UK Politics - Political Parties Flashcards

1
Q

What is the UK’s current political system?

A
  • REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY - since the British civil war it has developed into a party system. This is where the electorate have a wide range of parties to choose from, often from those ranging from left to right
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2
Q

Features of the Left wing

A
  • higher taxes on the wealthy - they should pay a higher share which is then redistributed through society
  • gov spending on public services - high spending on society funded by taxation - eliminates forms of inequality
  • law and order - emphasis on reforming criminals through rehabilitation - encourages social justice
  • welfare benefits - extensive welfare provision - belief in minimum wage and strong trade unions
  • foreign policy - embraces multiculturalism and so supports alternative lifestyles. Internationalism and cooperation, and a belief that developed countries have a responsibility to provide for less wealthy countries
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3
Q

What is adversary politics (with example)?

A
  • denote a period where there are vast ideological differences between the two main parties e.g. corbyn era from 2015-2020 as he pursued socialist policies that placed labour in direct conflict with conservatives e.g. re-introduce the 50p tax rate on the highest earners
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4
Q

What is consensus politics (with example)?

A
  • when different parties policies are ideologically similar or resonate with eachother e.g. Blair’s government adopted traditionally conservative principles such as free markets or low taxation
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5
Q

What are the features of political parties in the UK?

A
  • help to provide representation for the electorate
  • must have an effective leader
  • present and formulate policies in their manifesto
  • fairly select suitable candidates to present the electorate
  • seek to gain public approval
  • gaining power must be their ultimate goal
  • high levels of organisation
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6
Q

Offering representation to the electorate:

A
  • plan a key representative function to ensure that everyone who is eligible to vote can, because there is enough representation being offered across parties
  • ensures every party is being heard

In 2024 general election however the YouGov opinion poll revealed a spike in distrust towards politicians with 43% of those asked saying they had a ‘fairly negative’ view of those in government.

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7
Q

Presenting and formulating policy that is attractive to the electorate?

A
  • Parties must come up with a manifesto that details and outlines their policies and stances on all areas of society
  • if the part becomes successful at election, they can use this as a mandate to implement policies
  • in labour a national policy forum consults with party members over the development of policy
  • in conservative the manifesto is drawn up by senior members

e.g. conservative manifesto 2024 - cut tax for workers by taking 2p off national insurance

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8
Q

Recruiting and maintaining an effective leader:

A
  • parties are mechanisms by which politicians enter politics, gain experience, become MP’s, be a part of government and become leaders of government departments

E.g. 2022 Liz trust received 57% of party membership votes to beat rishi sunak

E.g. 2020 labour results - Keir starmer 56%

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9
Q

Providing suitable candidates to present the electorate:

A
  • must be a member of the party and then go through national selection to be an approved candidate
  • candidates who are less controversial and align more with public opinion can claim them an electoral mandate and therefore a seat for their constituency and party in the HOC
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10
Q

They must campaign to get public approval:

A
  • campaigning through providing leaflets, canvass voters on doorsteps, organising political events
  • they invigorate democracy by campaigning on local issues, the electorates must understand choice between various candidates
  • candidates must understand the importance of social media and the effect online portrayal and promotion can have on votes
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11
Q

Gaining power must be their goal:

A

To be elected into No.10 should be each parties main goal

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12
Q

How are parties funded elsewhere and in the UK?

A
  • in some countries like Australia, the state will fund political parties
  • in the UK, parties tend to rely heavily on private funding from organisations or individuals
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13
Q

What are examples of methods of state funding used in the UK

A
  • policy development grants allocate £2 million to all main parties so they can employ policy advisors
  • short money - named after labours ted short in 1974, money is provided to opposition parties based on the seats they have
  • leader of opposition is funded around £800,000 for running their office to provide a suitable and credible opposition
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14
Q

How have the ‘political parties and referendums act (2000) improved regulations on party donations?

A
  • an independent electoral commission was established to record and make public how political parties are funded
  • the amount a political party can spend in a constituency during an election is limited to £30000
  • parties must register donations over £7500 and not accept donations from non-UK citizens
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15
Q

2019 general election donations:

A
  • 63% of all donations went to the Conservative Party
  • 93% of donations to labour came from trade unions suggesting they are too closely associated with Trade Union interest
  • labour only received a 17.5 share of donations
  • the brexit party received 13.5% of all donations (4.150,000)
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16
Q

How do political parties hinder a representative democracy?

A
  • political parties reduce voter choice as they require voters to associate themselves with the manifesto even though it may not fully represent their views
  • freedom action of MP’s is reduced as despite them having a personal mandate, as the party whips expect them to support the programme of their party - Disraeli said ‘damn your principles. Stick it to your party’
  • the ‘spirit of faction’ created by parties has been criticised for creating a negative approach. Political parties often focus of differences so fail to work together
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17
Q

How do political parties help a representative democracy?

A
  • if politicians stated individual views, it would be difficult to establish a government as its members would not be united under one ideology
  • without parties, voting in elections would be more complicated as voters wouldn’t be able to associate a candidate with a particular party manifesto
  • wealthy individuals with populist agendas will find it easier to access power
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18
Q

Why do we need political parties?

A

Without political parties, it would be difficult to form effective governments in representative democracies with large populations. Each politician with unique opinions would find it impossible to establish government quickly and effectively. Parties combine elected politicians into recognisable groups, which creates favourable conditions for a government to survive and be established

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19
Q

What scandal did Tony Blair face regarding Labour donations and how did he respond?

A
  • there was a scandal called the ‘cash for honours’ which said that certain labour donors had been promoted and elevated to lord’s because of their donations. There were no prosecutions but there was so much public outrage that Blair commissioned the Philips report to investigate the case for party funding reform
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20
Q

What was the Philips report (2007)?

A

It said that political parties should be primarily funded through taxation and for a limit of £50000 to be put on donations from organisations or individuals and around £20-25mn a year of taxpayers’ money to help fund political parties

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21
Q

Why didn’t the Philips report work?

A

Conservative didn’t agree to this as they didn’t want to lose their advantages over other parties - labour is also aware that this would cut donations from trade unions

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22
Q

What were some key 2024 donations to political parties?

A
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23
Q

What is the threat of Cronyism?

A

Where parties who receive a large donation from friends/businessmen and women then place those people in positions of authority in their government

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24
Q

Figures of accepted donation in the 2024 general election:

A
  • labour - £8,068,420
  • conservative - £6,672,226
  • Lib Dem’s - 1,519,162
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25
Q

Why should political parties be state funded?

A
  • disproportionate influence reinforcing duopoly - in the 2019 general election, conservatives and labour were responsible for 80.5% of campaign spending
  • despite the 2006-07 cash for honours scandal, other big donors have been awarded peerages. In 2021, Peter cruddas, who donated £3mn to the Conservative Party was recommended peerage by Boris Johnson which is a potential claim for corruption
  • the cost of state funding of parties would be small (the Philips report recommended £25mn) meaning the required increase in taxation would be small comparatively
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26
Q

Why shouldn’t political parties be state funded?

A
  • suggests that political parties are servants of the state, which limits their political independence
  • in the 2019 general election, 87 political parties, received more than 500 votes - It would be controversial to decide which would receive funding and how much
  • disproportionate influence has little impact in terms of success - in 2019, the Brexit party spent £4,150,000 yet won no seats. The Scottish national party received £24,929 in donations and won 48 seats
  • short money allows opposition parties to carry out parliamentary work - from April 2022, the amount payable to qualifying parties is £19,401 and the leader of the opposition party is given £903,907 to run their office
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27
Q

Where did the Conservative Party stem from?

A

The British civil war - represented the defence on monarchy and land owing aristocracy

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28
Q

What are the basic principles of conservatism

A
  • a strong defence of the country
  • law and order; protection of property
  • respect for monarchy
  • respect for institutions of power
  • love of tradition
  • being pragmatic
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29
Q

Where did One-nation conservatism come from and what was its approach?

A
  • Benjamin Disraeli came up with it and said that traditional conservatism lacked dynamic to inspire men. Instead he offered a paternalistic approach - the ONC should protect and advance the interests of the whole nation - inclusive & progressive
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30
Q

What were the Policies & ideas of One Nation

A
  • social reform
  • a patriotic foreign policy
  • creating national unity by uniting all social classes under the patriotic banner
  • ‘Tory paternalism’ - must be a safety net for the poor and vulnerable
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31
Q

What was The new right?

A
  • disreli’s view of ‘one nation’ conservatism was becoming undermined by demands from TU’s for higher wages for workers
  • MARGARET THATCHER defeated Edward Heath for leadership in the Conservative Party - she adopted new right principles
  • combination of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. It is based on the principle that the economy best regulates itself with as little government intervention as possible
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32
Q

What were new right principles?

A
  • kept taxation to a minimal to provide people with greater opportunities to take financial control of their lives
  • reducing inflation & interest rates
  • belief in monetarism and ‘hands off approach’
  • Limit TU’s as they disrupt smooth run of free markets
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33
Q

What were the new right principles in terms of social security and stability?

A
  • discouraging permissive and alternative lifestyles that threaten the traditional family unit
  • giving gov extensive powers to fight crime
  • protecting national interests
  • sceptical of organisations that challenge gov authority
  • sense of community
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34
Q

What are the main differences between the New right and One nation?

A

ONC has a pragmatic approach whereas Thatcherism has an assertive and dogmatic approach, ONC favours gradual change, Thatcherism supports a radical approach to change. ONC focuses on societal needs compared to Thatcherism which focuses on individual needs and free markets

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35
Q

What failures did thatcher have regarding the economy?

A

She caused The manufacturing industry to collapse and the economy (after she reduced the money in it), to go into recession & unemployment reached 3 million in 1981. Coal production also decreased to less than 50mn tonnes in 1984 being produced, which is significantly less than the heights of 120mn tonnes in 1978. Home ownership costs also grew, climbing 32% in the year to March 1989

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36
Q

Who have been her successors?

A
  • John major
  • David Cameron
  • Theresa May
  • Boris Johnson
  • Liz Truss
  • Rishi Sunak
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37
Q

What were the positives and negatives of David Cameron?

A

Positive:

  • He was socially progressive, supporting same sex marriage legislation. He also introduced a national citizen service to encourage young people to support communities.
  • he wanted to double the free childcare allowance for 3-4 year olds to 30 hours
  • he aimed to rid income tax for those who work 30 hours/week on minimum wage
  • no rise in VAT or NI

Negatives:

His chancellor (George Osborne) committed to a programme to cut public spending due to debts in 2010
- he was subject to criticism for his austerity measures which caused life expectancy increase rates to slow,costing the average person nearly half a year in life expectancy from 2010-2019. Also the 2012 Welfare reform act led to cuts in child benefits, housing benefits and the disability living allowance and as a result, working aged adults faced an average financial loss from £914 in Blackpool to £177 in London
- wanted an EU referendum by 2017

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38
Q

What did Theresa May focus on?

A

her government adopted the economic and liberal conservatism of Thatcherism.

  • she wanted to increase spending on welfare state - 8bn extra/year into the NHS
  • taking away £300 from wealthy pensioners
  • she oversaw the introduction of elected police and crime commissioners and the creation of the college of policing and national crime agency
  • she was focused on cutting net migration to below 100,000
  • The investigatory powers act of 2016 was passed under theresea May which gave the government enhanced powers of surveillance to protect national security.
  • She failed to enact legislation to take the uk out of the EU
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39
Q

What did Boris Johnson do?

A
  • focused or large spending projects e.g. NHS and HS2 - £36bn over 3 years paid for by 1.25% increase on national insurance
  • abandoned neo-liberalism & social conservatism
  • focused on social inclusion
  • increased police powers
  • £16.5 bn increase on UK defence spending
  • push for Brexit
  • points based immigration system
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40
Q

What did Liz Truss do?

A

She attempted to lower corporation tax back to 19%, reverse the 1.25% increase on NI, abandon the 45% top rate of taxation - a lot of people saw this as economic neo-liberalism

41
Q

What did rishi sunak do?

A

Reversed Liz Truss’ policies, adopting higher tax, economic policies etc. He aimed to drastically cut public spending after there was economic recession, adopting the ‘good house keeping’ policies of thatcher. More anti dependency approach - the more you earn, the fewer benefits you receive.

42
Q

What is socialism?

A

It is a social and economic system characterised by public ownership of the means of production & cooperative management of the economy

43
Q

What are the key principles of socialism?

A
  • the state needs to create a better life for citizens and more equality in social and economic areas
  • belief in collectivism and universalism - meaning that man achieves his goals when working collectively rather than individually
  • state ownership is preferred over private ownership
  • the economy should be managed and planned by the government in the interest of citizens
  • taxes should be progressive, the rich should pay more
  • there should be equality of opportunity
  • freedom of religion and speech
44
Q

What are the Labour Party (old labour) origins?

A

The party was established in 1900 as the political arm of the TU movement in order to give it representation in parliament. They became the party of working class representation however they have never been as ‘Marxist’ party as they aren’t committed to overthrowing free markets. They have socialist roots

45
Q

What did old labour have strong beliefs in?

A
  • they have core beliefs in nationalism - government runs key industries at the interests of the nation, they dislike privatisation as it gives the elite too much control
  • they believe in redistributive taxation - the wealthy pay more
  • extensive welfare state for the public
  • close links with TU’s (links to origins of being working class)
46
Q

Who was Clement Attlee?

A

He was the leader of the first majority Labour government (1945-51)

47
Q

What happened in 1979 for the labour government?

A

James Callaghan was defeated by Margaret Thatcher and Labour were intern excluded from office for 18 years

48
Q

How did Michael Foot respond to their loss in 1979?

A

He moved the party decisively to the left

49
Q

What happened to labour in the 1983 general election?

A

The party was heavily defeated. The manifesto was decisively rejected as ‘too extreme’, with labour scoring its worst ever election result as the Conservative Party won a landslide majority of stead gaining 37 seats for a total of 362 and labour gained 148, a decline of 45

50
Q

What did the labour MP Gerald Kaufman refer to Michael Foots manifesto as?

A

‘The longest suicide in history’

51
Q

How much did labours support decrease from 1979 - 1983?

A

It collapsed from 36% in 1979 to only 27.6% in 1983

52
Q

What was New Labour’s approach after their defeat?

A

They knew they needed to transform their policies and abandoned most of its socialist policies under the leadership of Neil Kinnock (1983-92) and John Smith (1992-94)

53
Q

When was Tony Blair elected labour leader?

A

1994

54
Q

How did Tony Blair influence New labour?

A

He was influenced by ‘3rd way’ principles which were developed by Anthony Giddens.

55
Q

What did the ‘3rd way’ principles represent?

A

It represented a compromise between the extremes of socialism and capitalism and that Labour should no longer commit to nationalisation, redistributive tax and class conflict.

56
Q

What did ‘3rd way’ principles lead to?

A

A weakening in the desire for collectivism and equality

57
Q

What were the principles and policies of ‘New Labour’ under Tony Blair

A

he introduced minimum wage showing that society remained committed to a welfare state, yet was less focused on redistribution as he thought the wealthiest in society are wealth creators so tax should be kept low in order for the economy to grow faster, hence he kept the top rate of income tax to 40%.
- tuition fees - 1998 students had to pay £1000 but under Tony Blair this rose to £9000
- he also made vast constitutional reform, by removing hereditary peers from the HOL in 1999, incorporating the ECHR into British law through the HRA 1998, holding referendums in Scotland and Wales in 1997/98 which granted wales a National Assembly and further devolution, holding the ‘Good Friday agreement’ in Northern Ireland to end the ‘troubles’ violence

58
Q

Who was Gordon brown?

A

He became PM in 2007 after becoming labour leader

59
Q

What were the successes and failures of Gordon Brown?

A

Failures:
- He was dominated by the 2008-09 economic crash and sold 400 tonnes of gold reserves to try and boost money, Under his leadership, he attempted to stabilise public finances by introducing a 50p top rate of taxation on incomes over £150,000, his Government was forced into an emergency £50 billion bail-out of the banks in the autumn of 2008 and he increased tax thresholds in line with inflation rather than earnings, known as ‘fiscal tax’

Successes:
- he oversaw the devolution of powers in Northern Ireland, made the climate change act 2008 for the reduction of greenhouse emissions, ordered the removal of British forces from Iraq in 2009, enforced the equality act 2010 and in 2009 he hosted the G20 summit in London where world leaders pledged to make an additional $1.1trl available to help the world economy through crisis

60
Q

What did Ed Miliband do from 2010-2015?

A
  • He further distanced the party from its blairite past as he maintained its commitment to the 50p top rate tax policy. He also demanded an energy price freeze, ended ‘bedroom tax’ and implemented a new 10p income tax for the least well payed. He also wanted to raise the minimum wage to more than £8 by October 2019, invest £2.5bn more than tories in health to recruit 8000 more GP’s and 20000 more nurses and was committed to devolve £30bn of resources and powers to English cities and counties
61
Q

What are the Liberal Democrat’s?

A

They stand firm on liberty, equality, democracy, community, human rights, internationalism, and environmentalism

62
Q

What is liberalism?

A

I’m comes from the 18th century at a time where power lay with the wealthy. It seeks to promote freedom of the individual and freedom of conscience, speech, religion, lifestyle and economic freedom free from government control

63
Q

What are the origins of the Lib Dem’s?

A

in the 1980s, the liberal party joined forces in an alliance With former labour MP’s to form the social Democratic Party and in 1988 formed the Liberal Democrat’s

64
Q

What are modern liberals and what do they stand for?

A
  • began in the early 1900s - discouraged working class people from supporting labour
  • they sought to improve society through social reform
  • they thought equality needed to be enforced by government
  • they pursued moderate redistribution of income and resources to level the playing field
  • they abandoned the idea of ‘laissez faire’
  • they wanted to use government money to help the poor
65
Q

How did the Lib Dem’s begin to see success from 2005-2010?

A

They enjoyed growing success under paddy ash down and as a result of Charles Kennedy’s opposition to the Iraq war, they won 62 seats on 22% of the vote in the 2005 election. Following this, in 2010, Lib Dem’s formed a coalition with the tories despite being reduced to 57 seats and Nick clegg became deputy prime minister

66
Q

What are two factions of the Lib Dem’s?

A
  • social/modern liberals
  • classic liberals
67
Q

What was the Lib Dem’s experience in coalition from 2010-2015?

A
  • Nick clegg saw his role as to ‘tame’ or ‘moderate’ the Tory agenda however they were often undermined in government and were unsuccessful in their proposed reforms: their referendum to change the voting system was rejected by the public (67% rejected) and despite their success in convincing Cameron to legislate same sex marriage, they had to make many compromises such as dropping opposition to tuition fees and accepting austerity budget cuts
68
Q

Who was Jo Swinson?

A

She was elected the first female leader of the Lib Dem’s in 2019 and suggested she could lead a Lib Dem majority government which would revoke article 50 (treaty of the European Union) and therefore cancel brexit, however lots of people critiqued it as undemocratic

69
Q

What are the achievements of the Lib Dem’s since 2019?

A
  • under Davey, they seized the traditional conservative constituency of Chesham and Amersham where Sarah Green overturned a 16000 majority in 2021
  • in 2021, Helen Morgan overturned a 23000 majority in north Shropshire
  • in the 2022 local elections, they gained 193 new councillors across Great Britain
  • they also won Tiverton and Honinton - Richard ford overturned a 24000 majority
70
Q

What are Ed Davey’s targets and standpoints?

A
  • He acknowledges that the UK would not be rejoining the EU however the party still remained committed to ‘closest possible relationship with our European partners’
71
Q

What is the SNP and what are their beliefs and ideologies?

A

The Scottish National Party is a centre left nationalist party established in 1934 and now currently led by John Swinney. Their main goal is to achieve Scottish independence

72
Q

What type of people does SNP appeal to?

A

They appeal to those whom dislike conservative and want further devolution

73
Q

what did the SNP promise at the 2024 general election?

A

They wanted to rejoin the EU and re-enter the single market, boost NHS funding by £16bn and providing an extra £1.6bn each year to Scotland , scrap the two-child limit on benefits, reverse austerity by reducing cuts to public services, transition to a green economy, attract foreign migrants for job purposes, scrap trident and reach a ceasefire in gaza and they wanted to reduce national income on foreign aid to 0.7%

74
Q

How successful have recent elections been for the SNP?

A
  • In 2015 they won 56 out of 59 scottish constituencies
  • in 2017 general election they won 35 seats
  • in 2019 general election they won 48 seats
  • in 2024 general election they only won 9 seats
75
Q

What are the SNP’s policies that have had a dramatic impact in the government of Scotland where they have the most influence?

A
76
Q

What are the Plaid Cymru Party and what are their beliefs and ideologies?

A

they are the Welsh Nationalist Party and they stand for: anti austerity, environmental sustainability, social justice, devolution and thy are generally left wing

77
Q

What type of voters do Plaid Cymru appeal to?

A

They appeal to a younger, progressive population, far from england and tendencies to be rural

78
Q

What were the promises of Plaid Cymru in the 2024 general election?

A

They wanted independence, they wanted fair funding from Westminster in order to invest in their NHS and recruit 500 GP’s, they wanted to help 330,000 Welsh families by increasing the child benefit by £20/week, they wanted to increase windfall taxes, create Green jobs, and reach net zero by 2035

79
Q

How successful have Plaid Cymru been in recent times?

A

In the 2017 and 2019 and 2024 general elections they won 4 seats in all

80
Q

What were the promises of the reform party in the 2024 general election?

A
  • freeze on non-essential immigration
  • big tax cuts for small businesses - introducing a corporation tax free allowance of 100k, 35bn a year raid on banks
  • scrap net zero target
  • 20% tax relief on school fees
  • an extra £17bn for the NHS
  • raise it stamp duty threshold to £750,000
  • leave ECHR
80
Q

What is Reform UK and what are their beliefs and ideologies?

A

They are what used to be known as UKIP/Brexit Party and are led by Nigel Farage who was elected leader in 2006. It is a right wing party who aim for further anti-immigration policies

81
Q

What successes and failures have Reform had in recent times/elections?

A

in the 2014 European Parliament elections, UKIP beat both labour and conservatives with 26.6% of the vote and 24 seats therefore making them the UK party with the most influence in the EU parliament. In 2015, they thrived in the electorate vote gaining 12.6% yet have struggled in gaining seats with only 1, in the 2017 general election, it lost that seat, and were heavily reduced in the electorate vote - achieving 1.8% of the popular vote. In 2024, they won 5 seats in 2024 with 13.7% of the popular vote

82
Q

What factions are within Reform UK?

A
83
Q

What are the Green Party and what are their beliefs and ideologies?

A

They are a far left, progressive party, formally known as the ecology party. they believe in lots of focus on the environment and people’s quality of life. Their co-leaders are Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay

83
Q

Who do they appeal to in the electorate?

A

The party focuses on 18-34 year olds and mainly middle classes - they are pragmatic

84
Q

What were the Green party promises in the 2024 general election?

A

They wanted extensive NHS investment - increasing the budget by £8bn in first year and £28bn more by 2030, tax on assets over £10mn, a tax rise on more than £50,270 and up to £151bn in new taxes raised by 2029, scrap university tuition fees, spend £40bn in green energy and increase the minimum wage to £15/hour

85
Q

How successful have the Green Party been in recent elections?

A
  • nationally, Greens have achieved 3.6% average vote share across general elections in this century
  • the additional member system has given the Green part greater influence over the scottish parliment - in 2021 they secured 8/129 seats
  • in the 2017 general election they received 2.1% of votes
  • in 2019 they received 3.6% of votes
86
Q

What suggests that there was a lack of representation in the 2024 general election?

A

Almost 100MP’s were elected on less than 35% of the constituency vote meaning that many people voted for losing candidates, leaving them with a representative who was not their political preference

87
Q

What suggests that there was an unequal value of votes in 2024?

A

One labour MP was elected for every 23,565 votes for Starmer’s party however for conservative and Lib Dem’s they required 56,437 and 48, 877 votes per seat. Green MP’s needed 823,522 notes per seat

88
Q

What are the three main parties policies’ on the economy?

A
  • They have all pledged not to raise the main taxes that impact working people e.g. income tax, NI and VAT
  • conservative philosophy is to cut taxes
    • labour announced to cut its annual £28bn spending
89
Q

What are some recent ‘one nation’ economic approaches that have been taken in government?

A
  • higher levels of expenditure were prompted in order to increase service levels and in 2020, Boris Johnson influenced Rishi Sunak’s government with this ideology through the introduction of the furlough scheme to help with the issue of the pandemic and provide a ‘safety net and blanket’
  • Under Boris Johnson, the government paid for 80% of wages for over 11mn people and Sunak continued this influence with a dedication in 2021
90
Q

What are examples of certain policies on economy under Thatcherism?

A
  • MT said that high levels of spending aren’t productive for the economy and so she adopted an individualistic approach where she reduced the top rate of income tax to 40% from 1979-90. Sunak was influenced by this as in 2019, he announced that he would not indirectly increase NI as it was a form of theft
91
Q

How did David Cameron and Rishi Sunak adopt one nation principles in their social welfare and order policies?

A
  • David Cameron, who is known for his introduction of a ‘big society’, aimed to move away from the nickname of ‘the nasty party’ under MT, tried to be more socially inclusive and progressive doing so through his legalisation of same sex marriage and the same sex couples act in 2013
  • Under Rishi Sunak’s government this concept of the ‘big society’ was somewhat upheld as there was a large amount of gay representation in his government - 5MP’s in October 2024
92
Q

What are examples of certain policies on Welfare and social order under Thatcherite?

A
  • Under MT, the section 28 law was passed, which existed from 1998-2003, that prevented councils and schools from ‘promoting the teaching of acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship’
  • Sunak has made clear he is not as progressive as Cameron and announced and declared there should be a ban on conversion therapy. Sunak also made a law that ‘sex…
93
Q

What are examples of certain policies on Law and Order under One nation Conservatism?

A
  • Sunak promised in 2024 that there be 50000 more nurses and workers in the Police force - showing he is committed to keeping people as safe as possible
  • Boris Johnson promised to build 40 new hospitals in 2019 - however only 32/40 hospitals were built suggesting there was a lack of commitment to pursue ONC
94
Q

What are examples of certain policies on Law and Order under Thatcherite?

A
95
Q

What are examples of certain Foreign affairs and policy orders under One nation Conservatism?

A
  • social unity and consensus is promoted e.g. after the 2016 EU referendum revealed 52% wanted to leave as opposed to 48% stay, Boris Johnson pursued to ‘get Brexit done’, therefore listening to the majority of the population
  • Although the results showed Euro-sceptism, Johnson and May remained committed to ‘getting the job done’ as a collective group, despite May being a ‘remainer’
96
Q

What are examples of certain Foreign affairs and policy orders under Thatcherite?

A