UK politics Flashcards
1
Q
What is a key reason why general elections in the UK are often lost by the government?
A
The unpopularity of Prime Ministers often leads voters to vote against the governing party.
2
Q
Which election is noted for Rishi Sunak’s significant unpopularity?
A
The 2024 election, where he had a net favourability of -51%.
3
Q
What major decision negatively impacted Rishi Sunak’s popularity during the 2024 campaign?
A
Leaving an event commemorating D-Day early to attend an ITV interview.
4
Q
What was Keir Starmer’s net favourability on election day in 2024?
A
-17%.
5
Q
In which election did David Cameron win despite not having high approval ratings?
A
The 2010 election.
6
Q
What perception led to Gordon Brown’s unpopularity during the 2010 election?
A
He was seen as cowardly, boring, and uninspiring.
7
Q
How did the Conservative Party benefit from James Callaghan’s unpopularity in 1979?
A
Callaghan was criticized for his failure to deal with militant trade unions.
8
Q
What strategy did the Conservative Party use during the 1979 election?
A
The slogan ‘Labour Isn’t Working’ highlighted Labour’s failures.
9
Q
What was a key factor in Labour’s victory in the 2024 election?
A
The perceived incompetence of the Conservative government since 2019.
10
Q
What significant scandal contributed to Boris Johnson’s resignation?
A
The ‘partygate scandal’ where he failed to follow COVID-19 regulations.
11
Q
What was the outcome of Liz Truss’ 49-day premiership?
A
Her unfunded tax cuts caused economic turmoil, leading to her resignation.
12
Q
What did YouGov’s polling indicate about Labour voters before the 2024 election?
A
Most voted to get the Tories out rather than in support of Labour’s platform.
13
Q
What did Labour’s 1997 election strategy focus on to present competence?
A
Pledging not to increase income tax and prioritizing national finances.
14
Q
What slogan did Blair use to convey tough law and order policies?
A
‘Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime.’
15
Q
How did the Labour Party present itself in the 1997 election?
A
As a party of modernisation and competence.
16
Q
What commonality did both the Labour and Conservative parties share in the 2010 election?
A
Both supported austerity and bringing down the deficit.
17
Q
What was the main focus of the 2024 election campaign?
A
The government’s record rather than the opposition’s policy positions.
18
Q
What is the overall argument regarding elections in the UK?
A
Elections are lost by the government due to failures and won by the opposition offering alternatives.
19
Q
What are valence issues in the context of voting behavior?
A
Valence issues occur when there isn’t significant disagreement between parties, leading voters to choose based on perceived effectiveness in government.
Leadership and competence are key factors in this context.
20
Q
What has become increasingly important in UK elections due to the rise of digital and social media?
A
The public image of party leaders has become more important, as politics has become more personalized.
This includes the perception of leaders and their personalities.
21
Q
What is ‘presidentialisation’ in British politics?
A
‘Presidentialisation’ refers to the idea that UK election campaigns are increasingly shaped by voters’ perceptions of leading figures, similar to the US.
This trend has been noted since the 1979 election.
22
Q
What was a significant factor in Nick Clegg’s rise during the 2010 election?
A
Nick Clegg’s success in the leaders’ debate resulted in a boost in the polls for the Liberal Democrats.
Leadership plays a crucial role in elections with minimal policy differences.
23
Q
How did David Cameron’s leadership affect the 2010 election?
A
Cameron’s leadership provided a fresh and young approach compared to Gordon Brown, who was viewed as lacking charisma.
This perception influenced voters’ choices.
24
Q
What was a key factor in Labour’s poor performance in the 2019 election?
A
Jeremy Corbyn’s personal unpopularity significantly deterred voters from supporting the Labour Party.
Labour experienced its worst election result since 1935.
25
What was Rishi Sunak's net favourability rating before the 2024 election?
Rishi Sunak had a net favourability of -51% with the public.
## Footnote
His involvement in Partygate and perceived disconnect with the public contributed to this.
26
What does rational choice theory suggest about voter behavior?
Rational choice theory posits that voters behave like consumers, evaluating options based on personal benefit.
## Footnote
This approach emphasizes the importance of policies.
27
What is economic voting?
Economic voting is the theory that voters make decisions based on self-interest, favoring parties that will benefit them economically.
## Footnote
This explains voting patterns among different socio-economic groups.
28
What is issue-based voting?
Issue-based voting suggests that voters choose parties based on which aligns closest with their most important policy concerns.
## Footnote
This can occur even if voters do not agree with the party's other policies.
29
How did the 2019 election illustrate issue-based voting?
74% of Leave voters voted for the Tories, while 49% of Remain voters chose Labour, highlighting stark policy differences.
## Footnote
This shows how specific issues can sway voter preference.
30
What role does perceived competence play in voting behavior?
Perceived competence of the government influences voters' decisions, allowing them to judge performance and replace incumbents if deemed incompetent.
## Footnote
This was significant in the 1979 and 1997 elections.
31
What slogan did the Conservative Party use during the 1979 election?
The slogan was 'Labour Isn’t Working'.
## Footnote
It reflected the public's perception of Labour's economic management.
32
What was a major factor in Labour's victory in the 2024 election?
The perceived incompetence of the Conservative government, especially due to scandals and poor management, was crucial.
## Footnote
The vote share for the Conservatives dropped significantly from 2019 to 2024.
33
What impact did the 'partygate scandal' have on the Conservatives?
The scandal damaged the Conservatives' reputation, leading to a perception of incompetence and untrustworthiness.
## Footnote
This contributed to Boris Johnson's resignation.
34
How did the 2017 election campaign affect Labour's performance?
Labour gained significant ground despite negative press coverage due to effective campaigning and key moments.
## Footnote
Campaign events can heavily influence voter perception.
35
What demographic trend has influenced voting behavior since the 1970s?
Age has become a key determinant, with older voters leaning towards the Conservative Party and younger voters favoring Labour or other left-wing parties.
## Footnote
This shift has been described as a 'new dividing line' in British politics.
36
What was the turnout difference among age groups in the 2017 election?
Turnout among the 65+ age group was about 25 percentage points higher than among 18-24 year olds.
## Footnote
Higher turnout among older voters benefits the Conservative Party.
37
What is 'partisan dealignment'?
'Partisan dealignment' refers to the decline in strong affiliations with political parties, leading to a greater emphasis on short-term valence factors.
## Footnote
This trend has been observed since the 1970s.
38
What is 'partisan dealignment'?
'Partisan dealignment' refers to the decline in strong affiliations and attachments to political parties among voters since the 1970s and 1980s.
39
What factors influenced strong political party affiliations in the post-WWII period?
* Family tradition
* Class
* Workplace
* Community
40
What trend has been observed in voter behavior since the 1970s?
There has been a decline in strong political party attachments and an increase in swing voters.
41
What significant electoral swing occurred from 2019 to 2024 in the UK?
A Tory landslide in 2019 turned into a Labour landslide in 2024.
42
How many seats did the Conservatives win in the North and Wales in 2019?
56 seats
43
What issue contributed to the Conservatives' popularity in 2019?
The issue of Brexit
44
What happened to the Conservative seats in 2024?
They lost all but 4 of the 56 seats due to declining trust and perceptions of incompetence.
45
How has the importance of class in voting behavior changed since the 1970s?
Class has greatly declined in importance and now has little bearing on how individuals vote.
46
What is the role of age as a determinant of voting behavior?
Age is a weaker determinant of voting behavior and does not form a key part of voters' identities like class used to.
47
What are 'valence factors' in the context of voting behavior?
Valence factors include leadership and perceived competence, which have become the most important factors in determining voting behavior.
48
What has happened to the importance of social factors in voting behavior?
Social factors are now less important determinants of voting behavior than they used to be.
49
What conclusion can be drawn about the importance of valence factors?
Valence factors have increased in importance as class allegiances and partisanship have declined.
50
In elections with limited policy differences, what factors are most important?
Leadership and competence are the most important factors in determining voting behavior.
51
In elections with significant policy differences, such as in 2019, what is true about valence factors?
Valence factors are not the most important factors determining voting behavior.
52
Which social class predominantly voted for the Conservative Party?
The majority of the upper and middle classes, including ‘white collar’ workers, non-manual workers, business people, and property owners.
53
What has been the trend in voting behavior since the 1970s?
A process known as 'class dealignment' has occurred, leading to a decrease in the importance of class as a determinant of voting behavior.
54
What percentage of the AB category voted Conservative in 2019 compared to 1964?
42% in 2019 compared to 78% in 1964.
55
What social factor is argued to be more significant than class in determining election results?
Age.
56
In the 2024 election, what percentage of 18-24 year olds voted Labour?
41%.
57
True or False: Older voters are more likely to vote for Labour.
False.
58
What was the turnout difference between the 65+ age group and 18-24 year olds in 2017?
Turnout among the 65+ age group was around 25 percentage points higher.
59
What key dividing line has emerged in recent elections regarding education?
Those with higher formal qualifications are more likely to support Labour and the Liberal Democrats.
60
Fill in the blank: Those with lower levels of educational attainment are more likely to have _______ values.
[authoritarian]
61
What was the voting percentage for Labour among those with a degree or higher in the 2019 election?
43%.
62
What is the significance of region in determining voting behavior?
Region has become important again, with Labour regaining dominance in Scotland and the North.
63
What was the Conservative Party's performance in the North of England and Wales in the 2024 election?
They were almost entirely wiped out, winning just 4 out of 131 seats.
64
True or False: The Conservatives lost a significant number of seats in their traditional heartlands in the 2024 election.
True.
65
What percentage of those with GCSE or lower voted for the Conservative Party in the 2019 election?
58%.
66
What is one argument for the persistence of class as a voting determinant?
Those with lower levels of education earn less on average than those with higher levels of education.
67
Overall, what has been the conclusion about the importance of class in recent elections?
Class is not the most important social factor; age and education have become more significant.
68
In the 2024 election, how did the voting patterns differ between younger and older voters?
Younger voters leaned towards Labour and left-wing parties, while older voters favored the Conservatives.
69
What was the voting percentage for Reform among those from C2 and DE in the 2024 election?
Higher than those from the upper and middle classes.
70
Fill in the blank: The majority of the working class voted for the _______ Party historically.
[Labour]
71
What was the voting percentage for Brexit among those without qualifications?
75% for Brexit.
72
What does the term 'class dealignment' refer to?
The process where class began to lose its importance as a determinant of voting behavior.
73
What has been the impact of Brexit on voting patterns?
It has created a short-term educational divide in voting preferences.
74
What percentage of over 60s voted Conservative in the 2024 election?
40%.
75
What is the overall argument regarding the importance of class in UK elections?
Class is not the most important social factor determining election results in the UK.
76
In which decades was class considered highly important in UK elections?
1960s and 1970s.
77
What phenomenon has occurred regarding class in UK elections since the 1970s?
Class dealignment.
78
What are the two more important social factors in UK elections today?
* Age
* Education
79
Which demographic factor is identified as the most important in determining election results in the UK?
Age.
80
True or False: The Tories did well in all areas of the country in the 2024 elections.
False.
81
Fill in the blank: The return of Labour's heartlands in 2024 reflects the Tories' poor performance in _______.
all areas of the country.
82
What is the title of a possible essay question to evaluate demographic factors in UK voting behavior?
Evaluate the view that age is the most useful demographic factor to predict voting behaviour in the UK.
83
What are the three key types of traditional media that influence politics in the UK?
Opinion polls, newspapers, TV & radio
84
What percentage of Britons use social media as a source of news according to YouGov polling before the 2024 election?
43%
85
Which social media platform is reported to have the most significant usage among voters?
Facebook
86
True or False: Social media is considered less important than traditional media for younger voters.
False
87
What was one major viral event during the 2019 election that involved Jacob Rees Mogg?
His comments on the Grenfell fire
88
How much did Labour spend on Google Ads during the 2024 election campaign?
Over £2M
89
Fill in the blank: In the 2024 election, spending on ________ advertising was higher than in any previous election.
digital
90
What was the public's perception of newspapers' influence compared to social media in the 2017 election?
32% for newspapers vs 26% for social media
91
Who did Keir Starmer engage with to broaden his appeal to traditionally conservative voters?
Right-wing publications
92
What did the Sun newspaper claim after the 1992 election, emphasizing its influence?
'It's the Sun wot won it.'
93
What was a significant factor in the Conservatives losing the 2024 election?
Losing support from the majority of the press
94
How many people read newspapers daily in the UK?
Around 7 million
95
What role does TV play in shaping voters' impressions of party leaders?
Projects visual images during debates and coverage
96
What percentage of Britons accessed news through television in the run-up to the 2024 election?
58%
97
What was the public reaction to the Post Office Horizon scandal following media coverage?
Increased public awareness and concern
98
True or False: Social media allows voters to express their political opinions freely.
True
99
What was a key finding regarding the impact of TV debates on voter decision-making?
Most viewers had already made up their minds
100
What percentage of voters indicated they might vote tactically influenced by opinion polls?
Varies, but significant in close elections
101
Fill in the blank: Opinion polls can influence ________ by indicating who is likely to win.
tactical voting
102
What was a major flaw observed in opinion polls during past elections?
They often underestimated Conservative support
103
What was the turnout percentage in the 2024 election?
59.9%
104
What is a potential consequence of opinion polls indicating a clear election outcome?
Lower voter turnout
105
Overall, which media form is currently more important for older voters in the UK?
Traditional forms of media
106
What is the role of journalists in the context of social media?
Play a key role in political coverage
107
What is the current electoral system used for UK Parliament elections?
First Past The Post
## Footnote
It is a simple plurality system.
108
What electoral system is used in Scottish Parliament Elections?
The Additional Member System
## Footnote
This system combines constituency representatives with additional members to improve proportionality.
109
What electoral system is used in Northern Ireland Parliament Elections?
The Single Transferable Vote System
## Footnote
This system allows voters to rank candidates in multi-member constituencies.
110
Why is First Past The Post considered unrepresentative?
Elected MPs often lack majority support in their constituency
## Footnote
The correlation between votes received and seats won is inaccurate.
111
What is the 'winner's bonus' in First Past The Post?
The party with the most votes receives a disproportionately high number of seats
## Footnote
This often occurs despite not having a majority of the votes.
112
How many seats did the Labour Party win in the 2024 election compared to the percentage of votes received?
63% of the seats with 33.7% of the vote
## Footnote
This contrasts with their 2019 performance of 202 seats with 32.1% of the vote.
113
What percentage of the vote did Reform UK receive in 2024 and how many seats did they win?
14.3% of the vote but just 5 seats (0.8% of the seats)
## Footnote
This highlights the under-representation of minor parties under FPTP.
114
Which electoral system is considered the most proportional?
The Single Transferable Vote System
## Footnote
It uses multi-member constituencies and the Droop Formula for effective seat allocation.
115
What did the pressure group Make Votes Matter calculate about the 2024 UK general election results under FPTP?
Labour would have received 264 seats and Reform 71 seats
## Footnote
This reflects a closer result to their actual vote shares.
116
What is the main advantage of the Additional Member System compared to FPTP?
It provides a second 'top up' vote for a party, correcting the first constituency vote
## Footnote
This helps to improve proportionality.
117
What example demonstrates the correction provided by the Additional Member System?
In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election, Conservatives won 0 constituency MPs but 18 additional member seats
## Footnote
They received 14% of seats overall despite low constituency representation.
118
What is a common criticism of the high proportionality of STV and AMS?
It can lead to coalition or minority governments
## Footnote
These governments may struggle to implement significant changes.
119
What is the significance of the MP-constituency link in FPTP?
It leads to effective local representation in Parliament
## Footnote
This is exemplified by Conservative MPs supporting a Labour amendment due to local pressure.
120
What issue is highlighted by the 2024 voting data regarding tactical voting?
1/5 voters intended to vote tactically, and 58% ended up with an MP they didn’t vote for
## Footnote
This reflects limited voter choice under FPTP.
121
How does voter choice differ between FPTP and AMS?
Voters get 2 votes in AMS: one for a constituency representative and one for a party
## Footnote
This allows voters to support different parties.
122
What was the result of the 2021 Scottish Parliament election for the Greens regarding constituency and top-up votes?
Greens won 1.29% of constituency votes but 8.12% of top-up votes
## Footnote
This resulted in them obtaining 8 seats.
123
How does STV improve voter choice compared to FPTP?
Voters rank candidates in order of preference
## Footnote
This allows for a fuller expression of political preferences.
124
What is a criticism of the simplicity of FPTP?
It can lead to a lack of understanding in more complex systems like AMS and STV
## Footnote
This may result in 'donkey voting'.
125
What was the outcome of the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum?
68% voted against changing the electoral system
## Footnote
This was on a 42% turnout and partly a protest against the Liberal Democrats.
126
What is one argument for the effectiveness of FPTP in government formation?
It produces strong single-party governments that can pass laws effectively
## Footnote
This was evident during significant changes brought by Thatcher and Blair.
127
What is a disadvantage of coalition governments created by AMS and STV?
They can lead to instability and watered down policies
## Footnote
This is illustrated by the breakdown of the Scottish government in April 2024.
128
What does the term 'elective dictatorships' refer to in the context of FPTP?
Strong governments that lack majority support from the population
## Footnote
This raises questions about their legitimacy.
129
Which electoral system is argued to be the most effective overall in the UK?
The Additional Member System
## Footnote
It strikes a balance between proportionality and voter choice.
130
What is First Past The Post (FPTP)?
An electoral system used for UK Parliament and local council elections in England and Wales, characterized as a simple plurality system.
131
What does the Gallagher Index measure?
Proportionality of electoral systems.
132
What was notable about the 2024 General Election according to the Gallagher Index?
It was rated the least proportional election since elections in the UK began.
133
How does FPTP affect the mandate of elected MPs?
Elected MPs often lack majority support, weakening their mandate and leading to feelings of unrepresentation among voters.
134
What percentage of the vote did Labour candidate Terry Jermy receive in the 2024 election?
26.7% of the vote.
135
What is a 'winner's bonus' in the context of FPTP?
When the party with the most votes receives a disproportionately high share of seats.
136
In the 2024 election, what percentage of the seats did the Labour Party win with 33.7% of the vote?
63% of the seats.
137
What did Reform UK achieve in the 2024 election?
Received 14.3% of the vote but only 5 seats (0.8% of the seats).
138
Under which electoral system would Reform UK have received 91 seats in the 2024 election?
Additional Member System (AMS).
139
What is a key benefit of FPTP regarding the MP-Constituency link?
It provides effective representation of local interests.
140
How many emails do MPs handle approximately per week?
300-500 emails.
141
What was the outcome of the Labour amendment supported by 22 Conservative MPs on December 5, 2023?
It aimed to speed up compensation for victims of the infected blood scandal.
142
True or False: FPTP allows voters to express multiple political preferences.
False.
143
What is 'tactical voting'?
Voting for a different party to prevent a least favorite party from winning.
144
What percentage of voters intended to vote tactically in the 2024 election according to MakeVotesMatter?
1/5 of voters.
145
In what type of seats do votes matter more, leading to higher turnout?
Marginal seats.
146
What is a disadvantage of more proportional electoral systems compared to FPTP?
They are more prone to causing minority or coalition governments.
147
What was a significant issue with the Scottish government in April 2024?
The breakdown of coalition agreements due to conflicts over policy.
148
What is a consequence of FPTP leading to strong single-party governments?
These governments can implement significant changes but may lack majority support.
149
What event in 2010 exemplified a weak government resulting from FPTP?
The Lib Dem-Conservative coalition.
150
What is the public perception of FPTP in relation to its simplicity?
It is favored for being easy to use.
151
What was the voter turnout for the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum?
42%.
152
Fill in the blank: FPTP often leads to _______ governments.
[strong single-party]
153
What key argument is made against the legitimacy of strong governments formed under FPTP?
They often do not have majority support from the population.
154
What is the overall argument for scrapping FPTP?
It is unrepresentative and limits voter choice.
155
What is a referendum?
A popular vote on a particular issue, usually requiring a yes/no vote
## Footnote
It is an example of direct democracy within a representative system.
156
In the UK, who calls for a referendum?
The Prime Minister
## Footnote
There is no constitutional mechanism requiring referendums to be held.
157
What is required for a referendum result to have legal force in the UK?
Approval by Parliament
## Footnote
Parliament has legal sovereignty.
158
How can referendums benefit democracy in the UK?
By directly involving the people in decision making on important issues
## Footnote
This allows the electorate to be consulted on matters like the Scottish Independence Referendum.
159
What significant issue did the 2016 Brexit referendum address?
The public's disagreement with Parliament over EU membership
## Footnote
75% of MPs supported Remain.
160
What role do referendums play between General Elections?
They give the people an opportunity to express their opinions more frequently
## Footnote
This prevents the government from becoming remote and unaccountable.
161
What body regulates referendums in the UK?
The Electoral Commission
## Footnote
This reduces chances of unfair influence on results.
162
True or False: The Electoral Commission approved the original wording of the Brexit referendum question.
False
## Footnote
The original question was deemed insufficiently neutral.
163
What argument challenges the effectiveness of referendums in the UK?
They can undermine representative democracy and electoral expertise
## Footnote
Ordinary people may lack the necessary expertise to make informed decisions.
164
What did the Electoral Commission report about the 2016 referendum campaigns?
They included a degree of distortion
## Footnote
There should be greater regulation to ensure fair presentation of arguments.
165
What was a significant outcome of the Brexit referendum?
Parliament implemented the result despite previous support for Remain
## Footnote
This led to more pro-Brexit MPs being elected.
166
How can referendums reflect public pressure?
They are sometimes called when public support isn't represented in Parliament
## Footnote
Examples include the Scottish Independence and Brexit referendums.
167
What is a major criticism of how referendums are sometimes held?
They can benefit individual political parties rather than the public
## Footnote
This can lead to important issues being decided for narrow party gains.
168
Fill in the blank: The 2011 Alternative Vote Referendum had a turnout of _______.
42.2%
169
What is a potential negative impact of referendums on political awareness?
They can lead to protest votes
## Footnote
Voters may express dissatisfaction with the political class rather than the specific issue.
170
What was a key finding regarding voter turnout in referendums?
Turnouts can be low, questioning the legitimacy of outcomes
## Footnote
Examples include the 1997 Welsh Devolution Referendum.
171
What is the conclusion regarding the impact of referendums on UK democracy?
They have a positive impact but should be regulated
## Footnote
Laws could ensure they are called only with sufficient public support.
172
What has increased the presidentialisation of UK politics?
The rise of TV and social media
## Footnote
This shift has made party leaders more central to political success.
173
Why are party leaders important for political parties?
They provide clear direction and leadership, ensuring a united and persuasive vision
## Footnote
This is crucial in the context of modern political communication.
174
How can charismatic leaders affect a party's electoral success?
They can reach beyond core voters and increase vote share
## Footnote
Example: Boris Johnson attracted former Labour voters in the 2019 election.
175
What impact did Jeremy Corbyn's leadership have on the Labour Party in 2019?
His personal unpopularity contributed to Labour's worst election result since 1935
## Footnote
This demonstrates the significant influence of leadership on electoral outcomes.
176
What is a key factor in the success of minor parties like UKIP?
The popularity and charisma of their leaders
## Footnote
Nigel Farage helped UKIP gain media coverage and electoral support.
177
What electoral system is used in UK Parliament elections?
First Past the Post (FPTP)
## Footnote
This system benefits parties with concentrated geographical support.
178
Which parties benefit most from the FPTP electoral system?
* Labour
* Conservatives
* SNP
* DUP
* Sinn Fein
## Footnote
These parties have concentrated support that translates into seats.
179
What was the outcome for UKIP in the 2015 election despite gaining 3.9 million votes?
They only won 1 seat due to FPTP
## Footnote
This illustrates the limitations of FPTP for minor parties.
180
What is the significance of the media in political party success?
Media portrayal can shape public perception and electoral behavior
## Footnote
Right-leaning media has supported the Conservative Party's dominance.
181
How did Tony Blair's media strategy contribute to Labour's success in 1997?
He effectively courted traditionally Conservative-supporting newspapers
## Footnote
This helped portray Labour favorably to voters.
182
What role did media play in the Partygate scandal?
It significantly impacted public perception of the Conservative Party
## Footnote
This scandal contributed to their poor election results in 2024.
183
How did party leaders influence public perception during elections?
They often represent their parties in media, shaping voter recognition
## Footnote
Leaders like Nick Clegg and Liz Truss illustrate this influence.
184
What factors contributed to the Labour Party's electoral failure in 2019?
A very left-wing manifesto and commitment to a second referendum
## Footnote
These policies did not appeal to a broad enough voter base.
185
What is a key factor in voters rewarding political parties?
Competence in government and effective implementation of policies
## Footnote
Examples include Labour's success in 2001 and 2005 due to economic growth.
186
What was the public's perception of the Conservative government leading to Labour's victory in 2024?
They were viewed as incompetent and self-serving
## Footnote
Scandals and poor performance contributed to this perception.
187
How do party leaders affect the policies of their parties?
They determine which policies to focus on and how to communicate them
## Footnote
Their vision can significantly influence electoral outcomes.
188
What was the impact of Liz Truss's leadership on the Conservative Party's image?
Her policies led to a perception of incompetence and a drop in polls
## Footnote
This illustrates how leadership can directly affect party success.
189
What is the overall conclusion regarding leadership and electoral systems?
Leadership is the most important factor in party success, despite the electoral system's limitations
## Footnote
Effective leaders can still enable minor parties to gain influence.
190
What are minor parties?
Minor parties stand candidates in elections but have very little chance of winning themselves.
## Footnote
Examples include the SNP and Sinn Fein, which are nationalist parties, and others like Reform UK and the Green Party.
191
What is the First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system?
A voting system that reduces the power and relevance of smaller parties, benefiting the Labour and Conservative Parties.
## Footnote
It often leads to a two-party system despite significant support for minor parties.
192
What was the core vote percentage of the Labour and Conservative Parties in 1979 compared to 2024?
In 1979, over 80%; in 2024, just 57.4%.
## Footnote
Despite this decrease, they still won 81.8% of seats in 2024.
193
What was UKIP's performance in the 2015 election?
UKIP won 3.88 million votes but just one seat.
## Footnote
This highlights the impact of the FPTP system on minor parties.
194
What is the 'winner's bonus' in the context of FPTP?
When the winning party's seat share significantly exceeds its vote share.
## Footnote
For example, in 2019, the Conservatives won 56.2% of the seats with only 43% of the vote.
195
What percentage of the vote did parties other than Labour and Conservatives win in the 2024 election?
42%.
## Footnote
This indicates a return to a multi-party system in terms of vote share.
196
What significant electoral success did the SNP achieve in 2015?
The SNP won 56 seats with just 4.7% of the vote.
## Footnote
This illustrates how minor parties can achieve a high seat share with concentrated support.
197
What is the 'spoiler effect'?
When a minor party draws votes away from a major party, potentially causing it to lose an election.
## Footnote
This can inadvertently benefit another major party.
198
What impact did Reform UK have in the 2024 election?
Reform UK took votes from both Labour and the Conservatives, significantly damaging the Conservative Party in terms of seats.
## Footnote
They split the right-wing vote in Leave voting constituencies.
199
What role have minor parties played in devolved bodies?
Minor parties have wielded significant power and influence over policy in devolved bodies like the Scottish Parliament.
## Footnote
The SNP has been in power in Scotland since 2007.
200
What was the impact of minor parties in coalition governments?
Minor parties have influenced policies significantly, such as the Lib Dems driving through policies like increasing the personal allowance.
## Footnote
Coalition dynamics often favor major parties but minor parties can still shape outcomes.
201
What was the polling position of Reform UK in early 2025?
Reform UK was polling at 25%, close to Labour's 26% and overtaking the Conservatives at 22%.
## Footnote
This indicates a potential threat to the traditional two-party dominance.
202
How have minor parties influenced major party policies?
Minor parties can raise the profile of issues and threaten major parties electorally, leading to policy shifts.
## Footnote
The Green Party has notably raised environmental issues despite having few MPs.
203
What was the significant policy change due to the influence of Reform UK?
Reform UK influenced the government to adopt a tougher immigration policy.
## Footnote
This included an announcement in February 2025 regarding refugees arriving by small boats.
204
What has been the overall judgement regarding the influence of Labour and Conservative Parties?
While Labour and Conservative Parties dominate elections and government, minor parties play significant roles in devolved bodies and influence policy indirectly.
## Footnote
Their electoral threat can shape major party platforms.
205
What are the economic priorities shared by the Conservative Party, Labour Party, and Liberal Democrats?
Support for capitalism and business, prioritisation of national finances, reducing debt, driving economic growth
## Footnote
These priorities are particularly relevant in the context of the cost of living crisis.
206
What are Rishi Sunak's three economic priorities?
Halving inflation, growing the economy, reducing the debt
## Footnote
These were among the five priorities outlined during his time in power.
207
What is 'securonomics' as proposed by Chancellor Reeves?
Focus on fiscal responsibility, avoiding budget deficits, implementing a fiscal lock
## Footnote
This approach ensures economic stability and growth without excessive borrowing.
208
What significant change did Labour make regarding its economic policy under Starmer?
Moved away from high taxation, high spending policies of the Corbyn era towards a more centrist approach
## Footnote
This included strengthening ties with the business community.
209
What was the Labour Party's proposed green prosperity plan amount before it was ditched?
£28 billion-a-year
## Footnote
The Labour Party justified this decision by prioritising financial stability.
210
What did all three main parties pledge regarding taxes in the 2024 election campaign?
To freeze the majority of taxes, including income tax, corporation tax, and VAT
## Footnote
The Labour government delivered on this in their first budget in October 2024.
211
What was the Conservative Party's proposed National Insurance cut in their 2024 manifesto?
From 10% to 8%, with a pledge to reduce it to 6% by April 2027
## Footnote
This reflects a Thatcherite tax-cutting approach.
212
What was the Liberal Democrats' approach to taxation in their 2024 manifesto?
Raise funds by reforming Capital Gains Tax, raising levies on banks, introducing a new aviation duty
## Footnote
They aimed to close loopholes and crack down on tax avoidance.
213
What significant policy did the Labour Party implement regarding public transport?
Passed The Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act to re-nationalise the rail service
## Footnote
This contrasts with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat support for privatisation.
214
What did the Labour Party propose in relation to energy policy?
Introduce the Great British Energy Bill to establish a state-owned energy company
## Footnote
The profits are intended to be reinvested into public services.
215
What is a key difference in law and order policies between the Conservative Party and Labour Party?
Conservative Party supports stricter laws against unions and protests, Labour Party is more supportive of striking workers
## Footnote
This is evident in the introduction of the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act by the Conservatives.
216
What significant action did Sunak's government take against antisocial behaviour?
Introduced a comprehensive anti-social behaviour action plan and immediate justice initiatives
## Footnote
Offenders are required to engage in community repair work within 48 hours of sentencing.
217
What stance did the Labour Party take on recreational drug use?
Opposed the legalisation of cannabis, emphasizing the negative impact of its use
## Footnote
Starmer described the smell of cannabis as 'ruining lives'.
218
What is a key focus in the foreign policy of all three main parties?
Support for Ukraine against Russia's war
## Footnote
This includes military funding and support as outlined in their respective manifestos.
219
What was the Conservative Party's military funding commitment to Ukraine in 2024?
£2.5 billion
## Footnote
This made the UK one of the largest providers of military aid to Ukraine in Europe.
220
What immigration policy was formalised by the Conservative Party in April 2024?
The Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act, allowing deportation of asylum seekers to Rwanda
## Footnote
This policy faced significant criticism regarding human rights and costs.
221
What approach does the Labour Party intend to take regarding failed asylum seekers?
Establish a 'returns-and-enforcement unit' to swiftly remove them
## Footnote
This contrasts with the Conservative approach of deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda.
222
What is the conclusion regarding the similarities and differences between the main parties' policies?
Overall, the policies are slightly more similar than dissimilar, particularly in economic policy, law and order, and foreign policy
## Footnote
Significant differences exist in nationalisation and union policies.
223
What was a significant change in tax policy during Thatcher's time?
The top rate of income tax was reduced from 83% to 40%.
224
What did Thatcher's government do to corporation tax?
Corporation tax was reduced from 52% to 34%.
225
Which economic policy did Thatcher support?
Privatisation and removing the state from the market.
226
When did Thatcher start massive privatisations?
In 1981 with British Telecom.
227
What was the objective of Liz Truss' mini-budget in September 2022?
To promote a Thatcherite agenda to tackle rising inflation.
228
What tax cuts were attempted in Liz Truss' mini-budget?
Cuts to corporation tax, abolishing the top rate of income tax, and cutting stamp duty.
229
What did the Conservative government announce in the 2024 Spring Budget regarding National Insurance contributions?
A cut from 10% to 8%.
230
What is Rishi Sunak's view on disability benefits?
He believes they are overly generous and contribute to a 'sicknote' culture.
231
How did Rishi Sunak's government respond to Liz Truss' tax cuts?
They reversed her planned tax cuts and pledged to increase some taxes.
232
What was the corporation tax rate change under Sunak's government?
It rose from 19% to 25% in April 2023.
233
What was a key focus of Rishi Sunak's economic policy?
Prioritising national finances in the context of the cost of living crisis.
234
How did Thatcher's government approach law and order?
By increasing funding for the police and armed forces.
235
What was Rishi Sunak's commitment regarding police recruitment?
To recruit 20,000 additional police officers.
236
What notable action did Sunak take in March 2023 regarding anti-social behaviour?
Introduced a comprehensive anti-social behaviour action plan.
237
What was the purpose of the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023?
To require minimum service levels in key public sectors and limit the power of strikes.
238
What new offences were introduced by the Public Order Act (2023)?
Offences like 'locking-on' and interfering with national infrastructure.
239
How does the current Conservative government's stance on unions compare to Thatcher's?
It is not as harsh or uncompromising as Thatcher's policies.
240
What was Thatcher's reputation regarding foreign policy?
She was known as the 'iron lady' for her assertive foreign policy.
241
What military support did the UK government commit to Ukraine in 2024?
£2.5 billion in military funding.
242
What stance did Kemi Badenoch take on increasing defence spending?
Supported increasing it to 2.5% of GDP by 2027.
243
What was Thatcher's position on the EU?
Eurosceptic, seeking to protect Britain's sovereignty.
244
What immigration policy did the Conservative Party formalize in April 2024?
Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act.
245
What was a major criticism of the Rwanda immigration policy?
High cost and concerns about Rwanda's safety for asylum seekers.
246
What did Kemi Badenoch announce regarding British citizenship for immigrants?
Immigrants should only apply after 15 years of residence.
247
Overall, how does the current Conservative Party compare to Thatcherism?
It is largely Thatcherite, particularly in economic policy and law and order.
248
What does 'current Labour Party policy' refer to in the context of this essay?
The policies of the Labour Party under Starmer currently
249
What significant legislation did the Labour Party pass to re-nationalise the rail service?
The Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act
250
What is the purpose of the Great British Energy Bill?
To establish Great British Energy as a state-owned energy company that would reinvest profits into public services
251
How does Starmer's Labour Party's economic approach differ from that of New Labour?
Starmer's Labour Party supports nationalisation and criticises privatisation, contrasting with New Labour's support for privatization
252
What did Starmer pledge regarding public sector workers during the cost of living crisis?
To negotiate with public sector trade unions for new pay deals and prevent further strikes
253
What pay rise was announced for junior doctors in 2024?
22% pay rise
254
What is included in the Employment Rights Bill introduced by the Labour Government?
Ending zero-hours contracts and strengthening statutory sick pay
255
How has Starmer sought to change the Labour Party's image regarding business?
By shifting towards greater support of capitalism and the business community
256
What was the outcome of the Labour Investment Summit in October 2024?
Attracted over 300 industry leaders and resulted in £63 billion of private investment commitments
257
What did Starmer pledge regarding taxation in Labour's 2024 manifesto?
Not to increase tax for businesses or working people
258
Fill in the blank: Starmer's Labour Party aims to maintain a cautious approach to _______.
taxation and public spending
259
True or False: Starmer's Labour Party has scrapped all planned nationalisations that Corbyn's Labour Party supported.
False
260
What was a key policy shift of New Labour related to Law and Order?
Taking a tough stance on crime
261
What did Blair state about the Labour Party's approach to crime?
'Tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime'
262
What did Labour pledge in their 2024 manifesto regarding police recruitment?
To recruit 13,000 extra neighbourhood police and PCSOs
263
What significant benefit cuts did Starmer’s government announce in March 2025?
£6 billion in benefits cuts
264
What does the Labour Party's current policy on immigration reflect?
A tough stance on reducing immigration numbers
265
How does Starmer's foreign policy align with that of New Labour?
It is interventionist and maintains a strong relationship with the United States
266
What major foreign policy commitment did Starmer announce in February 2025?
Increase defence spending to 2.5% by 2027
267
What was the Labour Party's stance on foreign aid spending in February 2025?
Cut foreign aid spending from 0.5% of GDP to 0.3% of GDP
268
What is the overall conclusion regarding the current Labour Party policy?
It is closer to New Labour than it is to Old Labour
269
Fill in the blank: Starmer's Labour Party is attempting to appeal to _______ voters.
middle class
270
What is one key proposal for reforming party funding in the UK?
Making political parties state funded
271
What countries have state funding for political parties?
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Germany
272
What are two potential bases for state funding of political parties?
* Number of votes received in the previous election
* Matching small donations from the public
273
What was the total amount of donations received by the Conservative Party in 2023?
£44.5M
274
Who provided £10M to the Conservative Party in 2023 and how?
John Sainsbury through his will
275
How much did Frank Hester donate to the Conservative Party in 2023?
£10M (£5M personally and £5M through his firm)
276
What amount did the Labour Party receive from donations in 2023?
£21.5M
277
How much of the Labour Party's donations in 2023 came from trade unions?
£5.9M
278
Who were two major donors to the Labour Party in 2023?
* Gary Lubner (£4.6M)
* David Sainsbury (£3.1M)
279
What concerns arise from donations from rich individuals to political parties?
They can buy political influence, which is undemocratic
280
What was the amount of donations linked to Russia received by the Conservative Party during Boris Johnson's tenure?
Over £2 million
281
What was the controversy involving Lord Waheed Alli in 2024?
He donated over £500,000 and received gifts from Prime Minister Keir Starmer
282
What is 'Operation Integrity' related to?
Lord Alli's role in advising on public appointments after Labour's victory
283
What percentage of the Labour Party's total income in 2023/24 came from state funding?
13%
284
What is the Short Money in the context of UK political funding?
Public funding available to opposition parties based on seats won
285
What are two potential methods for reforming party funding?
* Banning large donations
* Increasing state funding
286
What is the argument against reforming party funding related to public support?
Current funding reflects public support for Labour and Conservatives
287
What is the estimated membership of the Labour Party?
370,000 members
288
Who is Nick Candy in relation to Reform UK?
Billionaire treasurer hired to improve fundraising
289
What significant act was passed by the Conservatives affecting Labour Party funding?
The Trade Union Act 2016
290
What is a potential drawback of fully state-funded political parties?
It could isolate parties from public and member wishes
291
What is a concern regarding taxpayer funding for political parties?
Taxpayers may not want to fund parties they do not support
292
What effect could state funding have on the focus of political parties?
Allow parties to focus more on representing the public
293
True or False: The Labour Party relies more on donations than the Conservative Party.
False
294
Fill in the blank: The current funding system upholds a _______ system in the UK.
two-party
295
What are rights, also known as?
Civil liberties
## Footnote
Rights are legally protected freedoms that are absolute, universal, and fundamental.
296
Name three examples of civil liberties.
* Right to vote
* Freedom of expression
* Freedom of movement
297
How do Civil Liberties Pressure Groups protect rights effectively?
Through campaigning for the protection of rights and ensuring rights remain high-profile in the political system.
298
What role do Insider Pressure Groups play in the UK?
They play an important role in the development and passage of legislation that furthers the protection of rights.
299
What significant law did Stonewall help introduce?
Equalising the age of consent for gay and straight individuals to 16 years old as part of the Sexual Offences Act 2000.
300
What is Care4Calais known for?
Campaigning for the rights of refugees in the UK and fighting legal challenges against government policies.
301
What was a notable success of Care4Calais on June 14, 2022?
The first planned deportation flight to Rwanda was emptied due to successful human rights legal challenges.
302
What argument can be made against the effectiveness of Civil Liberties Pressure Groups?
The government ultimately makes the final decision on legislation affecting rights.
303
What was Liberty's campaign against the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act?
They organized widespread protests under the slogan #KillTheBill.
304
What does the Public Order Act 2023 limit?
The right to disruptive protest in the UK.
305
What has been the Howard League For Penal Reform's success in advocating for prisoners' rights?
Limited success, mainly because the rights of convicted criminals don't make a popular cause.
306
What significant legislation did Gordon Brown's government introduce?
The 2010 Equality Act.
307
What does the government do during emergencies that can threaten individual rights?
Justify measures as necessary to protect collective rights.
308
What was the outcome of the House of Commons and House of Lords vote on Tony Blair's proposal in 2005?
The proposal to allow police to hold terrorist suspects for 90 days without charge was voted down.
309
What does the Policing, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act empower?
Greater powers to the police to impose restrictions on 'unacceptable protests'.
310
What new offenses were introduced by the Public Order Act 2023?
* Locking-on
* Interfering with national infrastructure
311
What was the government's response to the Supreme Court ruling against the Rwanda policy?
They passed the Safety of Rwanda Act to make their policy consistent with domestic law.
312
What does the Human Rights Act enable individuals to do?
Take their cases to domestic courts for British protection.
313
What is a key feature of the Human Rights Act's influence on legislation?
All new legislation must be compliant with the act.
314
What was declared incompatible with the Human Rights Act in the case of A v Secretary of State for the Home Department?
Part of The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.
315
What is a criticism of the Human Rights Act regarding its enforcement?
Parliamentary sovereignty means judges can't compel parliament to make changes to laws.
316
Fill in the blank: The Human Rights Act was passed by the _______ government in 1998.
New Labour
317
What is a concern regarding the judiciary's power related to the Human Rights Act?
It gives unelected judges too much power to prevent actions of elected governments.
318
What is the overall conclusion about the protection of rights in the UK?
Rights are relatively well protected in the UK.
319
What are pressure groups?
Groups that seek to influence politics to achieve particular goals.
320
Do pressure groups seek political office?
No, they seek to change policy through influencing public opinion, parliament, and the government.
321
What are think-tanks?
Groups of experts brought together to investigate topics and offer solutions to complex issues.
322
What types of issues do think-tanks address?
Economic, social, and political issues.
323
Who are lobbyists?
Members of professional organizations paid by clients seeking access to government and parliament.
324
What is the purpose of lobbyists?
To gain influence on behalf of their clients and prevent or promote legislation affecting their interests.
325
Fill in the blank: Pressure groups seek to influence _______.
[politics]
326
True or False: Think-tanks seek to gain political office.
False
327
What do lobbyists aim to do regarding legislation?
Prevent or promote legislation damaging or promoting their clients' interests.
328
What is the role of Pressure Groups in UK politics?
They exert influence through close contacts with ministers, government departments, MPs, and civil servants.
329
How do Pressure Groups achieve their aims?
By lobbying the government directly due to their political alignment with it.
330
What specific expertise did the National Farmers’ Union provide to the government?
Expertise and advice related to agriculture and farming issues.
331
What was a major success of the National Farmers’ Union in 2013?
They helped bring about a badger cull to control bovine tuberculosis.
332
What pledge did Prime Minister Rishi Sunak make at the National Farmers’ Union conference in early 2024?
To protect British Farming in the agricultural market.
333
Fill in the blank: The National Farmers’ Union represents _______ farmers.
55,000
334
What legislation did Stonewall play a key role in formulating during New Labour's time in power?
The equalisation of the age of consent for gay and straight individuals to 16 years.
335
True or False: The government makes the final decisions on policy, regardless of Pressure Group influence.
True
336
What challenge do Insider Pressure Groups face regarding their influence?
They are dependent on the political leanings of the government.
337
What happened to the influence of key trade unions after Thatcher's election?
They lost influence as the government aimed to curtail their power.
338
How did the National Farmers Union's influence change after Labour's election in 2024?
Their influence decreased significantly as they were no longer an insider group.
339
What was introduced in the 2024 Budget that affected the National Farmers Union?
A 20% tax on inherited farming assets over £1 million.
340
Fill in the blank: The NFU organized a 'mass lobby' event where thousands of farmers met _______ MPs in London.
150
341
What is a key limitation of Insider Pressure Groups?
Their successes are often not publicised to maintain government contacts.
342
What methods do Outsider Pressure Groups use to exert influence?
Mobilising public opinion, media use, and public protests.
343
What was a notable success of Marcus Rashford's campaign in 2020?
The extension of free school meals during school holidays.
344
What significant public demonstration occurred in London in 2024?
Protests calling for a ceasefire in Gaza with over 100,000 attendees.
345
What legal challenges have Outsider Pressure Groups used to influence government policy?
Human rights legal challenges against government policies, like the Rwanda deal.
346
What was the outcome of the first planned deportation flight to Rwanda on 14 June 2022?
It was emptied due to successful human rights legal challenges.
347
What issue did Women Against State Pension Inequality (WASPI) face?
They failed to convince the Labour Government to compensate affected women.
348
What was a consequence of the Just Stop Oil movement’s disruptive tactics?
It alienated the public and made it easier for the government to grant new oil licenses.
349
What did the Public Order Act of May 2023 aim to do?
Limit the effectiveness of outsider pressure groups using disruptive tactics.
350
Fill in the blank: The Public Order Act introduced new offences such as _______.
locking-on
351
What do Think Tanks do?
Investigate topics and offer solutions to complex economic, social, and political issues.
352
What influence did the Centre for Social Justice have on UK policy?
They proposed the Universal Credit benefits system.
353
Who influenced Liz Truss's economic policies in 2022?
The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA).
354
What has been a recent influence of the Tony Blair Institute on the Labour Party?
Consultation leading to centrist policy shifts under Keir Starmer.
355
What is the primary purpose of lobbyists?
To gain influence on behalf of their clients regarding government policy.
356
Fill in the blank: Lobbying in the UK employs _______ people and costs £2 billion annually.
4000
357
What incident raised concerns about potential corruption in lobbying?
Scott Benton was caught offering to lobby for a fake gambling company.
358
What did the House of Commons vote on in April 2024 regarding tobacco?
The Tobacco and Vapes Act, which aimed to prohibit cigarette sales to anyone born after 2009.
359
What new rules were introduced in March 2023 regarding lobbying?
New standards to enhance transparency and regulate MPs' conduct.
360
True or False: The influence of Think Tanks and Lobbyists is always significant.
False
361
What is a common limitation faced by both Think Tanks and Lobbyists?
Lack of significant public support.
362
Overall, how does the government influence the impact of pressure groups?
The government ultimately makes the final decision on policy.
363
What often affects the success of pressure groups?
Alignment with government attitudes
## Footnote
Pressure groups are more successful when their goals align with the existing views of the government.
364
What is the overall argument regarding the influence of pressure groups, think tanks, and lobbyists on government decisions?
Their influence varies greatly and is often hard to judge
## Footnote
The government ultimately makes the final policy decisions.
365
What is a key factor that can enhance the influence of pressure groups?
Significant public support and the generation of a social movement
## Footnote
When pressure groups mobilize public support, their influence on government decisions can increase significantly.
366
True or False: Pressure groups can instigate major policy shifts consistently.
False
## Footnote
The policy shifts instigated by pressure groups are often minor, indicating limited influence.
367
Fill in the blank: The influence of pressure groups, think tanks, and lobbyists on government decisions is usually _______.
limited
## Footnote
While their influence can sometimes be significant, it is generally constrained.
368
What is a common characteristic of pressure groups that struggle to influence government decisions?
Lack of public support
## Footnote
Pressure groups without public backing often find it difficult to exert pressure on government policies.
369
How does the government’s decision-making process relate to the influence of pressure groups?
The government makes the final decision on policy
## Footnote
This means that even if pressure groups exert influence, the government retains ultimate authority over policy outcomes.
370
What can be concluded about the influence of pressure groups in general?
It is usually limited but can be significant under certain conditions
## Footnote
Conditions such as public support and active social movements can enhance their effectiveness.
371
What are pressure groups?
Groups that seek to influence politics to achieve particular goals
372
What is the primary method pressure groups use to change policy?
Influencing public opinion, parliament, and the government
373
Why is generating mass support important for pressure groups?
It increases the likelihood of government policy change and demonstrates public backing
374
What campaign exemplified the effectiveness of social media in generating public support?
The 2020 campaign to extend free school meals led by Marcus Rashford
375
What was the outcome of the protests calling for a ceasefire in Gaza in 2024?
The Labour Government suspended some arms export licenses to Israel
376
What was a significant negative outcome for the Just Stop Oil movement?
It alienated the public, leading to government support for new North Sea oil licenses
377
Fill in the blank: The RSPCA employs around _______ people.
1600
378
What is a counterargument regarding the importance of mass support for pressure groups?
Significant public support does not guarantee policy change due to government reluctance to admit mistakes
379
What happened during the major anti-Iraq War protests in 2003?
They failed to change government policy despite over 700,000 participants
380
What is a key factor for the success of insider pressure groups?
Close contacts with ministers and alignment with government attitudes
381
What was Stonewall's success under New Labour?
Equalising the age of consent for gay and straight individuals
382
What significant action did the National Farmers’ Union achieve in 2013?
Helped bring about a badger cull to control bovine tuberculosis
383
What happened to Stonewall's influence under Sunak's Conservative government?
They failed to convince the government to ban trans conversion therapy
384
Fill in the blank: The NFU faced criticism for a 20% tax on inherited farming assets over _______.
£1 million
385
What is a counterargument regarding the importance of government attitudes for pressure groups?
Outsider groups can achieve success without government alignment
386
What was the outcome of the WASPI campaign regarding the women's state pension age?
The Labour Government rejected compensation despite public support
387
Why is strategy and leadership important for pressure groups?
They determine how effectively the group can mobilize support and target political access points
388
Who provided leadership in the campaign for extending free school meals?
Marcus Rashford
389
What was the British Medical Association's strategy in campaigning for a smoking ban?
They adjusted their goals to focus on banning smoking in cars with children
390
What legal action did Care4Calais take against the government's immigration policy?
Human rights legal challenges to the deportation of illegal immigrants to Rwanda
391
What was the outcome of Liberty's protests against the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act?
They failed to prevent the bill from being passed
392
Fill in the blank: Legal challenges are often _______ for pressure groups.
unsuccessful
393
Overall, what is the most important factor for the success of outsider pressure groups?
Generating mass support
394
Overall, what is the most important factor for the success of insider pressure groups?
Alignment with government attitudes
395
What is the main focus of the analysis of 'direct democracy' in the essay?
Referendums
## Footnote
Referendums are the most important use of direct democracy in the UK.
396
What is a key advantage of direct democracy?
Directly involves the people in decision making
## Footnote
This gives the people real power in democracy and prevents their wishes being ignored.
397
What was the turnout percentage for the Scottish Independence referendum in 2014?
84.6%
## Footnote
This included many 16 and 17-year-olds who were able to vote.
398
What was the turnout percentage for the Brexit referendum?
72.2%
## Footnote
This reflected disillusionment with the traditional political process.
399
How does direct democracy contribute to political participation?
Encourages participation as voters feel their vote matters
## Footnote
This can lead to increased political awareness.
400
What is a significant disadvantage of direct democracy?
The public are open to manipulation
## Footnote
Skilled speakers can sway public opinion, as seen in the 2016 EU referendum.
401
What misleading claim was made by the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum?
'We send the EU £350 million a week, let’s fund our NHS instead'
## Footnote
This claim was criticized for being false.
402
What is a benefit of representative democracy?
Key decisions are made by professional representatives
## Footnote
This reduces the chance of manipulation compared to direct democracy.
403
What practical concern is raised against using direct democracy frequently?
Impractical in large, heavily populated states
## Footnote
Quick decision-making is often required in emergencies.
404
What is the role of MPs in representing their constituents?
MPs can implement some direct democracy in their representation
## Footnote
They can consult constituents on key issues.
405
What is a key benefit of direct democracy concerning voter equality?
Gives equal weight to all votes
## Footnote
This forces campaigns to appeal to all voters.
406
What electoral system does the UK use that leads to unequal vote value?
First Past The Post
## Footnote
This system results in votes in smaller constituencies counting more.
407
What is a disadvantage of direct democracy related to majority rule?
Leads to 'tyranny of the majority'
## Footnote
This can disregard minority viewpoints.
408
How does representative democracy prevent the tyranny of the majority?
Minority groups have representation in Parliament
## Footnote
Professional politicians can advocate for minority interests.
409
What allows the public to hold their representatives accountable in a representative democracy?
Regular elections
## Footnote
This enables voters to remove representatives who do not perform well.
410
What is exemplified by Conservative MPs supporting a Labour amendment on December 5, 2023?
Strong MP-constituency link
## Footnote
MPs responded to local movements and concerns about compensation for victims.
411
What is the Burkean model of representation?
MPs should exercise their own professional judgement
## Footnote
This contrasts with simply following constituents' wishes.
412
What recent political issue increased distrust of politicians?
Scandals and misconduct issues
## Footnote
Many MPs resigned instead of facing recall petitions.
413
What was the consequence of the 'freebiegate' scandal for the Labour government?
Accusations of cronyism
## Footnote
Significant gifts from a donor raised concerns about influence.
414
What is the overall judgment regarding direct democracy and representative democracy?
Direct democracy is superior as it involves the people directly
## Footnote
However, it should not entirely replace representative democracy.
415
What is the main argument against representative democracy in practice?
MPs often make decisions in their own interests
## Footnote
This leads to ineffective representation.
416
What is the main argument for reforms to democracy in the UK?
Reforms to democracy in the UK haven’t gone far enough.
417
What voting system is suggested to replace First Past The Post?
A more proportional voting system.
418
What is a significant disadvantage of First Past The Post (FPTP)?
It is unrepresentative and limits voter choice.
419
How does FPTP affect the representation of minor parties?
It massively under-represents them.
420
What percentage of the vote did the Liberal Democrats receive in 2019, and how many seats did they win?
11.5% of the vote but only 11 seats (1.7%).
421
What is a 'winner's bonus' in the context of FPTP?
The party with the most votes benefits disproportionately, even without a majority.
422
What was the percentage of the vote received by the Labour Party in 2024, and how many seats did they win?
33.7% of the vote and 411 seats.
423
What is tactical voting?
Choosing a different party to prevent a least favorite party from winning.
424
What was the outcome of the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum?
68% voted against changing to AV.
425
What is a key advantage of FPTP according to its supporters?
It is easy to use and results are known quickly.
426
What is the significance of the MP-constituency link under FPTP?
It delivers effective local representation.
427
What was the result of the vote on the Labour amendment regarding the infected blood scandal?
It was passed by a narrow majority.
428
What percentage of voter turnout was recorded in the 2019 general election?
67.3%.
429
What is one proposed reform to extend the franchise in the UK?
Granting the right to vote to 16 and 17 year olds.
430
What effect does granting voting rights to 16 and 17 year olds have according to supporters?
It would increase political engagement and turnout.
431
Why do some oppose giving the vote to 16 and 17 year olds?
Many lack political knowledge and would misuse the vote.
432
What is compulsory voting, and where is it practiced?
A system requiring all eligible citizens to vote, practiced in Australia.
433
What is one argument against compulsory voting?
It can be seen as undemocratic since voting should be a choice.
434
What was the turnout for the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum?
42.2%.
435
What are referendums seen as in relation to public involvement?
A way to directly involve the public in decision making.
436
What was the turnout for the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum?
84%.
437
What is a citizens' assembly?
A group of citizens convened to discuss and make recommendations on important issues.
438
What was the focus of the Climate Assembly UK in 2019?
Public opinions on achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
439
What is a potential downside of citizens' assemblies?
Their recommendations may not be accepted by elected officials.
440
What is a key conclusion regarding reforms to democracy in the UK?
They haven’t gone far enough, particularly regarding FPTP and low voter turnout.
441
What is the average voter turnout in UK General Elections from 1945 to 1997?
76%
## Footnote
This serves as a benchmark for comparing recent voter turnout.
442
What was the voter turnout in the 2024 general election in the UK?
59.8%
## Footnote
This represents a significant decline from historical averages.
443
What is the typical voter turnout in 'second order' elections and referendums in the UK?
Generally low
## Footnote
Examples include devolved assembly elections.
444
What was the voter turnout in the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections?
63.5%
## Footnote
This indicates lower engagement in devolved elections.
445
What was the voter turnout in the 2021 Senedd elections?
46.6%
## Footnote
This is one of the lowest recorded turnouts.
446
What is one explanation for lower voter turnout among younger voters?
Political apathy
## Footnote
Younger voters show less interest in political issues.
447
What percentage of the 65+ age group voted in the 2017 election compared to 18-24 year olds?
25 percentage points higher
## Footnote
This highlights generational differences in voting behavior.
448
What percentage of respondents in a 2024 YouGov poll trust the British government to prioritize national needs?
49%
## Footnote
This reflects a decline in trust since 2019.
449
How many by-elections occurred in the UK since the 2019 election?
23 by-elections
## Footnote
Most were due to MPs resigning for misconduct.
450
What scandal occurred in the summer of 2024 involving the Labour Party and donations?
Freebiegate scandal
## Footnote
Accusations of cronyism due to gifts from donor Lord Alli.
451
What were the voter turnouts for the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and the 2016 EU referendum?
84.6% and 72.2% respectively
## Footnote
Indicates strong engagement on critical issues.
452
What term describes the idea that people are generally content and therefore do not push for change?
Hapathy
## Footnote
Combines happiness and apathy.
453
What percentage of the electorate belonged to a political party in the UK as of the present time compared to 1983?
1.6% compared to 3.8%
## Footnote
Reflects a decline in party membership.
454
What was the estimated membership of the Conservative Party today?
100,000 members
## Footnote
A significant drop from the mid-1990s.
455
How many members did the Labour Party have under Corbyn?
500,000 members
## Footnote
Membership has since fallen to 370,000.
456
What perspective on democracy emphasizes regular active political engagement as key?
Developmental perspective
## Footnote
Focuses on public engagement for democracy's success.
457
What was the surge in Labour Party membership attributed to in 2015?
Joining for just 3 pounds
## Footnote
This policy increased membership significantly.
458
What was the membership of the SNP in April 2018?
Over 125,000 members
## Footnote
Notable given Scotland's population size.
459
What did Nigel Farage claim in February 2025 regarding Reform UK?
Surpassed 200,000 members
## Footnote
This suggests rising interest in alternative political parties.
460
What percentage of the vote did Labour and Conservatives receive in the 2024 election?
57.4%
## Footnote
Indicates declining support for major parties.
461
What does the 'protective' perspective on democracy suggest?
Mass political involvement isn’t necessary for democracy
## Footnote
Just enough participation to grant legitimacy is sufficient.
462
What is one form of political participation that has been increasing among the youth?
Pressure group membership
## Footnote
Reflects engagement outside traditional political avenues.
463
What was a significant protest topic in early 2024 in the UK?
Ceasefire in Gaza
## Footnote
Demonstrated public engagement on international issues.
464
How many signatures did the Revoke Article 50 petition receive?
Over 6 million signatures
## Footnote
Indicates strong public interest in specific political issues.
465
What does 'slacktivism' refer to?
Minimal effort online political engagement
## Footnote
Criticized for not replacing traditional participation.
466
What was the signature count for the petition calling for an immediate general election in November 2024?
2.9 million signatures
## Footnote
This petition will be debated in Parliament in 2025.
467
What is the overall argument regarding UK democracy?
UK democracy is in a participation crisis
## Footnote
Low support for political parties and traditional systems threatens legitimacy.
