation in communities
- Buses are cheaper than constructing train lines
CONS:
- The government can’t afford buses between every house, so some people will still be isolated
What are education and training scholarships?
- Rural workers and families can be offered scholarships and bursaries to come to university
- This enables them to train for other jobs beside agriculture, so rural poverty can decrease as more people are able to get high paying jobs
What are the pros and cons of education and training scholarships?
PROS
- It enables families that wouldn’t otherwise think they can go to University
CONS:
- Young people from rural families may wish to leave and live permanently in the city, which wouldn’t benefit rural areas
- If more young people leave rural regions, there’ll be fewer people of working age to fill jobs
Why has the Uk death rate decreased?
Advancements in medicine
- Many diseases have been eradicated and healthcare has improved
- Vaccination programmes in schools
- Technological advancements have led to cancer treatments and stem cell research
Clean water and sanitation
- 96% of Uk households are connected to the main sewerage system
- 100% have access to clean water
Why has there been an increase in inward international immigration in the Uk?
- Political alliances, especially with Commonwealth countries
- The cost of long-distance travel has reduced
- Lots of employment opportunities for migrants in the Uk
What has immigration historically been like in the Uk?
- Immigrants from the 1950s were from countries with strong political connections with the Uk
- From the 1950s, there was a peak in Caribbean immigrants during the Windrush era
- Most recently, there is a large amount of Eastern-European immigrants, such as those from Poland
What immigration happened in the 1960s?
- Inward international migration from Pakistan and India
- Commonwealth act of 1962 encouraged economic migration
What immigration happened in the 1970s?
- Inward international migration from Vietnam, Bangladesh and Chile (following a military coup)
What immigration happened in the 1980’s?
- Economic recession causes unemployment and deindustrialisation, which puts off migrants interested in better employment opportunities
- Inward international migration from China, Sudan, Sri Lanka and Somalia
What immigration happened in the 1990s?
- Growth in the Uk population mainly due to net migration
- Conflict in The Congo, Balkans, Kosovo and Yemen encourages immigration to the Uk- as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union
- The NHS begins recruiting overseas, trying to use migrants to fill their skill gaps
What immigration happened in the 2000s?
- EU freedom of movment increased migrants from the Uk due to reduced limitations
- Expansion of the EU to include previously soviet states increase immigrants to Uk
What immigration happened in the 2010s?
- Conflict in Syria pushes asylum seekers into Uk
- Brexit causes uncertainty for migrants, slowing the rate of immigration to the Uk
What are the advantages of multicultural cities?
- Skilled migrants can fill gaps in the economy and services, so everyone can have access to doctors and dentists etc.
- Multicultural events such as Chinese New Year, Notting Hill carnival and Eid are becoming very popular in some cities, bringing extra revenue and increasing tourism
- New foods introduced, making the restaurant market more diverse and encourages people from a young age to learn more about other cultures
