The UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Where are the most densely populated areas in the Uk and why?
- Major cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow
- People migrate to these places for work and spend money there (leading to multiplier effect)
- As the multiplier effect develops, it spreads beyond the city, and cities can merge with towns into conurbations, which then begin to influence a wider area
What does the rural periphery consist of?
- Low population density
- Older populations
- Lower incomes
- High transport costs
- Out-migration of young people
What problems are faced by peripheral areas?
- They don’t receive the same levels of investment that affluent urban core regions receive
How does the government try and make periphery areas more attractive to companies?
- Enterprise zones
- EU grants
- Improvements to transport
- Education and training scholarships
How do enterprise zones make an area more attractive?
- These are places where the government offers businesses help with start-up costs, reduced taxes on profits and access to super-fast broadband
What are EU grants?
- The EU provided millions of pounds in grants to rural areas, to reduce inequality between rural and urban areas
- This includes agricultural grants for farms, and tourism grants to develop attractions
How do improvements to transport make peripheries more attractive?
- Vital for rural regions
- Public transport is important for people to travel to work, to access services, or to stop old people from being isolated
- The government is investing in new bus links, as they’re easy and cheap
What is net immigration like in the Uk?
- In 2014, 600,000 immigrants arrived to live in the Uk
Why is the Uk’s birth rate high?
- More women in their twenties choosing to have children earlier
- More women at older ages choosing to have children who had previously postponed having them for career reasons
- Increasing numbers of overseas-born women who often have higher fertility rates
What are the pros and cons of enterprise zones?
PROS
- New job opportunities for locals, including construction of the park and working in businesses
- Attracts high-earning scientist, who can afford to live in rural areas
CONS:
- Rural land lost to built offices, which destroys habitats for wildlife
- Not all businesses can relocate to rural areas
What are the pros and cons of EU grants for rural regions?
PROS:
- Tourism provides job opportunities and local businesses can profit too
- Keeping Briths farms running will provide good produce without importing food into the Uk
CONS:
- Grants can be difficult to apply for and receive, so some of the smallest businesses can’t benefit
What are the pros and cons of transport links?
PROS
- Public transport stops isolation in communities
- Buses are cheaper than constructing train lines
CONS:
- The government can’t afford buses between every house, so some people will still be isolated
What are education and training scholarships?
- Rural workers and families can be offered scholarships and bursaries to come to university
- This enables them to train for other jobs beside agriculture, so rural poverty can decrease as more people are able to get high paying jobs
What are the pros and cons of education and training scholarships?
PROS
- It enables families that wouldn’t otherwise think they can go to University
CONS:
- Young people from rural families may wish to leave and live permanently in the city, which wouldn’t benefit rural areas
- If more young people leave rural regions, there’ll be fewer people of working age to fill jobs
Why has the Uk death rate decreased?
Advancements in medicine
- Many diseases have been eradicated and healthcare has improved
- Vaccination programmes in schools
- Technological advancements have led to cancer treatments and stem cell research
Clean water and sanitation
- 96% of Uk households are connected to the main sewerage system
- 100% have access to clean water
Why has there been an increase in inward international immigration in the Uk?
- Political alliances, especially with Commonwealth countries
- The cost of long-distance travel has reduced
- Lots of employment opportunities for migrants in the Uk
What has immigration historically been like in the Uk?
- Immigrants from the 1950s were from countries with strong political connections with the Uk
- From the 1950s, there was a peak in Caribbean immigrants during the Windrush era
- Most recently, there is a large amount of Eastern-European immigrants, such as those from Poland
What immigration happened in the 1960s?
- Inward international migration from Pakistan and India
- Commonwealth act of 1962 encouraged economic migration
What immigration happened in the 1970s?
- Inward international migration from Vietnam, Bangladesh and Chile (following a military coup)
What immigration happened in the 1980’s?
- Economic recession causes unemployment and deindustrialisation, which puts off migrants interested in better employment opportunities
- Inward international migration from China, Sudan, Sri Lanka and Somalia
What immigration happened in the 1990s?
- Growth in the Uk population mainly due to net migration
- Conflict in The Congo, Balkans, Kosovo and Yemen encourages immigration to the Uk- as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union
- The NHS begins recruiting overseas, trying to use migrants to fill their skill gaps
What immigration happened in the 2000s?
- EU freedom of movment increased migrants from the Uk due to reduced limitations
- Expansion of the EU to include previously soviet states increase immigrants to Uk
What immigration happened in the 2010s?
- Conflict in Syria pushes asylum seekers into Uk
- Brexit causes uncertainty for migrants, slowing the rate of immigration to the Uk
What are the advantages of multicultural cities?
- Skilled migrants can fill gaps in the economy and services, so everyone can have access to doctors and dentists etc.
- Multicultural events such as Chinese New Year, Notting Hill carnival and Eid are becoming very popular in some cities, bringing extra revenue and increasing tourism
- New foods introduced, making the restaurant market more diverse and encourages people from a young age to learn more about other cultures
What are the disadvantages of multicultural cities?
- Some people worry that more people moving into cities will make job opportunities more rare, so unemployment might rise
- Some ethnic groups are targeted for attacks and hate crimes
- In some cities, ethnic groups remain segregated, so culture isn’t shared and hostilities can rise
What are examples of primary industries?
Fishing
Farming
Mining
What are the pros and cons of the primary industries?
PROS
- These jobs require little training and the skills tend to be passed down through families
- Some primary industries can be established at a low cost
CONS
- The work tends to be high labour which can lead to injuries, ageing more quickly and a shorter life expectancy
- Many jobs have unreliable pay, with little job security and no paid time off
What are the examples of secondary industry jobs?
Cotton weavers
Technology production
Car production
What are the pros and cons of the secondary industry?
PROS
- These jobs provide a reliable income throughout the year
- Production jobs require little training, so the poorest families can work to earn a living
CONS
- Factory lines can be boring and repetitive work, with little opportunities to progress in your career
- Some factories exploit workers
What are examples of tertiary jobs?
Teachers
Healthcare
Restaurants
What are the pros and cons of the tertiary sector?
PROS
- Reliable jobs, and as the population grows the greater the demand there is for this industry, so job opportunities increase
- Some provide good salaries as employees are well trained and knowledgeable
CONS
- Tertiary services provided by the government are under increasing pressure, as funding is being cut in schools and hospitals
- They rely on goods and resources to provide their services- so they rely on primary and secondary workers
What are some jobs in the quaternary sector?
Finance and Banking
IT support
Inventing new products
What are the pros and cons of the quaternary sector?
PROS
- Jobs in this sector have the highest wages
- Currently a large demand for quaternary workers, so there’s a low unemployment rate for workers with these skills
CONS
- Quaternary work is office based, which can lead to high stress, long hours and limited outdoor time
- Health problems can develop from office work- poor eyesight, back and posture problems, overweight from limited exercise
Why does the UK being globalised make it attractive to TNCs?
- The Uk has an open immigration policy
- Uk cities are reputable and have good transport links
- Until recently, the Uk was part of the EU
Why does the Uk having an open immigration policy make it attractive to TNCs?
- It means there is a good supply of workers, which TNCs need for things like production and manufacturing
- They may also want highly skilled workers for research and management
Why did the Uk being part of the EU make it attractive to TNCs?
- The EU is a trade bloc
- This meant that the UK had free trade between other EU countries without any trade tariffs (charges and taxes applied to imported goods)
- This was good for TNCs because easy trade meant they had a large customer marker to sell their product to
What are examples of FDI in the UK?
- Investors may buy high end property in Uk cities, which they may use when they travel to the UK, or they rent it out for profit. This increases house prices but provides opportunities for construction
- A foreign company may buy a British business if they’re struggling to develop. This investment will keep British jobs safe and give the manager the opportunity to invest and develop without getting any loans
What is privatisation?
Essential services that are taken over by a private company from the government
What are the advantages of privatisation?
- The government can focus on other responsibilities, such as improving poverty and international policies
- Since the company will make a profit, it is able to afford to reinvest and continually improve the service
What are the disadvantages of privatisation?
- Some people think its unethical to make a profit from an essential service
- Often, services don’t improve after privatisation
What are some UK services that have been privatised?
- Railways are owned by different private organisations, which each control a region in the UK
- Rubbish bins are taken each week by a private company
- Water is provided by United Utilities
- Electricity is provided by the national grid, but is generated by a series of companies- Eon, EDF, Scottish Power
