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UK Government Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Wright Reforms?

A

Changes aimed at making the executive more accountable to Parliament and increasing the power of backbenchers

Introduced after the 2010 General Election.

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2
Q

What is the Backbench Business Committee (BBBC)?

A

A committee established in 2010 that allows backbenchers to choose debate topics for 35 days in each parliamentary session

This limits the executive’s ability to dominate the parliamentary timetable.

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3
Q

Who led the Backbench Business Committee debate on detained British nationals abroad on December 5, 2024?

A

Conservative MP Sir Iain Duncan Smith

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4
Q

What was the focus of Sir Iain Duncan Smith’s motion in the BBBC debate?

A

Concern about arbitrarily detained British nationals abroad and human rights abuses

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5
Q

What significant change did the Wright Reforms make regarding Select Committee chairs?

A

Select Committee chairs are now elected by fellow MPs in a secret ballot instead of being chosen by party whips

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6
Q

Name a prominent Labour backbencher who chairs the Foreign Affairs Select Committee.

A

Emily Thornberry

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7
Q

What are Urgent Questions in Parliament?

A

Questions that allow backbenchers or the opposition to question ministers on urgent matters

The Speaker decides whether to grant these questions.

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8
Q

True or False: Urgent Questions have increased in frequency under Speakers Bercow and Hoyle.

A

True

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9
Q

What percentage of Select Committee chairs in the current Parliament are from the Labour Party?

A

66.67% (18 out of 27)

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10
Q

What was one of the major reforms made to the House of Lords by New Labour?

A

Removal of all but 92 hereditary peers

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11
Q

What prevents the House of Lords from voting down financial bills?

A

The Parliaments Acts of 1911 and 1949

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12
Q

What is the Salisbury Convention?

A

Prevents the House of Lords from voting down legislation that fulfills a commitment in the governing party’s election manifesto

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13
Q

How many times was Tony Blair defeated in the House of Commons?

A

4 times

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14
Q

What major defeat did Theresa May’s government face on January 15, 2019?

A

The worst defeat in modern political history on the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The House of Lords can only delay legislation for up to _______.

A

1 year

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16
Q

How many bills were introduced by Rishi Sunak’s government in the 2022/23 parliamentary session?

A

56 bills

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17
Q

True or False: The executive’s dominance over Parliament has significantly decreased since 2010.

A

False

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18
Q

What has been a key factor in the executive’s ability to dominate Parliament despite weak governments?

A

The First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system

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19
Q

What was the outcome of the Labour Party’s motion regarding Universal Credit on September 15, 2021?

A

Passed 253-0 after the government abstained

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20
Q

Overall, how have changes in recent decades affected the executive’s dominance over Parliament?

A

Limited to some extent, but majority governments still dominate the legislative process

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21
Q

What does Parliamentary Sovereignty refer to?

A

The fact that the UK Parliament is legally ‘sovereign’ within the UK constitution.

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22
Q

What can the UK Parliament do under Parliamentary Sovereignty?

A

Make laws on any subject and is the only law-making and amending body in Britain.

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23
Q

True or False: No court can strike down a law passed by the UK Parliament.

A

True.

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24
Q

What was the impact of the UK’s membership in the EU on Parliamentary Sovereignty?

A

The UK accepted the supremacy of EU law over laws passed by Parliament.

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25
What did the 1990 Factortame Case demonstrate regarding EU law?
The UK Parliament was forced to unmake a law that breached EU law.
26
What happened to Parliamentary Sovereignty after the UK left the EU?
There is no longer a higher court that can strike down laws passed by Parliament.
27
What limitation remains concerning Parliamentary Sovereignty in Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland remains aligned with EU law in some areas.
28
How many EU directives and regulations continue to apply in Northern Ireland?
Over 300 EU directives and regulations.
29
What does the Northern Ireland Protocol require regarding goods produced in Northern Ireland?
They must comply with EU law in some areas.
30
What was the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023?
It ended the special status of retained EU law, making it the same as normal laws.
31
Fill in the blank: The Illegal Migration Bill was introduced by the government in _______.
[March 2023]
32
What is a key argument against the increase of Parliamentary Sovereignty after Brexit?
The UK has lost the pooled sovereignty of being in the EU.
33
What did supporters of EU membership argue regarding sovereignty?
Sovereignty was pooled with other countries, gaining influence on the global stage.
34
What is a significant area of policy control regained by the UK since leaving the EU?
Trade.
35
True or False: The UK government can make trade deals without parliamentary approval.
True.
36
What was the Article 50 Case (Miller v Secretary of State) about?
Confirmed that a majority vote in Parliament was necessary to unmake a treaty.
37
What did the 2019 Prorogation Case (Miller v The Prime Minister) reaffirm?
The sovereignty of Parliament and its ability to hold the government to account.
38
What was the significance of the 2018 Legal Continuity Scotland Bill Case?
Control over legislation previously held by the EU should not be immediately granted to Scotland.
39
What is the overall judgement regarding Parliamentary Sovereignty since leaving the EU?
It has significantly increased despite some limitations.
40
What major change has occurred regarding the ability of Parliament to legislate on policy areas?
Parliament can legislate on issues previously controlled by the EU.
41
True or False: Much of the regained sovereignty will be exercised by the executive rather than Parliament.
True.
42
What does Parliamentary Sovereignty refer to?
The fact that the UK Parliament is legally ‘sovereign’ within the UK constitution
43
What powers does the UK Parliament have under Parliamentary Sovereignty?
It can make laws on any subject and is the only law making and amending body in Britain
44
Can any court or higher body, including the Supreme Court, strike down a law passed by Parliament?
No, no court or higher body can strike down a law passed by Parliament
45
What is the ultimate legal authority in the UK?
The UK Parliament
46
True or False: The UK Parliament is subordinate to other bodies in law.
False
47
What can judges do under the Human Rights Act regarding laws passed by Parliament?
Judges can declare laws incompatible with the Human Rights Act and advise Parliament to change them
48
Fill in the blank: The UK Parliament can pass laws on any _______.
[subject]
49
What is the role of Parliament when a law is declared incompatible with the Human Rights Act?
Parliament can refuse to change the offending law
50
What did Suella Braverman introduce in 2023?
The Illegal Migration Bill ## Footnote The bill included a section 19 note indicating potential incompatibility with the Human Rights Act.
51
What power does the Safety of Rwanda Act grant to ministers?
The power to ignore emergency rulings against the act by the European Court of Human Rights ## Footnote This act was passed in April 2024.
52
What does parliamentary sovereignty imply?
Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK ## Footnote It can create or end any law and is not bound by its predecessors.
53
How did the UK's withdrawal from the EU affect parliamentary sovereignty?
It increased parliamentary sovereignty by allowing Parliament to legislate on previously EU-controlled policy areas.
54
What is the Sewel Convention?
A convention stating that the UK Parliament cannot legislate on devolved policy areas without permission from the relevant devolved assembly.
55
What significant power does the Scottish Parliament have?
It controls key public services including health, social policy, and education, along with significant fiscal powers.
56
True or False: Devolution represents a federal settlement in the UK.
False ## Footnote Devolution is not a formal sharing of sovereignty; Parliament retains the legal power to abolish devolved bodies.
57
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court ruling in 2022 regarding Scotland's independence referendum?
The UK Parliament's consent is necessary to legislate for a second independence referendum.
58
What does the term 'elective dictatorship' refer to?
The concept that the government can dominate Parliament due to its majority.
59
What was the result of the 2024 election in the UK?
The public overwhelmingly voted against the Conservative Party, replacing it with the Labour Party.
60
Fill in the blank: The _______ Act 2023 was passed despite opposition from devolved governments.
Strikes (Minimum Service Levels)
61
What did the Article 50 Court Case determine?
The UK Parliament had to vote before Article 50 could be triggered.
62
List two areas where devolved bodies have significant powers.
* Health * Education
63
What does popular/political sovereignty refer to?
The authority of the people to grant legal sovereignty to Parliament through elections.
64
What is a key argument against the idea that Parliament is no longer sovereign?
Parliament can choose not to implement a referendum result, as referendums are only advisory.
65
What was a significant action by Theresa May regarding military action?
She carried out airstrikes in Syria in 2017 without consulting Parliament.
66
What can be inferred about the power dynamics between Parliament and the executive?
The executive often dominates Parliament due to its majority.
67
How many bills did the government introduce in the 2022/23 parliamentary session?
56 bills
68
What is one effect of weak governments on Parliament's power?
Increased ability to scrutinize and challenge the executive.
69
True or False: The Sewel Convention is legally binding.
False ## Footnote It is not legally binding and only recognized in specific acts.
70
What does the term 'judicial review' refer to?
The power of the courts to assess the legality of government actions.
71
How did the devolved administrations respond to the UK's Shared Prosperity Fund?
They withheld consent, arguing it contradicted the principles of devolution.
72
What is a notable legislative achievement of the government in recent sessions?
The Illegal Migration Act
73
What is judicial neutrality?
Judicial neutrality is the idea that judges will exercise their functions without being influenced by their own personal bias or political opinions. ## Footnote This concept emphasizes the impartiality required in judicial decision-making.
74
What is judicial independence?
Judicial independence is the idea that judges must be free from political interference, particularly from the government. ## Footnote This ensures that the judiciary can operate without external pressures.
75
What rules ensure the neutrality of Supreme Court justices?
Supreme Court justices must follow several rules, including: * Not campaigning for political parties or pressure groups * Basing decisions in law with full explanations * Publishing decisions for public scrutiny * Avoiding conflicts of interest ## Footnote These rules help maintain transparency and neutrality.
76
What are the qualifications to become a Supreme Court judge?
To become a Supreme Court judge, one must: * Serve as a senior judge for 2 years, or * Be a qualified lawyer for at least 15 years ## Footnote Elevation is based on past performance and experience.
77
What is the composition of the current Supreme Court in terms of gender and race?
Of the current 12 justices: * 10 are male * 11 are white * 12 are 60 or over * The majority attended private schools ## Footnote This composition has raised concerns about representation.
78
Which Supreme Court case highlighted gender representation issues?
The case of 'Radmacher v Granatino' (2010) highlighted gender representation issues, as Lady Hale was the only female justice and dissented from the majority verdict. ## Footnote Her dissent emphasized the impact on women from the court's decision.
79
What changes were made to ensure judicial independence after the Constitutional Reform Act?
The Constitutional Reform Act removed the legislative role of the Lord Chancellor, established an independent Judicial Appointments Commission, and ensured the judiciary is headed by the Lord Chief Justice. ## Footnote These changes aimed to enhance the independence of the Supreme Court.
80
How is the security of tenure for judges ensured?
Judges can't be removed unless they break the law or are impeached, with an official retirement age of 70 ensuring security of tenure. ## Footnote This independence allows judges to perform their duties without fear of dismissal.
81
What is the current salary of Supreme Court justices?
The current salary of Supreme Court justices is £226,193. ## Footnote This salary is paid from an independent budget, reducing financial pressure from political actors.
82
What are sub judice rules?
Sub judice rules prevent members of parliament, government ministers, and the media from publicly discussing ongoing legal proceedings. ## Footnote These rules aim to protect the court from external influence.
83
What recent events have raised concerns about judicial independence?
Recent events include increased media scrutiny and criticism of court decisions, particularly regarding Brexit cases, leading to concerns about undue pressure on the judiciary. ## Footnote This scrutiny has been particularly prominent following the Article 50 and Prorogation cases.
84
What was the public reaction to the Supreme Court's ruling on Brexit?
The Daily Mail labeled high court judges as 'Enemies Of The People' following the Article 50 ruling, indicating a backlash against judicial decisions. ## Footnote This reflects public perception and criticism of the judiciary's role in political matters.
85
What argument supports the Supreme Court's neutrality in Brexit-related cases?
The argument is that the Supreme Court was upholding the constitution and the law, not interfering with politics, by requiring Parliament's consent for Brexit. ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes the court's role in maintaining legal standards.
86
What is the overall conclusion regarding the Supreme Court's judicial independence and neutrality?
The Supreme Court operates with sufficient judicial independence but lacks sufficient judicial neutrality due to its narrow composition. ## Footnote Greater efforts are needed to make the court more representative of the population.
87
What is a key argument against the Supreme Court having significant power over the executive and parliament?
It is unelected and unrepresentative of the population. ## Footnote The Supreme Court has been criticized for its lack of diversity in terms of race, gender, class, education, and age.
88
What phrase did the Times use to describe the judiciary in 2011?
'Pale, male and stale' ## Footnote This phrase highlights the lack of diversity among justices.
89
How many justices on the Supreme Court are male?
11 out of 12 justices are male.
90
In the case of 'Radmacher v Granatino' (2010), what was significant about Lady Hale's dissent?
She argued that the precedent would disproportionately disadvantage women. ## Footnote Lady Hale was the only female justice among the 9 justices.
91
What is one argument for the Supreme Court having too much power over the executive and parliament?
Its narrow composition impedes its ability to uphold judicial neutrality.
92
What rules ensure the Supreme Court carries out its role with judicial neutrality?
Supreme Court justices cannot campaign for political parties or pressure groups.
93
What is required for a judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court?
Must have served as a senior judge for 2 years or been a qualified lawyer for at least 15 years.
94
True or False: The Supreme Court can compel Parliament to change legislation.
False. ## Footnote The Supreme Court can issue declarations of incompatibility but cannot compel Parliament.
95
What role does the Supreme Court play regarding the Human Rights Act?
It ensures that legislation passed by Parliament is compliant with the Human Rights Act.
96
What was declared incompatible with the Human Rights Act in 'A v Secretary of State for the Home Department'?
Part of The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. ## Footnote This act discriminated on the grounds of nationality or immigration status.
97
Fill in the blank: The Supreme Court's role is important in maintaining a _______ culture in the UK.
rights-based
98
What can Parliament do if it disagrees with a Supreme Court ruling?
Change the law or repeal the Human Rights Act.
99
What is the Supreme Court's power of judicial review used for?
To ensure the government hasn't acted beyond its legal authority in 'ultra vires' cases.
100
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that Boris Johnson's prorogation of Parliament was unlawful?
The 2019 Prorogation case.
101
What did the Supreme Court rule in the 2022 Second Referendum on Scottish Independence Case?
The Scottish Parliament did not have the power to unilaterally legislate for an independence referendum.
102
What does the term 'ultra vires' refer to?
Actions taken beyond the authority granted by law.
103
What was included in The Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022?
An ouster clause removing the Supreme Court's power of judicial review regarding the dissolution of Parliament.
104
True or False: The Supreme Court's power is unlimited.
False. ## Footnote Parliament can pass laws to limit the Supreme Court's power.
105
What did the Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act state?
Rwanda must be considered a safe country for asylum seekers, overriding international law and the Human Rights Act.
106
Overall, how does the Supreme Court's power relate to the executive and Parliament?
It does not have too much power; its role is legitimate and important in protecting democracy.
107
What does the term 'Presidentialisation' of the Prime Minister imply?
The Prime Minister increasingly acts like and has the powers of a US President.
108
In what context do Prime Ministers often act like a head of state?
In foreign policy and emergencies.
109
Who had a close personal relationship with George Bush that influenced UK foreign policy during the Iraq War?
Tony Blair.
110
What significant role did the Prime Minister play during the Brexit process?
Determining the Withdrawal Agreement and negotiating with the EU.
111
Which Prime Minister was involved in hosting the G20 in London in 2009?
Gordon Brown.
112
How did Boris Johnson's popularity change during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
He was initially very popular and rallied the country behind him.
113
True or False: The monarch is the official Head of State in the UK and plays a political role.
False.
114
What limits the ability of a Prime Minister to act like a President?
Their personality and events outside of their control.
115
Which Prime Minister struggled to act presidentially due to being in charge of a coalition government?
David Cameron.
116
What significant role did Lord Cameron have under Rishi Sunak's government?
He was given significant control in terms of foreign policy.
117
How do Prime Ministers still rely on the cabinet despite their increased powers?
For decision making and delivering policy.
118
What model does the UK Government operate under that fragments power?
Core-executive model.
119
How many special advisors did John Major have compared to Tony Blair in 2005?
8 for John Major; 30 for Tony Blair.
120
What is the role of Special Advisors (SPADs) in Downing Street?
They provide significant administrative support and develop government strategy.
121
What is Michael Foley's concept related to Prime Minister's personal popularity?
Spatial Leadership.
122
Fill in the blank: The Prime Minister can use the media to develop _______.
personal popularity.
123
Which Prime Minister distanced himself from the Conservative Party during the 2019 election?
Boris Johnson.
124
What can happen if a Prime Minister distances themselves too much from their party?
They can be removed by their cabinet.
125
True or False: The last three Prime Ministers were removed due to their unpopularity.
True.
126
What does the removal of Margaret Thatcher illustrate about Prime Ministerial power?
The limits of expanding the office and the importance of cabinet support.
127
What overall conclusion can be drawn about the Prime Minister's presidential nature?
The Prime Minister is not presidential as they rely on the support of their cabinet and party.
128
What is a key argument that the power of the Prime Minister has decreased since 2010?
Inability to control cabinets, frequent leaks, breaking of collective ministerial responsibility ## Footnote This is illustrated by cabinet resignations and public unpopularity of multiple Prime Ministers since 2010.
129
Which Prime Minister was noted for having strong control over their party and cabinet before 2010?
Tony Blair
130
What issue did Theresa May face regarding her cabinet?
Major breakdown in collective ministerial responsibility
131
Who was the Foreign Secretary under Theresa May that leaked dissatisfaction with government policy?
Boris Johnson
132
Fill in the blank: During the Brexit process, multiple ministers voted against _______.
government policy
133
What happened to Liz Truss and Boris Johnson in relation to their cabinets?
Forced to resign after key cabinet members challenged their leadership
134
What significant reform was introduced in 2010 to increase the power of backbenchers?
The Wright Reforms
135
What convention regarding military action has been established since 2010?
House of Commons consent is required for major military action
136
What act removed the Prime Minister's power to call a snap General Election?
The 2011 Fixed Term Parliaments Act
137
What was a significant defeat for David Cameron in relation to military action?
Lost a vote on airstrikes in Syria in 2013
138
What was one of the key prerogative powers of the Prime Minister that has been limited since 2010?
Power of patronage and enforcement of collective ministerial responsibility
139
Name one issue on which Liberal Democrat ministers were allowed to abstain from collective responsibility.
Construction of nuclear power stations
140
True or False: The Fixed Term Parliaments Act has been effective in preventing snap elections.
False
141
What significant action did Rishi Sunak's government take without parliamentary consent in January 2024?
Carried out joint air-strikes with the US
142
What is one reason cited for why the power of the Prime Minister over Parliament has decreased since 2010?
Increased independence of Select Committees due to the Wright Reforms
143
How did the Backbench Business Committee (BBBC) change parliamentary debate?
Gave backbenchers a say on the agenda of Parliament
144
What was the worst defeat in modern political history for Theresa May?
432-202 on Brexit Withdrawal Agreement on 15 January 2019
145
How many times was Boris Johnson defeated in the House of Commons during his minority government?
Twelve times in six months
146
Fill in the blank: The Prime Minister has significant control over _______ legislation.
secondary
147
What budget decision was made by the Labour Government in July 2024?
Allowed prisoners to be released after 40% of their term
148
What did the government reduce the UK’s international aid budget to in February 2025?
0.3% of Gross National Income (GNI)
149
What is the impact of small majorities on Prime Minister's power?
They are weaker and face more challenges in passing legislation
150
Overall, what conclusion is drawn about the power of the Prime Minister since 2010?
Decreased significantly due to cabinet and parliamentary challenges
151
What factor may limit Keir Starmer's power despite having a large majority?
Being much less popular with the public than Blair
152
What is the role of patronage for a Prime Minister?
To shape the top team, enhance power, promote policy priorities, and remove poor performers ## Footnote Patronage allows Prime Ministers to bring in allies who share their ideological views.
153
What can new Prime Ministers do to assert their power?
Remove former Cabinet Ministers and replace them with allies ## Footnote This strategy helps establish a cabinet that aligns with the new Prime Minister's vision.
154
Who did Liz Truss remove from Johnson's cabinet?
* Priti Patel * Nadine Dorries * Dominic Raab ## Footnote This was part of her strategy to consolidate power.
155
What factors influenced Starmer's selection of his first cabinet?
Loyalty and political reliability ## Footnote Most ministers had served in the same positions for years, making them reliable allies.
156
What is the significance of 'big beasts' in a Prime Minister's cabinet?
They can limit the Prime Minister's power and require significant concessions ## Footnote These figures often hold substantial influence within their party.
157
What violation led to Suella Braverman's dismissal?
Publishing an opinion piece without Downing Street's approval ## Footnote Her statements challenged Prime Minister Sunak's authority, leading to her sacking.
158
True or False: Prime Ministers can always dominate their cabinets.
False ## Footnote Their power is limited by the need to represent different factions within the party.
159
What approach did Theresa May take when forming her cabinet?
Balanced between Brexiteers and Remainers ## Footnote This was to maintain authority over a divided party.
160
What was Tony Blair's relationship with Gordon Brown?
Brown limited Blair's power significantly ## Footnote Blair had to concede control over various policy areas to Brown.
161
How did Boris Johnson's cabinet dynamics affect his leadership?
Johnson struggled to control dissenting ministers like Boris Johnson ## Footnote This illustrates how popularity among party members can limit a Prime Minister's authority.
162
What is 'sofa government'?
A governing style where Prime Ministers avoid the cabinet for decision-making ## Footnote Tony Blair is associated with this approach, favoring smaller meetings.
163
Fill in the blank: Prime Ministers can bypass the cabinet by using _______.
[informal committees, SPADs, and smaller cabinet committees] ## Footnote These methods allow Prime Ministers to have more control over policy decisions.
164
What role do Special Advisors (SPADs) play in a Prime Minister's government?
They assist in developing government strategy and policy ## Footnote SPADs are unelected and work closely with the Prime Minister.
165
What happened to Boris Johnson's popularity in relation to Dominic Cummings?
Johnson defended Cummings despite public backlash ## Footnote This decision affected the government's popularity.
166
What model does the UK Government operate under?
Core-executive model ## Footnote Power is fragmented, limiting the Prime Minister's control over policy.
167
What is a significant challenge for Prime Ministers when implementing policy?
They must consult cabinet ministers and gain their support ## Footnote This is especially true in cases of cabinet rivalry or small majorities.
168
What was a key factor in Theresa May's Brexit negotiations?
Influence of hardline Brexiteers in her cabinet ## Footnote Their support forced May towards a harder Brexit deal.
169
True or False: Popular Prime Ministers can completely bypass their cabinet.
False ## Footnote They still rely on their cabinet to deliver policy and manage departments.
170
What is the relationship between personal popularity and a Prime Minister's power?
Higher popularity allows Prime Ministers to drive through policies more effectively ## Footnote Personal popularity can help in gaining support for their agenda.
171
What concept describes Prime Ministers distancing themselves from their parties?
Spatial Leadership ## Footnote This concept suggests they present themselves as outsiders to increase public support.
172
What happened to the Conservative Party Prime Ministers who became unpopular?
They were removed by their cabinets ## Footnote This reflects the importance of maintaining support within the party.
173
What was Margaret Thatcher's fate related to her cabinet?
She was removed by her cabinet despite having a majority ## Footnote Her failure to consult and sidelining of the cabinet contributed to her downfall.
174
Overall, can Prime Ministers dominate their cabinets?
No, they often rely on their cabinets to deliver policy and face challenges from factions ## Footnote Popular Prime Ministers have more influence, but this is not absolute.
175
What do Prime Ministers seek when selecting government ministers?
To reward loyalty of key allies and ensure acceptance of collective responsibility ## Footnote This ensures ministers support government policy in public.
176
What is a key concern for Prime Ministers regarding their ministers?
Ministers should not destabilise or embarrass the government by going off message ## Footnote This includes questioning government policies.
177
Who was replaced by Brandon Smith in Boris Johnson's cabinet reshuffle?
Julian Smith ## Footnote Smith was sacked for speaking out against a no deal Brexit.
178
What role did loyalty play in Starmer's selection of his first cabinet?
Loyalty and political reliability were major factors ## Footnote Most members had served in the same shadow cabinet positions for years.
179
Which Chancellor was a key ally for Liz Truss?
Kwasi Kwarteng ## Footnote He had limited experience in government.
180
What is a counterpoint to the argument that political loyalty is the most important factor in minister selection?
Prime Ministers must balance political allies with different party factions ## Footnote This helps maintain support across the party.
181
Which Prime Minister appointed a cabinet balancing Brexiteers and Remainers?
Theresa May ## Footnote Key figures included Boris Johnson and David Davis as Brexiteers, and Phillip Hammond and Jeremy Hunt as Remainers.
182
What is the significance of offering cabinet positions to failed leadership opponents?
It helps to unify the party ## Footnote Example: Boris Johnson appointed Matt Hancock and Michael Gove after his leadership election.
183
What trend has been observed in recent Prime Minister appointments regarding ideological balance?
Less importance is placed on ideological balance by popular Prime Ministers ## Footnote They often appoint like-minded ministers.
184
What is a notable feature of Liz Truss's cabinet regarding experience?
It was the least experienced in modern history ## Footnote The average secretary of state had just 17 months of top-level ministerial experience.
185
What is a key example of a minister selected for competence and experience?
Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor ## Footnote He was seen as a safe choice after Kwasi Kwarteng's dismissal.
186
What role did Rachel Reeves have prior to becoming Chancellor?
Shadow Chancellor for 3 years ## Footnote She previously worked for the Bank of England.
187
What is the significance of direct representation and diversity in cabinet selection?
Ensures cabinets represent the population in terms of gender and ethnicity ## Footnote Example: Blair appointed the first female Foreign Secretary, Margaret Beckett.
188
What has been noted about the representation of ethnic minorities in Starmer's first cabinet?
Only 3 members are from an ethnic minority background ## Footnote This is a drop from previous cabinets under Sunak and Johnson.
189
What argument counters the importance of diversity in minister selection?
Political loyalty and individual competence are more important factors ## Footnote These factors help maintain the Prime Minister's power and control.
190
How did Liz Truss's cabinet selection reflect her leadership style?
She prioritized political loyalty over experience ## Footnote Appointed multiple inexperienced allies.
191
What conclusion can be drawn about political loyalty in minister selection?
It is not the most important factor; competence and experience are prioritized by most Prime Ministers ## Footnote Liz Truss's cabinet was an exception.
192
What are the two conventions of ministerial responsibility outlined in the Ministerial Code?
Individual and Collective Ministerial Responsibility ## Footnote These conventions are published by the Prime Minister at the start of each administration.
193
What is the purpose of Collective Ministerial Responsibility?
To promote government unity in the face of opposition and hold the government as a whole responsible to Parliament for its decisions.
194
Under Collective Ministerial Responsibility, what must ministers do if they privately disagree with government policy?
They must support and defend all of the government’s policies in public and in the media.
195
What happens if a minister publicly criticizes government policy without resigning?
The Prime Minister should force them to resign.
196
List the four key issues on which Liberal Democrat ministers were allowed to abstain during the coalition government.
* Construction of nuclear power stations * Tax allowances for married couples * Higher education funding * Renewal of Trident
197
True or False: Collective ministerial responsibility has never been relaxed.
False
198
What event led to the relaxation of collective ministerial responsibility in 1975?
The European Communities Referendum.
199
What is a significant argument against the importance of Collective Ministerial Responsibility?
It has had to be relaxed on multiple occasions for the government to function effectively.
200
In what context did Rishi Sunak hold two free votes to maintain cabinet unity?
On contentious issues to prevent cabinet resignations.
201
What does Individual Ministerial Responsibility relate to?
The personal conduct and professionalism of ministers.
202
Give an example of a minister who resigned due to personal conduct.
Matt Hancock resigned after a video showed him breaching COVID regulations.
203
What did Keir Starmer revise in the Ministerial Code regarding investigations?
He allowed the Independent Adviser on Ministers’ Interests to initiate investigations independently.
204
What is a counterargument for the importance of Individual Ministerial Responsibility?
It is dependent on the Prime Minister's standards and their role as 'judge, jury, and executioner.'
205
What scandal exemplified the lack of enforcement of Individual Ministerial Responsibility under Boris Johnson?
The 'Partygate' scandal.
206
What occurred in November 2024 that demonstrated media pressure's influence on ministerial resignations?
The resignation of Louise Haigh following news reports of a past fraud conviction.
207
Who resigned as Secretary of State for Education and Skills after failing to meet literacy and numeracy targets?
Estelle Morris.
208
What must ministers do if they knowingly mislead Parliament?
They are expected to resign.
209
Provide an example of a minister who resigned after misleading Parliament.
Amber Rudd resigned after inadvertently misleading the Home Affairs Select Committee.
210
What is the relationship between the strength of the Prime Minister and the enforcement of collective ministerial responsibility?
The importance and enforcement of collective ministerial responsibility depend on the strength of the Prime Minister.
211
Fill in the blank: Collective ministerial responsibility is effective in allowing the Prime Minister to use their powers of _______.
patronage.
212
What does the flexibility of collective ministerial responsibility allow for?
It allows the government to continue functioning effectively.
213
What is the obligation of ministers regarding information provided to Parliament?
Ministers are obliged to give accurate information to Parliament and to offer their resignation to the Prime Minister if they knowingly mislead Parliament.
214
What event led to Amber Rudd's resignation as Home Secretary?
Amber Rudd resigned after inadvertently misleading the Home Affairs Select Committee about deportation removal targets.
215
What was the context of Amber Rudd's resignation?
Her resignation occurred during media scrutiny over the Windrush Scandal.
216
What argument is made against the importance of individual ministerial responsibility?
It is argued that individual ministerial responsibility is no longer important as it relies on the personal honour of ministers, who may not resign if it harms their career prospects.
217
What has contributed to the decline of individual ministerial responsibility?
The lines of accountability have blurred, with civil servants sometimes held accountable for departmental failings instead of ministers.
218
What example illustrates the decline of individual ministerial responsibility?
Education Secretary Gavin Williamson oversaw major failings in his department but remained in office for over a year after the exams algorithm failure.
219
Who resigned following the exams algorithm failure in 2020?
Sally Collier, the head of Ofqual, resigned.
220
What was the significant issue involving Education Secretary Gillian Keegan in September 2023?
Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) was discovered in over 100 schools, and she chose not to resign.
221
How did Gillian Keegan respond to the RAAC issue?
She attributed blame to others, including school administrators and local authorities, instead of taking personal responsibility.
222
What does the overall judgment suggest about individual ministerial responsibility?
The judgment suggests that individual ministerial responsibility in relation to departmental failures is limited in importance.
223
What factors influence the enforcement of individual and collective ministerial responsibility?
They are dependent on the Prime Minister's willingness to enforce them, often based on media backlash.
224
What recent political context has affected the importance of ministerial responsibility?
Starmer's commitment to high public standards and strong cabinet control have restored importance to ministerial responsibility in comparison to previous leaders.
225
True or False: Individual ministerial responsibility is consistently upheld regardless of the Prime Minister's actions.
False
226
Fill in the blank: Individual ministerial responsibility may become unimportant again under a new Prime Minister with _______.
lower commitment to high standards of public service
227
What are the three key ways in which Parliament holds the government to account?
Select Committees, Ministerial Question Time, Legislative Scrutiny ## Footnote These are the main mechanisms through which Parliament exercises oversight over the government.
228
How do Select Committees hold the government to account effectively?
They conduct in-depth inquiries, maintain professionalism in questioning, and are more independent post-Wright Reforms ## Footnote The Wright Reforms have increased the independence of Select Committees by changing how Chairs are appointed.
229
What role did Emily Thornberry play in the context of Select Committees?
She is the Chair of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee and has criticized the government's approach to China and Russia ## Footnote Thornberry has urged stronger actions on human rights abuses and sanctions.
230
What is a significant outcome of the Privileges Select Committee's scrutiny in March 2023?
They scrutinized former Prime Minister Boris Johnson over the 'Partygate' scandal ## Footnote This scrutiny received considerable public interest and media attention.
231
What is the government required to do in response to Select Committee findings?
Publicly respond within 8 weeks ## Footnote This requirement ensures that the government addresses the concerns raised by Select Committees.
232
What percentage of Select Committee recommendations does the government typically accept?
About 40% ## Footnote These accepted recommendations are often minor changes rather than substantial policy shifts.
233
What is a criticism of the Select Committees' ability to hold the government to account?
A majority of members are from the governing party, limiting independence ## Footnote This can hinder their effectiveness in holding the government accountable.
234
What was the outcome of the Education Select Committee's recommendations in 2023?
The government chose not to implement them despite extensive inquiries ## Footnote This highlights the limited influence of Select Committees on certain issues.
235
What is the purpose of Ministerial Question Time (PMQs)?
To allow direct questioning of the government by MPs, exposing failures and concerns ## Footnote PMQs is a key opportunity for opposition leaders to scrutinize government actions.
236
How does PMQs contribute to public engagement in politics?
It is televised weekly and is the most watched aspect of politics ## Footnote This visibility encourages public interest and accountability.
237
What can happen if a Minister misleads the House of Commons?
They may face pressure to resign ## Footnote This accountability mechanism ensures that Ministers are competent and informed.
238
What is a criticism of PMQs in terms of effectiveness?
It often focuses on partisan point scoring rather than detailed scrutiny ## Footnote This can lead to political soundbites instead of substantive answers.
239
What was a notable event during PMQs on 8 May 2024?
Natalie Elphicke defected from the Conservative Party to Labour during the session ## Footnote This event was strategically timed to maximize media attention.
240
What is a major criticism of the legislative scrutiny provided by Parliament?
The government controls the timetable, limiting effective scrutiny ## Footnote This control allows for rapid passage of legislation with minimal oversight.
241
What is the role of the House of Lords in legislative scrutiny?
It offers technical amendments and can delay legislation ## Footnote The House of Lords acts as an amending chamber, particularly when public backlash occurs.
242
What happened with the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act in 2023?
The government accepted 64 House of Lords amendments to improve the bill ## Footnote Most amendments were technical, aimed at enhancing the bill's functionality.
243
What was a significant defeat for Theresa May's government?
She suffered the worst defeat in modern political history on 15 January 2019 ## Footnote This defeat was over the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement, showcasing Parliament's power to hold the government accountable.
244
What is a potential solution to improve scrutiny over PMQs?
Greater use of the Liaison Committee for meaningful questioning ## Footnote The Liaison Committee provides more in-depth scrutiny compared to the often theatrical PMQs.
245
True or False: The government is rarely defeated in the House of Commons when it has a large majority.
True ## Footnote A large majority often results in smooth passage of legislation with little opposition.
246
What percentage of bills introduced in the 2022/23 parliamentary session received royal assent?
76% ## Footnote Of the 56 bills introduced, 43 received royal assent.
247
Who was defeated just four times during their three terms as Prime Minister?
Blair ## Footnote This highlights the effectiveness of his majority in passing legislation.
248
How many times was Sunak defeated as Prime Minister?
Once ## Footnote This indicates a strong position in the House of Commons.
249
What are the Parliaments Acts of 1911 and 1949 primarily designed to do?
Prevent the House of Lords from voting down financial bills ## Footnote They allow the House of Commons to force through legislation after a year.
250
What does the Salisbury Convention prevent the House of Lords from doing?
Voting down legislation that fulfills a commitment in the governing party’s election manifesto ## Footnote This reinforces the authority of the elected government.
251
What is the impact of a large majority in Parliament on the House of Commons' power?
It has little power to hold the government to account ## Footnote Conversely, a small majority allows for greater scrutiny.
252
What is the conclusion regarding the effectiveness of Parliament in holding the government to account?
More effective with weak governments and small majorities ## Footnote The House of Lords provides some scrutiny, despite limited powers.
253
What role does ministerial question time play in Parliament?
Forces the government to account for its decisions ## Footnote This mechanism is crucial for transparency.
254
Fill in the blank: The Hunting Act 2004, which banned hunting with dogs, was passed using the ______.
Parliaments Acts ## Footnote This illustrates the use of parliamentary procedures to pass controversial legislation.
255
What is the significance of Select Committees in Parliament?
Provide effective calm and measured questioning ## Footnote They contribute to legislative scrutiny and accountability.
256
What successful laws were passed during the 2022/23 parliamentary session?
* Illegal Migration Act * Online Safety Act ## Footnote These laws reflect the government's legislative agenda.
257
True or False: Starmer has faced a significant defeat in Parliament.
False ## Footnote He has a large majority of 174 seats, making defeats unlikely.
258
What is the primary limitation of the House of Lords regarding legislative powers?
Lacks the power to initiate or vote down legislation ## Footnote Its role is primarily advisory and scrutinizing.
259
What limits the power of the House of Lords in relation to legislation?
The Salisbury Convention and the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 ## Footnote The Salisbury Convention means the House of Lords shouldn't block bills that fulfill a pledge in the government's election manifesto.
260
What can the House of Commons do if the House of Lords refuses to pass a bill?
Invoke the Parliament Act 1949 after a year to force a bill through
261
How many times has the Parliament Act been used?
7 times ## Footnote Includes significant legislation like the Sexual Offences Act 2000.
262
What does the Salisbury Convention state regarding the House of Lords and election manifesto pledges?
The House of Lords shouldn't block any bill that fulfills a pledge in the government’s election manifesto
263
What type of amendments can the House of Lords offer?
Technical amendments, but not 'wrecking amendments' ## Footnote 'Wrecking amendments' change the Government's manifesto intention.
264
What was the House of Lords (Hereditary Peers) Bill intended to do?
Remove the 92 hereditary peers in the upper chamber
265
What do the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 prevent the House of Lords from delaying?
Financial bills
266
What is a significant factor influencing the House of Lords' decisions on legislation?
Recognition of its lack of democratic legitimacy
267
What example illustrates the House of Lords backing down on amendments?
The Safety of Rwanda Bill in April 2024
268
What is one argument for the House of Lords exerting more influence than the House of Commons?
It sometimes takes a stand against bills to protect human rights
269
What was a significant outcome of the House of Lords' defeats in 2001?
Removal of incitement to religious hatred from anti-terrorism legislation
270
How many times was Boris Johnson defeated in the House of Commons since the 2019 election?
4 times
271
How many times was Boris Johnson defeated in the House of Lords since the 2019 election?
243 times
272
What role does the House of Lords play in scrutinizing government legislation?
Offers technical amendments and revises legislation
273
What was the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act aimed at?
Reducing regional disparities and changing the planning system
274
How many House of Lords amendments were accepted by the government in the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act?
64 amendments
275
What is an example of rushed legislation in the House of Commons?
The Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act
276
What is one reason the House of Lords is effective in legislative scrutiny?
More time and energy to devote to scrutinizing legislation
277
What is a unique power held by the House of Commons?
Holding a vote of no confidence
278
What is a confidence and supply agreement?
An agreement where a smaller party supports a minority government in votes of confidence and budgets
279
What was the last government brought down by a vote of no confidence?
The Callaghan government in 1979
280
What type of debates can members of the House of Commons initiate?
Emergency debates and debates suggested by the Backbench Business Committee
281
What significant issue was raised in a Backbench Business Committee debate on December 5, 2024?
Detained British nationals abroad
282
What is one argument against the House of Lords having more influence than the House of Commons?
The House of Commons provides effective non-legislative scrutiny through select committees and PMQs
283
What is one impact of scrutiny from Select Committees?
Can directly influence government policy
284
What influence does the House of Commons have over financial legislation?
Exclusive power to vote down financial legislation
285
What has increased the independence of the House of Lords since New Labour's reforms?
Removal of hereditary peers
286
What does the House of Lords have the legal power to force according to the Parliament Act 1911?
A general election if the government tries to stay beyond 5 years
287
What are the three key ways in which Parliament holds the government to account?
Select Committees, Ministerial Question Time, Legislative Scrutiny
288
How do Select Committees hold the government to account effectively?
They look in depth into issues and provide calm, measured scrutiny
289
What reforms increased the independence of Select Committees?
The Wright Reforms
290
Who is the Chair of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee?
Emily Thornberry
291
What did Emily Thornberry criticize regarding the government’s approach?
The treatment of Uyghur Muslims and Russian sanctions
292
What is a key reason the work of Select Committees is respected?
It is evidence-based and holds televised hearings
293
What did the Privileges Select Committee investigate in March 2023?
Boris Johnson's involvement in the 'Partygate' scandal
294
What is the government required to do in response to Select Committee reports?
Publicly respond within 8 weeks
295
What percentage of Select Committee recommendations does the government typically accept?
About 40%
296
Fill in the blank: The Education Select Committee, chaired by Robin Walker, made recommendations for _______.
enhancing support for the early years sector
297
What was a significant action taken by Boris Johnson regarding the Liaison Committee?
He cancelled appointments to avoid scrutiny
298
What is one argument against the effectiveness of Select Committees?
A majority of members are from the governing party
299
What is a negative consequence of Select Committees being dominated by the governing party?
Limits their independence and effectiveness
300
What aspect of Ministerial Question Time allows the opposition to hold the government accountable?
Direct questioning of key ministers
301
What can happen if a minister misleads the House of Commons?
They can face pressure to resign
302
Fill in the blank: PMQs is televised every week and is the most _______ aspect of politics among the public.
watched
303
What was the criticism directed at Kemi Badenoch during PMQs?
Failure to effectively challenge the Prime Minister
304
What did Natalie Elphicke's defection during PMQs aim to achieve?
Inflict damage on the Conservative Party
305
What is a major criticism of PMQs in terms of its effectiveness?
Focus on partisan point scoring rather than serious scrutiny
306
What example highlights the lack of effective scrutiny during PMQs?
Starmer avoiding a direct question from Farage
307
What is the role of the House of Lords in legislative scrutiny?
To scrutinize and revise legislation
308
What was a significant legislative example involving the House of Lords?
The Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act
309
How many amendments did the government accept from the House of Lords for the Levelling-Up Act?
64 amendments
310
What can happen if the House of Lords rejects a bill?
It can delay legislation significantly
311
How does the government’s majority affect legislative scrutiny?
It allows them to pass legislation with little opposition
312
Fill in the blank: The government can control the _______ of Parliamentary proceedings.
timetable
313
What event exemplified the House of Lords taking a stand against a bill?
Defeats regarding incitement to religious hatred in anti-terrorism legislation
314
What is the impact of a large majority in the House of Commons on legislative success?
A large majority allows the government to pass almost all legislation it wants to. ## Footnote For example, Blair was defeated just four times in his 3 terms as Prime Minister.
315
How many bills were introduced by the government in the 2022/23 parliamentary session?
56 bills were introduced. ## Footnote Of these, 43 (76%) received royal assent by the end of the session.
316
What are two successful laws passed in the 2022/23 parliamentary session?
The Illegal Migration Act and the Online Safety Act. ## Footnote These laws were among the 43 that received royal assent.
317
What is the size of Starmer's majority in the current Parliament?
174 seats. ## Footnote This large majority makes it unlikely he will face a significant defeat.
318
What powers does the House of Lords lack that limits its legislative scrutiny?
The House of Lords lacks legislative powers. ## Footnote The Parliaments Acts of 1911 and 1949 restrict its ability to vote down financial bills and limit its delay of legislation to one year.
319
What does the Salisbury Convention prevent?
It prevents the House of Lords from voting down legislation fulfilling a commitment in the governing party's election manifesto. ## Footnote This convention influences the legislative process significantly.
320
How does the size of the government's majority affect the House of Commons' power?
A large majority reduces the House of Commons' power to hold the government to account. ## Footnote Conversely, a small majority increases the House of Commons' power.
321
What role does the House of Lords play in legislative scrutiny?
It provides some effective legislative scrutiny despite its limited powers. ## Footnote This scrutiny is still important even when the government has a large majority.
322
True or False: The House of Commons is always effective at holding the government to account.
False. ## Footnote Its effectiveness varies with the size of the government's majority.
323
Fill in the blank: The Hunting Act 2004, which banned hunting with dogs, was passed using the __________.
Parliaments Acts. ## Footnote This was one of the three times used by the Blair government.
324
What is the conclusion regarding Parliament's effectiveness in holding the government to account?
Parliament is more effective at holding weak governments with small majorities to account than strong governments with big majorities. ## Footnote The House of Lords is particularly important in this scrutiny.
325
What is Parliament's most important function?
To pass laws.
326
What percentage of bills introduced in the 2022/23 parliamentary session received royal assent?
76%.
327
Name two successful laws passed in the 2022/23 session.
* Illegal Migration Act * Online Safety Act
328
What is the role of the House of Lords in the legislative process?
To offer amendments and scrutinise legislation.
329
What can the House of Commons do if the House of Lords blocks legislation?
Use the Parliament Acts to override their veto after a year.
330
How many times has the Parliament Acts been used in total?
7 times.
331
What was the purpose of the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act?
To reduce regional disparities and change the planning system.
332
How many House of Lords amendments were accepted in the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act?
64 amendments.
333
What significant powers did the 2020 Coronavirus Act grant the government?
Wide-ranging powers to tackle the Coronavirus pandemic.
334
Fill in the blank: The Protection from Sex-based Harassment in Public Act 2023 was introduced by _______.
Greg Clark.
335
What percentage of Private Members' Bills received royal assent in the 2022/23 parliamentary session?
8%.
336
What can be a consequence of the House of Lords having a one-year delaying power?
Delays important legislation.
337
True or False: The government can rush legislation through Parliament without scrutiny.
True.
338
What was a criticism of the 1991 Dangerous Dogs Act?
It targeted certain breeds instead of irresponsible owners.
339
What is one method Parliament uses to scrutinise the executive effectively?
Select Committees.
340
In what manner do Select Committees question government representatives?
Calm, measured, and professional.
341
What timeframe does the government have to respond to Select Committee findings?
8 weeks.
342
What was the title of the report by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee accepted by the government in May 2023?
Refreshing our approach? Updating the Integrated Review.
343
Overall, is Parliament effective at passing legislation?
Largely effective.
344
What threatens the effectiveness of passing legislation in Parliament?
Legislation being rushed through the House of Commons.
345
What does the House of Lords do to improve the effectiveness of legislation?
Provides effective legislative scrutiny.
346
What is the role of the Director of Resilience in the Cabinet Office?
To focus on making the UK less dependent on other international actors.
347
Why is Ministerial Question Time important?
It allows Parliament to scrutinise the executive.
348
How many questions does the Leader of the Opposition get in PMQs?
6 questions.
349
What opportunity does PMQs provide to leaders of other parties?
It allows them to get the government to respond directly to their questions.
350
What can MPs do during PMQs to hold the government accountable?
Raise concerns about issues affecting their constituents.
351
What happened on 8 January 2025 in PMQs?
Dianne Abbott raised concerns about the severe shortage of social housing.
352
What consequence can misleading the House of Commons have?
It can lead to huge pressure to resign.
353
What is a potential downside of Select Committees?
A majority of members are drawn from the governing party, limiting independence.
354
What percentage of Select Committee recommendations does the government typically accept?
About 40%.
355
What criticism has been made regarding the effectiveness of PMQs?
It often focuses on partisan point scoring rather than detailed scrutiny.
356
What happens to questions during PMQs that are intended to flatter the government?
They are often drafted by the whips.
357
Who criticized Kemi Badenoch for underperforming at PMQs?
Many in the media.
358
What incident was Kemi Badenoch criticized for in February 2025?
Failing to challenge the PM on the Chagos Islands deal.
359
How can the House of Commons be seen as representative?
It is democratically elected on a regular basis.
360
What happens if voters feel their MP is not representing them effectively?
They can vote for a different party/candidate.
361
What was the outcome of the Blackpool South By-Election on May 2, 2024?
A Labour candidate replaced suspended Conservative MP Scott Benton.
362
What methods have parties used to improve representation in Parliament?
All-women shortlists and mentoring promising candidates from minority backgrounds.
363
What is a criticism of the House of Lords?
It is unelected and holds significant powers.
364
What percentage of the House of Commons were women after the 2024 election?
37%.
365
What is the issue with the First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system?
It is very unproportional and unrepresentative.
366
What percentage of MPs rebelled against the party line less than 2% of the time in the 2019-2024 Parliament?
The vast majority of MPs.
367
What is a potential problem with the lack of direct representation in Parliament?
It can lead to underrepresentation of women's issues and minority groups.
368
What is the conclusion regarding Parliament's effectiveness in performing its functions?
Overall, it largely performs its functions effectively despite flaws.
369
What are the three key ways to judge if Parliament is representative?
1. How democratic it is 2. How well it represents the interests of the public 3. How directly/descriptively representative it is
370
How is the House of Commons seen as representative of the electorate?
It is democratically elected on a regular basis, with each MP representing a relatively small number of voters.
371
What happens if voters believe their MP is not representing them effectively?
Voters can hold their representatives to account and remove them by voting for a different party/candidate.
372
What voting system is used in the House of Commons?
First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system.
373
In 2019, what percentage of the vote did Gavin Williamson win in South Staffordshire?
73%
374
What was significant about the 2024 General Election regarding Pro-Gaza MPs?
5 Pro-Gaza MPs were elected from areas with high Muslim populations, unseating Labour MPs.
375
What is a major flaw of the House of Lords in terms of representation?
The House of Lords is unelected and holds significant powers despite not being elected.
376
What is the role of the House of Lords Appointments Commission?
To appoint members of the House of Lords.
377
How many hereditary peers are there in the House of Lords?
92 hereditary peers.
378
What percentage of the House of Commons and House of Lords are women after the 2024 election?
37% in the House of Commons and 29% in the House of Lords.
379
What percentage of the House of Commons and House of Lords are from minority ethnic backgrounds after the 2024 election?
13% in the House of Commons and 7.3% in the House of Lords.
380
What is one reason for the lack of direct representation in Parliament?
MPs are selected by local constituency party panels, often made up of older, white middle-aged professionals.
381
True or False: The House of Commons is elected, while the House of Lords is not.
True.
382
What percentage of MPs in the 2019-2024 Parliament rebelled against the party line less than 2% of the time?
The vast majority of MPs.
383
Fill in the blank: A significant proportion of members of the House of Lords don’t take their role of scrutinising the executive seriously, with ________ rarely or never attending.
13%
384
What was the result of the 2024 election regarding private school attendance among MPs?
23% of the House of Commons and 57% of the House of Lords went to private schools.
385
What is the significance of the whipping system in Parliament?
It limits MPs' ability to vote according to their constituents' wishes.
386
What was the response of Parliament to the public's mood following the Partygate scandal?
The opposition scrutinised Johnson’s government in PMQs, debates, and select committees.
387
What percentage of the House of Commons went to university compared to the general population?
90% of the House of Commons went to university, compared to 42% of the population.
388
How has the representation of women in Parliament changed from 2019 to 2024?
Increased from 34% to 37%.
389
What is a counterpoint to the argument that Parliament must be a microcosm of society?
Minority groups can be listened to and represented by Parliament even if they’re not directly represented.
390
What are the key arguments against Parliament being representative of the electorate?
1. House of Lords is unelected 2. MPs often vote along party lines 3. Underrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities.
391
What was the voting outcome of the House of Commons on military action in Syria in 2013?
Parliament voted against military action in Syria.
392
What type of constitution does the UK have?
The UK Constitution is uncodified and unentrenched.
393
What does it mean for a constitution to be uncodified?
It means that the constitution isn’t written down in a single document.
394
What is meant by an entrenched constitution?
An entrenched constitution is one that cannot be easily changed and is protected to a greater extent.
395
What is a key argument for codifying and entrenching the UK constitution?
The British constitution is too easy to amend, allowing significant changes with a simple majority in Parliament.
396
What was the Fixed Term Parliament Act 2011 criticized for?
It was criticized for being passed for short-term political reasons with potentially far-reaching implications.
397
What could entrenchment potentially protect against?
Entrenchment could protect the constitution from political interference by the executive.
398
How could constitutional changes be made more difficult under an entrenched system?
By requiring supermajorities in both chambers of Parliament or a referendum.
399
What example is given to illustrate the ease of changing fundamental parts of the constitution?
The change of EU membership through an advisory referendum with less than 50% support.
400
What is one argument against codifying and entrenching the UK constitution?
The flexibility of the uncodified constitution allows for gradual evolution and adaptation.
401
What significant changes were made by New Labour?
* Removal of hereditary peers from the House of Lords * Introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 * Creation of the Supreme Court in the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act.
402
What criticism is made about codified, entrenched constitutions?
They can freeze the balance of political power according to the prejudices of a particular moment.
403
What are the potential downsides of a complex codification process?
It could take years, distract politicians from governing, and lead to significant disagreement over the constitution's structure.
404
How could codification improve checks on the executive?
By clearly delineating the powers of different branches and allowing for mutual checks.
405
What role could the Supreme Court play in a codified constitution?
It could be given the ability to strike down laws that do not comply with the constitution.
406
What example demonstrates the potential for exploitation of the uncodified constitution?
Boris Johnson’s prorogation of Parliament in 2019 for political reasons.
407
What is a key argument for a codified Bill of Rights?
It would better protect human rights and prevent governments from easily infringing upon them.
408
What does parliamentary sovereignty imply about the Human Rights Act?
Judges cannot legally compel Parliament to change laws, and the HRA can be repealed by a simple act of Parliament.
409
What recent legislation is cited as threatening rights in the UK?
The Illegal Migration Bill introduced on 7th March 2023.
410
What are some criticisms of a codified constitution regarding judicial power?
It could increase the power of unelected judges and drag them into political matters.
411
What is the argument for the effectiveness of the current Human Rights Act?
It has fostered a 'rights-based culture' where new legislation must comply with it.
412
What was the outcome of the case A v Secretary of State for the Home Department?
Part of The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was declared incompatible with the Human Rights Act.
413
What is a significant advantage of the UK's uncodified constitution?
It allows for quick and effective responses to emergencies.
414
What example illustrates the effectiveness of Parliament in protecting human rights?
The House of Commons and House of Lords voted down Tony Blair’s proposal to hold terrorist suspects for 90 days without charge.
415
What is the overall conclusion regarding the need for a codified constitution in the UK?
The current constitution provides sufficient protections for democracy and rights.
416
What is Brexit considered in terms of the UK constitution?
The most significant change to the UK constitution in decades.
417
What sovereignty did Parliament regain due to Brexit?
Significant sovereignty that it had ceded to the European Union.
418
What was the effect of EU law supremacy on UK Parliament legislation?
EU law could strike down UK laws that contradicted it.
419
What was confirmed in the 1990 Factortame Case?
The supremacy of EU law over UK law.
420
What happened to the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 in the Factortame Case?
It was ruled to breach EU law, forcing Parliament to unmake it.
421
What does Brexit mean for the UK Parliament's legislative power?
Parliament can now legislate on almost any area of policy without EU constraints.
422
What is an example of Parliament legislating in an area previously controlled by the EU?
The Illegal Migration Bill introduced in March 2023.
423
What argument exists against the idea that Brexit significantly impacted the constitution?
The EU only controlled a limited number of areas of policy.
424
Which areas did the EU control while the UK was a member?
* Trade * Competition policy * Customs and tariffs * Immigration * Agriculture * Fishing * Environmental policy * Regional development * Social & employment policy * Foreign & security policy
425
What significant constitutional change occurred in the late 1990s?
Significant power was devolved away from the UK Parliament for the first time.
426
What did the 2011 referendum in Wales result in?
Wales gained primary legislative control over devolved areas.
427
What was the purpose of the Silk Commission?
To consider further devolution for Wales.
428
What powers were granted to the Welsh government through the 2014 Government of Wales Act?
* Control over landfill tax * Stamp duty * Health * Education * Transport
429
What was the impact of the Scotland Act 2016?
Gave the Scottish Parliament further powers, especially in tax raising.
430
What percentage of VAT control did Scotland gain?
50%.
431
What did the Recall of MPs Act 2015 allow constituents to do?
Trigger a by-election for MPs sentenced to custodial sentences or suspended.
432
What are the three key parliamentary reforms introduced since 2010?
* Fixed Term Parliaments Act * English Votes For English Laws * Recall of MPs Act
433
What did the Fixed Term Parliaments Act change about elections?
Removed the Prime Minister's power to call a snap election without ⅔ support.
434
What issue did English Votes For English Laws address?
The West Lothian Question.
435
What was the purpose of English Votes For English Laws?
Allowed English MPs to veto legislation affecting England only.
436
What happened to the Fixed Term Parliaments Act in 2022?
It was scrapped by Boris Johnson's government.
437
What was the impact of further devolution in England since 2021?
Increased administrative control and funding autonomy for regional bodies.
438
What argument exists against the significance of parliamentary reforms since 2010?
They had limited impact and were mostly temporary.
439
What is the overall judgement regarding constitutional reforms since 2010?
Few reforms had significant impact; Brexit is seen as a major reform.
440
What does 'New Labour’s Constitutional Reforms' refer to?
A number of reforms introduced by Tony Blair’s governments, including the Supreme Court, Human Rights Act 1998, House of Lords Reform, Electoral Reform, and Devolution.
441
What was the two-stage plan for reforming the House of Lords proposed by New Labour?
The first stage was to remove all hereditary peers, and the second stage was to replace the Lords with an elected second chamber.
442
What was the outcome of New Labour's plan to reform the House of Lords?
Stage 1 was not fully carried out, as 92 hereditary peers remained, and stage 2 did not happen due to lack of agreement.
443
Who supports the idea of abolishing the House of Lords and replacing it with an elected second chamber?
Keir Starmer.
444
What did Labour's 2024 manifesto propose for the House of Lords?
Removing hereditary peers, introducing a mandatory retirement age of 80, and reforming the appointments process for better quality peers.
445
What is one argument for making the House of Lords elected?
It would be more democratic, as Parliament should be based on popular consent.
446
What percentage of peers in the House of Lords rarely or never attend?
13%.
447
True or False: An elected second chamber would likely have a majority and would challenge the House of Commons' dominance.
False.
448
What is one argument against making the House of Lords elected?
It could cause gridlock in Parliament and prevent important legislation from being passed.
449
What is the role of the House of Lords in legislative scrutiny?
It provides legislative scrutiny that the House of Commons lacks due to its focus on election and representation.
450
What was the result of the House of Lords amendments to the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act?
The government accepted 64 House of Lords amendments.
451
What is one reason for not further reforming the House of Lords?
The current balance between the two chambers is seen as effective.
452
What is a key argument for further devolution to England?
To provide a symmetrical level of democratic representation comparable to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
453
What is 'Devomax' in the context of devolution?
A term referring to granting Scotland further powers over transport, welfare policy, and tax policy.
454
Fill in the blank: The Human Rights Act 1998 enshrined the _______ into UK law.
European Convention on Human Rights.
455
What is one argument for further reform of the Human Rights Act?
It fails to effectively protect rights in the UK and could be repealed by a simple act of Parliament.
456
What does the Illegal Migration Bill signify about government actions regarding the Human Rights Act?
It shows the government can threaten rights by proceeding with legislation deemed incompatible with the HRA.
457
What is a concern regarding an entrenched Bill of Rights?
It would increase the power of unelected judges and could lead to political entanglements.
458
What is one argument against further reforming the Human Rights Act?
The current act maintains the sovereignty of Parliament, which is a key part of the UK constitution.
459
Overall, what is the conclusion regarding New Labour's constitutional reforms?
They shouldn't be taken further as they already had a significant positive impact on the UK constitution.
460
What is the main argument against further constitutional reforms introduced by New Labour?
They should not be taken further as they protect rights in the UK while maintaining Parliamentary sovereignty.
461
What is the concern regarding an entrenched Bill of Rights?
It would give too much power to unelected judges and decrease the sovereignty of Parliament.
462
What are three significant reforms introduced by New Labour?
* Human Rights Act * House of Lords Act 1999 * Devolution reforms
463
What positive impacts did the New Labour reforms have on the UK constitution?
* Provided a robust framework for the defence of rights * Modernised Parliament * Improved democracy in the UK
464
What is a potential negative outcome of proposed further reforms to the UK constitution?
They could have many negative unintended consequences and disrupt the current balance of the constitution.
465
True or False: There is significant support for further constitutional reforms.
False
466
What reforms are included in 'New Labour’s Constitutional Reforms'?
Supreme Court, Human Rights Act 1998, House of Lords Reform, Electoral Reform, Devolution ## Footnote These reforms were introduced by Tony Blair’s governments.
467
What did the House of Lords Act 1999 accomplish?
Removed all but 92 hereditary peers and replaced them with life peers ## Footnote This reform undermined the hereditary basis of the House of Lords.
468
How did the reforms affect the political balance in the House of Lords?
Removed the in-built Conservative majority and increased independence from the executive ## Footnote Crossbenchers now ensure no single party can achieve a majority.
469
How many times was Tony Blair defeated in the House of Lords?
353 times ## Footnote This reflects the increased legitimacy and assertiveness of the House of Lords post-reform.
470
What was one significant issue the House of Lords addressed after reforms?
Defending Human Rights ## Footnote Example: Removal of incitement to religious hatred from anti-terrorism legislation.
471
Who is an example of a life peer with expertise in the House of Lords?
James Timpson ## Footnote He pioneered a progressive employment model by hiring ex-offenders.
472
What aspect of the House of Lords remains a criticism of New Labour’s reforms?
The House of Lords is still unelected and therefore undemocratic ## Footnote This was part of the critique against the reforms.
473
What is the West Lothian Question?
Asks why Scottish MPs can vote on English matters when English MPs can't vote on Scottish matters ## Footnote This question highlights tensions created by devolution.
474
What powers were devolved to Scotland in 1998?
Control over health, education, justice, agriculture, and most transport ## Footnote This is referred to as 'service devolution.'
475
What was a significant criticism of the devolution reforms introduced by New Labour?
Devolution was asymmetric, lacking an English Parliament ## Footnote This created a democratic deficit and unequal representation.
476
What impact did devolution have on the sovereignty of Parliament?
Reduced the sovereignty of Parliament over Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland ## Footnote This contributed to increased local governance.
477
What is the Human Rights Act 1998?
Enshrined the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law ## Footnote It allows rights to be defended in UK courts.
478
What are some rights protected by the Human Rights Act?
* Right to life * Right to a fair trial * Right to privacy * Prohibition of torture ## Footnote These rights are enforceable in UK courts.
479
How has the Human Rights Act influenced UK legislation?
All new legislation must be compliant with the act ## Footnote It has led to a 'rights-based culture' in the UK.
480
How does the Human Rights Act limit Parliamentary Sovereignty?
Judges can declare earlier acts of Parliament incompatible with it ## Footnote This requires Parliament to address issues raised by the courts.
481
What is a major limitation of the Human Rights Act?
It is not entrenched and could be repealed by a simple act of Parliament ## Footnote This means Parliamentary sovereignty remains intact.
482
What significant legislation was passed despite concerns over the Human Rights Act?
The Illegal Migration Bill ## Footnote This bill was noted to likely be incompatible with the Human Rights Act.
483
What was one result of legal challenges related to the Human Rights Act?
Delays in the deportation of individuals like Abu Qatada ## Footnote This case highlighted criticisms of the act's application.
484
In summary, what was the overall impact of New Labour's reforms on the UK constitution?
Had a positive impact by improving rights protection, democracy, and modernizing the political system ## Footnote Despite some limitations and criticisms, the reforms were significant.
485
What was included in Labour’s 1997 election manifesto?
Devolution ## Footnote Devolution was introduced after successful referendums in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and London.
486
What is one key argument for the success of devolution?
Greater democracy and more effective local representation ## Footnote Devolved bodies can respond to the concerns of their electorates.
487
Which political party governs Scotland following devolution?
Scottish National Party (SNP) ## Footnote The SNP has introduced policies like free prescription charges and free tuition fees.
488
What significant powers were granted to the Scottish Parliament by the Scotland Act 1998?
Control over health and education policy ## Footnote The Scotland Act 2016 further granted significant control over taxation.
489
What policy did Sadiq Khan introduce in London in September 2023?
Free school meals for all primary school students ## Footnote This initiative cost £135m/year and aimed to alleviate cost-of-living pressures.
490
What electoral system is used to elect the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments?
Additional Member System (AMS) ## Footnote The Northern Ireland Parliament uses the Single Transferable Vote System (STV).
491
What was the voter turnout in the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections?
63.5% ## Footnote Turnout was the same in the 2022 Northern Irish Assembly elections.
492
What was the voter turnout in the May 2024 Mayoral elections for Greater Manchester?
32% ## Footnote This was slightly lower than the previous election in 2021.
493
What convention is mentioned regarding the UK Parliament and devolved areas?
Sewel convention ## Footnote It holds that the UK Parliament shouldn’t legislate on devolved areas without consent.
494
What act did the UK Parliament pass despite opposition from devolved governments?
Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 ## Footnote This act was viewed as an infringement on the rights of devolved governments.
495
According to the text, what has devolution been argued to undermine?
Parliamentary Sovereignty ## Footnote Devolution transfers power away from Parliament.
496
What is the Barnett Formula?
It allocates different amounts of funding per head to different parts of the UK ## Footnote This can lead to resentment, particularly from England.
497
What has been one of the key aims of devolution?
To keep the UK together ## Footnote It was believed that significant autonomy would prevent Scotland from seeking independence.
498
What has been the trend in support for Scottish independence since devolution?
Increased support ## Footnote Most polls now suggest majority support for independence.
499
What criticism did Andy Burnham direct at Prime Minister Rishi Sunak?
Cancellation of the northern leg of the HS2 high-speed rail project ## Footnote Burnham described this decision as a betrayal of the North.
500
What was a significant governance change made by the Scottish government in 2022?
Nationalisation of rail by bringing ScotRail under public ownership ## Footnote This led to cheaper rail fares compared to England.
501
What has been a criticism of the SNP regarding governance?
Focusing too much on Scottish independence ## Footnote This has led to neglect in day-to-day policymaking.
502
What is a significant issue that has affected governance in Northern Ireland?
Frequent suspensions of the government ## Footnote This occurs when parties refuse to work together in government.
503
What is the overall judgment regarding the success of devolution in terms of democracy?
Devolution has been a success in terms of democracy ## Footnote It reflects different policy preferences and delivers local representation.
504
What does the text conclude about the impact of devolution on the unity of the UK?
Devolution has not been a success in terms of unity ## Footnote There has been increased support for independence and tensions with the UK government.
505
What are the three key potential reforms to devolution discussed in the essay?
1. An English Parliament 2. More regional devolution in England 3. Granting further powers to existing devolved bodies
506
What is one argument for the creation of an English Parliament?
It would complete devolution within the UK, making it symmetrical and granting the English population the same level of representation as Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
507
What problem does an English Parliament aim to solve?
The West Lothian Question, which questions why Scottish MPs can vote on English matters that don’t affect their constituents.
508
What is one argument against the creation of an English Parliament?
It would create another layer of government, leading to tensions between the English Parliament and the UK-wide government.
509
What is a potential benefit of more regional devolution in England?
It would deliver greater representation of local interests and improve democracy by bringing decision-making closer to the people.
510
What is a significant example of regional devolution in England?
The Greater Manchester City Region, which has gained significant administrative control over healthcare.
511
What was the result of the 2012 referendum on whether Birmingham should have an elected mayor?
58% voted no on a 27.67% turnout.
512
What are some areas that could see further devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland?
1. Transport 2. Welfare policy 3. Tax policy 4. Justice and policing
513
What is one argument against further devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland?
It risks leading to greater disparities in public services and undermining equal citizenship.
514
What does the term 'Devomax' refer to?
A proposal for maximum devolution of powers to Scotland.
515
What does the essay conclude about the need for further devolution?
Devolution hasn’t gone far enough, and there should be opportunities for further devolution in England, Scotland, and Wales, but not Northern Ireland.
516
In the context of devolution, what is the significance of Brexit?
It allows for policy areas previously governed by the EU to be given to devolved bodies.
517
What has been reported about the performance of devolved bodies compared to England?
Devolved bodies have fallen behind England in key measures of NHS performance despite higher per capita spending.
518
True or False: The Northern Irish Parliament has been consistently functional.
False
519
Fill in the blank: The essay suggests that further powers should be granted to _______ and Wales, but not to Northern Ireland.
Scotland
520
What was one key outcome of the 2023 Autumn statement regarding regional assemblies?
A North East regional assembly was introduced with control over transportation, economic development, skills funding, and affordable housing.
521
What percentage of the UK’s population is in England?
Around 85%
522
What can be said about public support for regional devolution in England?
There is often little public support for a regional layer of government in England.
523
What do the SNP support regarding immigration policy?
The devolution of immigration policy to Scotland.

Politics (2 decks)

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