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Geography Paper 2 > Uk Physical Landscape > Flashcards

Uk Physical Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Igneous rock

A

Earths oldest rock. Formed from lava and magma
Most igneous are resistant to erosion
Granite, basalt

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2
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Formed from sediments eroded and deposited by rivers, the sea or on the sea bed
Limestone, shale

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3
Q

Metamorphic

A

Sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity
Slate, marble

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4
Q

What is scree

A

Rock fragments on the ground due to freeze thaw weathering

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5
Q

One way human activity has influenced UK’s landscape

A

In the Yorkshire dales a lot of farming took place therefore farming may harm the environment.
Trees and other vegetation need to be cleared for space

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6
Q

What are hard rock coats made of

A

Consists resistant rocks such as igneous granite and resistant sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone or chalk

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7
Q

What do soft rock coats consist of

A

Less resistance rocks such as clays and shales as they erode more easily

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8
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

Where the strata are at right angles to the coast. These have different rock types

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9
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

Where the strata is parallel to the coastline. Concordant coasts have the same type of rock parallel to the coastline

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10
Q

Explain the formation of a cave, arch, stack and stump

A
  1. Large crack opened up by hydraulic action
  2. The crack grows into a cave by hydraulic action and abrasion
  3. Cave becomes larger
  4. cave breaks through headland forming natural arch
  5. Arch is eroded and collapses
  6. Leaves a tall rock stack
  7. Stack erodes forming a stump
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11
Q

What causes waves

A

Wind. When wind blows across the sea, friction between the wind and water surface cause waves

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12
Q

What does the wave size depend on

A

Wind strength and how Lomb the wind blows for

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13
Q

What is a fetch

A

The length of water the wind blows over

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14
Q

What is constructive wave

A

Wave that has strong swash and slow backwash. These waves build up a beach
Sand is deposited

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15
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Strong backwash and weak swash
They erode beaches
Create a steep beach profile

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16
Q

Explain the process of a wave cut notch

A
  1. Abrasion forms a wave cut notch
  2. Notch grows and a cliff overhang develops
  3. Overhang becomes unstable and collapses forming rock debris amd the debris protects tye cliff base for, further erosion
  4. Rock debris is then eroded over time by attrition opposing the cliff to erosion again
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17
Q

What is the main way sediments are transported along the coastal

A

Longshore drift

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18
Q

How are spits formed

A

When prevailing winds blow at an angle to the coastline resulting in long shire drift. The long shire drift carries materials across a bay and to the end of a headland

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19
Q

What four impacts of human activity affect the coast

A

Development
Agriculture
Industry
Coastal management

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20
Q

How does development put pressure on coats

A

Housing - many people who work in London can no longer afford housing there so move to the coast as its cheaper
Office development- people can’t afford property in London anymore

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21
Q

How does agriculture affect the coastline

A

Climate change and rising sea levels are likely to lead to flooding by salt water during winter high tides which could threaten the pastures
Increase soil erosion and sedimentation

22
Q

Why is London at risk of rising sea levels

A

Because London is a low lying area

23
Q

What 2 ways are there of managing the coast with sea defences

A

Hard and soft engineering

24
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Using concrete and steel structures such as sea walls to stop waves

25
Q

What is soft engineering

A

Using smaller structures often built from natural materials to reduce wave energy

26
Q

Negatives of hard engineering

A

Very costly

Often makes a coast look unnatural or ugly

27
Q

What are 4 choices government can make about managing the coast

A

Hold the line
Advance the line
Strategic retreat
Do nothing

28
Q

What is hold the line

A

Use sea defences to stop erosion so the coast stays where it is today - very expensive

29
Q

What is advance the line

A

Use sea defences to move the coast further into the sea - very expensive

30
Q

What is strategic retreat

A

Gradually let the coast erode and move people and business’s away from the area at risk

31
Q

What is the do nothing management

A

Take no action at all, let nature take its course

32
Q

Boscastle flood case study causes

A

2004 - caused by heavy rainfall causing two rivers to burst their banks close to the village. 2Bill litres of water rushed down the valley into boscastle
Confluence of 3 rivers - paradise, valency , Jordan

33
Q

Boscastle impacts

A

Cars, walls and bridges washed away
Church filled with six feet of mud and water
Loss of tourism

34
Q

Responses of boscastle flood

A

Prince Charles - duke of Cornwall made a large donation to a fund to help rebuild

35
Q

Somerset levels flood (2014) causes

A

Jet streams - lots of wind and cause rain
Storms
Less dredging causing flooding

36
Q

Somerset impacts

A

Greater storminess with damaging winds
Higher longer lasting floods
Higher spring tides
More storm surges

37
Q

Somerset responses

A

Dredging the rivers to make them deeper so they can contain more water

38
Q

How is a waterfall formed

A

Hard rock on top of soft
Soft rock erodes undercutting the hard rock
Hard rock is left overhanging and collapses as it isn’t supported
Fallen rocks crash into plunge ball
Erosion continues

39
Q

How is a waterfall formed

A

Hard rock on top of soft
Soft rock erodes undercutting the hard rock
Hard rock is left overhanging and collapses as it isn’t supported
Fallen rocks crash into plunge ball
Erosion continues

40
Q

Info of upper course of river

A 
Long vertical 
V shaped
Narrow 
Slowest
Vertical erosion
41
Q

Info of middle course

A

U shaped
Deeper
Lateral and vertical erosion

42
Q

Info on lower course

A 
Widest 
Short vertical 
Long horizontal 
Fastest
Lateral erosion
43
Q

How are meanders formed and what happens

A

When the river erodes laterally to the right and left and then forms large bends called meanders
Water flows in a helicoidal flow and sends the rivers energy laterally
The thalweg is forced to the outer bend where it undercuts the bank which forms a river cliff when eventually collapses
Overtime the meander creates an ox bow lake

44
Q

What does the Bradshaw model show

A

River discharge, channel width and depth, velocity and sediment load volume increase downstream

Sediment particle size, channel bed roughness and slope angle decrease downstream

45
Q

How do you lay out a storm hydrograph

A

Rainfall (mm) on left , river discharge (cm/s) on right, time in hours on bottom

46
Q

What affects the shape of hydrographs

A

Interception by trees reduces risk of flood
Size of drainage basin - longer for water to travel
Urbanisation - greater surface run off

47
Q

Facts about happisburgh

A

Not enough houses to make it worth protecting
One of the dates eroding places in the world
Some houses only worth 1 pound

48
Q

Why is happisburgh eroding

A

Sedimentary rocks such as clay and soil so very easy to erode especially with the destructive waves
Narrow beaches which give little protection from storms
Sea levels rise and climate changes

49
Q

What were some attempts of saving happisburgh

A

In 1950s timber groynes were built but destroyed by waves

In 2006 the governments aid the area should be allowed to retreat

50
Q

Impacts of happisburgh erosion

A

Neighbours have abandoned their houses
12th century church will be lost
18 listed buildings could be lost

51
Q

Where is happisburgh located

A

Norfolk coats

Geography Paper 2 (3 decks)

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