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GCSE Geography > UK Geographical issues: Evolving human landscapes, Dynamic cities > Flashcards

UK Geographical issues: Evolving human landscapes, Dynamic cities Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you work out population density?

A

population/area

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2
Q

What is an urban core?

A

areas which are densely populated and drive the UK

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3
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The way in which countries develop follow a model similar to:

1) People work to earn money/more people move into the area
2) People spend more money as they earn more from working
3) The government earns more in tax
4) Money gets invested in health care, education and jobs
5) higher educated people earning more from higher paid jobs
6) spend more, taxes, investment and so on

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4
Q

What is a the name of an area which a city has expanded to join other cities or towns due to migration and expansion?

A

conurbation

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5
Q

Why dos population density vary across the uk?

A
  • Availability of natural resources when the UK relied mainly on a primary economy
  • Availability of work
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the rural periphery?

A
  • far from major cities
  • low population
  • ageing population
  • low incomes
  • young people moving out for work
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7
Q

What incentives are there for closing the gap between the rural periphery and urban cores?

A
  • enterprise zones
  • regional development grants(grants to set up business)
  • EU grants
  • improvements to transport
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8
Q

What is Net immigration?

A

The difference between those that come in and those that leave the UK.

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9
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

People who work by extracting raw material

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10
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

People who work on manufacturing/assembling products

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11
Q

What is the Tertiary sector?

A

People who work selling products

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12
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Designing/producing/researching

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13
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people

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14
Q

What is the knowledge economy?

A

Jobs which require a high level of qualifications

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15
Q

What is the new economy?

A

A service based economy (tertiary)

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16
Q

What is the old economy?

A

Primary and secondary

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17
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Companies now operate on an international scale resulting in increased trade.

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18
Q

What is the name for the process by which companies invest in other countries?

A

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

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19
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The change of ownership of services from government to a private company

20
Q

What is the name of companies which work in many different countries?

A

TNC’s

Trans-National Companies

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the New economy?

A 
ADVANTAGES
-higher pay
-bonuses as well as pay
-leads to globalisation 
DISADVANTAGES
-long hours
-contracts
-some part time
-some temporary
-stationary(unhealthy)
-commuting (emissions)
-less family time
22
Q

What are the positives and negatives of globalisation and TNC’s expanding?

A

+
-More sales, more income, government claims more in taxes
-Increased trade
-boosted economy
-more products available to buy
Negatives
-Could take over are own companies and put them out of business

23
Q

What a CBD?

A

Central business district

The area in a city that has high value and is mainly used for business and retail

24
Q

why is immigration important to help cities work?

A
  • Helps to keep the competition for the high paid jobs between the most skilled employees
  • Fills the minimum wage jobs like food delivery and cleaning
25
Q

What is Deindustrialisation?

A

The closing of ports and industries usually due to cheaper imports

26
Q

What is Depopulation?

A

The decline of people and services in an area

27
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

People moving to the suburbs for better houses and quieter living

28
Q

What is Decentralisation?

A

Online and out of town shopping causing a decrease in the size of the Central business district.

29
Q

What is London’s green belt?

A

A ring of countryside where urbanisation will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to develop.

30
Q

What is bad about London’s green belt?

A

Increases commuting distances which hence increases emissions

31
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Declination of urbanisation as companies and people move out of urban areas

32
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When high income earners move closer to their jobs to avoid long commutes

33
Q

What area of London has regeneration and rebranding had the biggest effect on?

A

Areas like Stratford which has had an increase in jobs as more companies invest in the area due to the Olympic park rebranding the area as a better area. The Olympic park brought more jobs, nicer housing and more green spaces allowing for development to take place.

34
Q

How has the government made the rural periphery more attractive to business?

A
  • Cheap office rental
  • attractive to tourists
  • increasing accessibility
  • business districts where tax is limited
35
Q

Why do rural areas experience pressure from economic and social change?

A

-brain drain (intelligent young people moving out to find work)
-decline of primary industry resulting in low income jobs
-Less attractive to investment due to accessibility and services
-elderly people costing a lot health care and pensions
-no knowledge economy
-

36
Q

Why has there been a decline in secondary and primary employment across the UK?

A
  • Cheaper imports so businesses like mines have been put out of work as the buyers now choose to import goods (e.g. steel from china)
  • Secondary employment in jobs like ship building has also declined because of cheaper imports due manufacturers paying their workers less abroad
37
Q

What are the advantages of privatisation?

A

-More competition meaning better quality of service

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of privatisation?

A

Increased cost for things like NHS which if privatised would mean some people wouldn’t be able to afford health care.

39
Q

Why is London experiencing growth at its suburbs?

A
  • Improved transport. For example, more buses and faster trains with schemes to make it cheaper for people commuting from the suburbs.
  • cheaper and nicer housing with gardens and room to raise a family.
  • Out of town shopping allowing for people to live in the suburbs and not have to go into the CBD to buy things
40
Q

What caused the decline of London docks?

A

New, bigger container ships couldn’t reach the docks so new docks has to be built further up stream.

41
Q

What were the impacts of London’s closed docks?

A
  • De industrialisation. Industries that relied on the port had to move too, closing some of London’s biggest manufacturing areas like lea valley.
  • Unemployment rates increased to over 60% so people left to find to work causing depopulation.
42
Q

What are some of the causes of decentralisation in London?

A
  • Buying online (e-commerce)
  • people moving to the suburbs meaning they are more likely to use out of town shopping
  • closure of London’s docks
43
Q

How are is London trying to reduce decentralisation?

A

By developing new shopping centres in the city centre like Westfield shopping centre.

44
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When high income workers move closer to their jobs to reducing commuting distance

45
Q

How has the Olympic park help rebrand east London as a nice area?

A

Through the regeneration of Stratford, the increased amount green spaces and leisure facilities, has brought investment and people to Stratford, rebranding it as a nice area

GCSE Geography (8 decks)

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