Uk evolving landcapes

Question 1

What do we know about UK’s landscape?
What are the three different types of rocks?
Give two examples of sedimentary.
two examples of igneous
two examples of metamorphic

Answer 1

It is very varied and changes in height and shape greatly.
Igneous, Metamorphic,sedimentary
chalk and limestone ?
Basalt ,Granite
slate and marble

Question 2

What are igneous rocks formed from and where ?
2)Why are igneous rocks old in UK?

Answer 2

Form from Volcanic activity and are all created at plate boundaries \
when hot, molten rock from the mantle crystallizes and solidifies.
Very hard and have crystalls
Igneous rocks are very old in uk because we aren’t close to any plate boundaries ,we have igneous due to tectonic drift

Question 3

How long do sedimentary rocks take to form ?
Where are sediments deposited
what has become trapped in sedimentary rocks ?

Answer 3

They form gradually millions of years as dead matter and eroded rocks are transported out to sea.
The sediments are deposited on the seafloor and are compressed under pressure .
Fossils have become trapped in sedimentary rocks
Coastline areas

Question 4

What do metamorphic rocks begin as ?

Answer 4

Metamorphic rocks begin as sedimentary rocks or metamorphic
They are formed underneath extreme pressure and heat ,due to extreme pressure it will squeeze out all the faults ,so they are very hard and are comprised of layers

Question 5

What are the three ways tectonic activity has shaped uk landscape?

Answer 5

Active volcanoes , Plate collisions Plate movement

Question 6

South east ?

Answer 6

South and east -Softer rock -Erode quicker
West and east -Harder rock -erode less

Question 7

How has plate collisions affected landscape?
Whar caused the metamoprhic rocks

Answer 7

Plate collisions caused the rocks to be folded and uplifited forming mountain ranges eg scottish highlands,lake ditstrict
extreme heat and temperature from plate colliosn is what caused

Question 8

How have volcanoes affected the landscape ?

Answer 8

Volcanic activity -active volcanoes forced magma through the earths crust and cooled to form igneous rocks

Question 9

How have plate movements affected UK landscape ?

Answer 9

carboniferous limestone can be found in areas like peak district they were formed in warm shallow seas proving 250 million of years ago uk was in the tropics ,proving plate movement actually happened

Question 10

What is granite like ?
What areas does it form ?
What does it have crack ?
What kind of areas does granite create and why ?

Answer 10

Very resistant forming upland areas
has cracks that aren’t evenly spread
Parts of rocks that have more cracks ,wear down faster
Granite is impermeable-creates areas of waterlooged land and acidic soil

Question 11

How does slate form?
What are the characteristics of slate?
How is schist different
What areas does it form ,upland or lowland ?
What kind of areas do slate and schist create and why ?

Answer 11

Slate forms in layers,very resistant to weathering but splits into thin slabs
Schist is the same but has bigger crystals
form rugged upland areas
are impermeable creating waterlogged areas ,and areas with acidic rain

Question 12

What areas does chalk usually form in the uk,lowlands ?and coast ?
What kind of rock is chalk?
How are chalk and clay different ?

Answer 12

Hills (lowlands )Cliffs (coast )
Chalk is permeable ,water flows through it and emerges as a spring when it meets impermeable rock
Chalk is harder whilst clay is very soft
clay soft ,easily eroded ,forms flat valleys and is impermeable

Question 13

Carboniferous limestone
how is it created?
Where does most of weathering happen?
what kind of rock is limestone ?

Answer 13

rainwater eats away at limestone through carbonation weathering
Most of weathering happens at joints creating gorges and caverns
limestone is permeable

Question 14

How many glacial periods have there been ?
What was the uk covered in the glacaial period ?
What did this do ?
What else did the glacial period do ?

Answer 14

There have been lots of glacial periods during the last 2.6 million years.
Uk was covered in massive sheets of ice
Ice was able to erode the landscape ,carving out U shaped valleys in upland areas
Also deposited lots of material as they melted eg til

Question 15

What is weathering ?
What are the three types of weathering ?
What is erosion?
What constantly erodes the landscape ?

Answer 15

Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces ,can be mechanical ,biological,chemical
Erosion wears away rocks ,rivers and sea constantly erode the landcape

Question 16

What is meant by the post-glacial river processes ?
What did ice leave as it melted?
What is meant by slope processes ?
What are physical processes affected by ?

Answer 16

melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much bigger
,with more power to erode landscape .
Ice left distinctive landforms when it melted eg hanging valleys .
Including mass movements eg-rockfalls
Climate

Question 17

How have humans changed the landscape through agriculture?
How do OS maps show the influence of agriculture?

Answer 17

People cleared the land of forest for farming
arable-flat land with good soil is used for growing crops
sheep -harsher conditions
show field boundaries and drainage ditches(dug to make land dry enough for farming )

Question 18

What is foresty ?
What do os maps show?

Answer 18

management of areas of woodland (timber,recreation,conservation)
very little woodland left ,so they are being replanted
Os maps show foresty plantations and areas that are being managed

Question 19

Where are settlements developed?

Answer 19

Settlements develop were there is water supply ,where it can be easily defended and sheltered from the wind and rain.
settlements-land was concreted over roads and buildings which affected drainage patterns
some rivers were diverted through underground channels

Question 20

What is mechanical weathering?eg?
What happens when seawater gets in the rocks ?
what does it create ?

Answer 20

breakdown of rock without changing the chemical composition(salt weathering )
seawater gets in cracks in rocks, evaporates ,.
when it evaporates it creates salt crystals, which expand whilst forming putting pressure on the rock.
this repeated process widens crack causing rocks to break .

Question 21

What is chemical weathering ?
What is an example ?
What do seawater and rain water have ?
Carbonic acid reacts with rocks that contain ?

Answer 21

breakdown of rock by changing the chemical compostion.(carbonation weathering )
carbonation weathering happens in wet and warm conditions
seawater and rain water have co2 dissolved in them (they are weak carbonic acid )
carbonic acid reacts with rocks that contain calcium carbonate
rocks are dissloved by rainwater

Question 22

What is biological weathering?
What is an example?

Answer 22

breakdown of rocks by living things.
eg plant roots break down rocks by growing into cracks and pushing them apart?

Question 23

What is mass movement ?
When does this happen ?
What does mass movement cause ?
When is it most likely to happen ?
What are the three types of mass movements?

Answer 23

shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope
the force of gravity is stronger than the force supporting it .
mass movement causes the coast to retreat rapidly .
most likely to happen when material is full of water
slides(material shifts in a straight line ),slumps(shifts with a rotation ),rockfalls (material breaks up and falls down a slope )

Question 24

What is hydraulic power ?
What is abrasion ?
What is attrition ?

Answer 24

The force of waves crash against rock ,compressing air in the cracks .
eroded particles in water rub agaisnt rock ,removing small pieces
eroded particles in water smash into each otherbbreaking them down into smaller fragments

Question 25

What are discordant coastlines made up of?
What does this mean in terms of erosional landforms?
What are concordant coastlines ?

Answer 25

Discordant coastlines -made up of alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are at right angles to the coast
erosional landforms (bays, headlands)are more common on discordant because rocks are being eroded at different speeds.
Concordant coastlines -made up of alternating bands of soft and hard rock at that are parallel to the coast .Eroded at same rate so less erosional landforms

Question 26

What do mild temperatures increase?and why
What happens with strong winds ?
What happens with intense rainfall ?

Answer 26

warm temperatures increase rate of salt weathering because water evaporates more quickly
strong winds -destructive ,high energy waves increasing erosion of cliffs .
Intense rainfall -cause cliffs to become saturated increasing mass movement

Question 27

What are waves that carry out erosional processes called ?
three words to describe them ?
Why is a lot of material removed from the coast ?
What increases this ?

Answer 27

waves that carry out erosional processes are called destructive waves
high,steep ,high frequencies
The backwash is stronger than the swash ,removing material from the coast
storms increase this

Question 28

Waves erode cliffs to form wave-cut platforms
Where do waves cause the most erosion ?
What does this form?
What does repeated collapsing result in ?

Answer 28

waves cause most erosion at the foot of a cliff
this forms a wave-cut notch ,its enlarged as erosion continues .
the rock above the wave notch becomes unstable and collapses
collapsed material removes itself and wave cut notch starts to form again
repeated collapsing results in cliffs retreating
wave cut iut platform is left behind as cliffs retreated

Question 29

Where do they form ?
How are bays formed ?
How are headlands formed ?

Answer 29

Headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
less resistant rock erodes quickly forming a bay
resistant rock is left jutting out ,forming a headland

Question 30

What are headlands made of?
What erosion occurs ?

Answer 30

Headlands are made up of resistant rocks that have weaknesses like cracks .
waves crash into headlands and enlarge the crack (hydraulic power, attrition)
repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks cause caves to form .
continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through headland forming an arch
erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch until it eventually collapses forming a stack

Question 31

Transportation is the movement of material
what is the name of the process that transports material along a coast ?
What direction do waves follow?
Waves hit coast at what angle ?
swash carries material at what angle ?
backwash carries materials down at what angle?

Answer 31

material is transported along a coasts by a proccess called longshore drift
waves follow direction of prevailing wind
hit coast at oblique angles (not right angle )
swash carries material same direction as the waves
backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles

Question 32

What is deposition?
what causes this to happen ?
What is particular about constructive waves ?

Answer 32

deposition -material carried by seawater is dropped on the coast .happens when water carrying sediment isn’t fast enough so drops some sediment
constructive waves are waves swash is stronger than the backwash

Question 33

Human activity have direct and indirect effects
Direct vs indirect effects ?
What are the four key areas that have affected coastline areas ?

Answer 33

building coastal defenses will prevent erosion
indirect -building costal defenses will prevent erosion in one place but will increase erosion further along the coast
development,agriculture,industry,costal managment

Question 34

Gives two ways in which Agriculture can affect the coast ?

Answer 34

clearing vegetation from grazing land to make room for crops exposes soil and underlying rock leaving it vulnerable to weathering .
some marshalnd is used for agriclture however it gives protection from floods so it directly affects coast

Question 35

Gives two ways in which development effects coastline ?

Answer 35

Coasts with lots of settlements have more coastal defenses, Positive direct effect as its more affected.
indirect -Building on coast lowlands can restrict sediment supply making narrower beaches(don’t protects coast aswell)

Question 36

Give four ways human activity can affect the coast.

Answer 36

Agriculture ,development ,costal managment,industry

Question 37

Gives two ways industry affects the coast ?

Answer 37

Gravel has been extracted from beaches for use in the construction industry: removing material from the coast increasing risk of erosion
industrial growth increased pressure to build on salt marches (natural flood barries )

Question 38

How can coastal management affect the coast?

Answer 38

some management strategies alter sediment movements reducing protection and increasing erosion
some reduce erosion preventing the landscape from retreating

Question 39

Rising sea levels
How do rising sea levels affect the coast?

Answer 39

pose a threat to low-lying coastal areas.
higher tides flooding the coast more frequently
remove larger amounts of material from beaches.
-narrower beaches,retreating increased risk

Question 40

Storm frequency ?
Why is storms more frequent?
What do storms give?

Answer 40

storms are more frequent due to climate change
storms give the sea more erosional power (hard rock is more vunerbale ,soft rock will erode quicker )
Sea has more energy to transport material .
higher energy waves move more material for a greateer distnace leading some areas to be straved

Question 41

Give four threats of flooding to people.

Answer 41

low-lying areas could be permanently flooded
coastal industries could be shut
risk of damage to infrastructure
lack of tourism that countries may rely on income from

Question 42

Give two threats of coastal flooding to environment.

Answer 42

Ecosystems will be affected as seawater has high sea content of salt-killing organism, affecting soil fertility.
force of water can uproot trees and plants

Question 43

What is hard engineering ?

Answer 43

man-made structures built to control flow of sea (reducing flood ,and erosion )

Question 44

Soft enginnering ?

Answer 44

Schemes put in place considering the sea and its processes to reduce effects of flooding and erosions

Question 45

What is a sea wall ?
What are the advantages ?
What are the disadvantegs ?
What kind of engineering is it ?

Answer 45

A hard wall made to reflect waves back to the sea
prevents erosion and flooding
creates strong backwash eroding under the wall
very expensive to build and mantain
soft

Question 46

What are groynes ?
What do groynes do ?
What are the benefits ?
What are the negatives?

Answer 46

a wooden fences that are built at right angles to the coast
Trapping material transported by longshore drift.
benefits -create wider beaches slowing the waves
they are cheap.
Costs -starve beaches further on from sand making them narrower .

Question 47

What are beach replenishments?

Answer 47

sand from lower down or elsewhere are added to the upper part of the beaches .
Creates wider beaches slowing the waves
taking material from seabed can kill organisms .
`Its very expensive

Question 48

What does ICZM stand for

Answer 48

integrated coastal zone management-Its is an approach that aims to protect the coast whilst taking into considerations everyone’s interests
its long term