UK Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Urban core vs rural areas
Population density
Urban = high and staying high, over 200 ppl per kmsq
Rural = low 1-100 ppl per kmsq
Urban core vs rural areas
Age structure
Urban = young, single
rural = old, some single
Urban core vs rural areas
economic activites
Urban = retailing, shops, headquaters, offices, jobs, factories, libraries, museums, theatre
rural = farming fishing, forestry, mining, work from home, tourism, renewable energies
Urban core vs rural areas
Settlement
Urban = metropolis, conurbation, large town, mix of low and high buildings, expensive
rural = market towns, isolated farms, villages, low rise, cheaper
4 ways the UK and EU gov have tried to reduce the diff beween rural and urban areas
- Enterprise zones
- Investment in transport
- regional development
- EU grants - helps regions with gdp below 75%
How do enterprise zones reduce diff between urban and rural?
- places where gov offers companies help with start up costs
- reduced taxes
- superfast broadband
- to creat jobs in areas that dont have them
How does investment in transport reduce diff between urban and rural?
- vital for rural to connect with urban
- creates jobs
How does regional development reduce diff between urban and rural?
- Grants and advice to help business start up
- Cornall gets European regional development fund cuz its GDP is 75% of the European average. ERDF allows ppl to live in Cornwall and work
What has coal mining and iron/steel producted declined in North East England?
- foreign competition
- high land and labour costs
- exhaustion of coal seams
What is the new economy?
- Tertiary and quaternary economy
- increase in pop needs more tertiary jobs
One reason for growth in tertiary employment UK
- Pop growing, so more services needed like teachers
- low skills to find teritary jobs
- deindustrialisation/ decline in primary employment so increase in tertiary sectors
Whats globalisation?
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.
What are free trade policies?
- Allow countries to trade without incurring costs like import/export taxes
- When UK was in EU, it had a free trade policy
What is privitisation?
How has it increased FDI?
- change in ownership of services like buses from the public sector (from gov) to the private sector (shareholders)
- Increase FDI, as companies overseas wanna invest
- increased competition
- profits go to shareholders
What is FDI?
- businesses to another country
What are conurbations?
Have high pop densities, over 600 ppl per kmsq
Pop density
number of ppl living in an area measured in per km2
rural periphery
rural area outside of the main city
periphery
edge of smth
Challenges in rural areas
- isolation
- transport
- few jobs
- older pop
- lower incomes
- high transport costs
- out migration of younger ppl
push factors
- pollution
- crime rate
- low salary
- poor education
- war
- poverty
- drought
- no safety
- no jobs
pull factors
- jobs
- better place to start business
- peaceful/developed
- better weather
- lower crime
- scenic views
- healthcare
- more wealth
- fertile land
- lower risk of natrual hazards
- political stability
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brain drain
source country lose skilled worders leading to a shrinking economy
positives of migration
- immigrants make jobs
- take less desirable jobs
- diverse
- boost economy
- 20% of docs are immigrants
negatives of migration
- take jobs from british workers
- drain on nhs
- concered about migrants claiming benefits
- have to pay income taxes
- impact on schools
- lack of houses
- congestion
- brain drain
- pollution
- shortage of supplies
primary sector
production of food and crops, natrual resources eg farming
secondary sector
manufacturing eg factories
tertiary sector
services eg doctor
quaternary sector
jobs tech or research based eg computing
deindustrialisation
decline of a countrys traditional secondary manufacturing industry due to running out of raw materials
What has changed in Dinnington?
- Based on primary secotr
- coal mines shut down
- now tertiary jobs
What does the new economy refer to in urban areas?
refers to growth of highly skilled tertiary and quat. industries “knowledge economy”
What does the new economy refer to in rural areas?
growth of tertiary employmend like working from home, low skilled
examples of knowledge economy
- banking
- law
- it managements
- creative industries
- high skills and education needed
Globalisation
process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through trade and cultural exchange
site
physical location on earth characterisitcs eg flat, trees, river thames
siutation
settlement relative to its surroundings and other places
What shows the changing employment sectors over time?
clarke fisher model
Burgess model layers
- starts with central business district
- factories and industry
- working class housing
- middle class housing
- rural urban fringe
What is IMD
Index of Multiply Deprivation (most vital - least)
* income
* employment
* education, skills
* health deprivation + disability
* crime
* living environment
* barriers to housing and services
Why is there inequality?
- Old and poor housing quality - ppl living in cold damp
- decline of 2ndary industry - hgiher unemploymeny + olders struggling to get a job
- lack of qualifications
- pressure on services
newham vs richmond
Describe Newham
- 76.5 life expect.
- youngest structure in any borough in england
- hghest unemployment 8.6% in London
- highest ratio of pay inequality
- 44% receive tax credit
Describe richmond
- 81.2 yrs life exp
- 5th lowest pop density
- 71.44% white british
- high rents and property prices
- parks like kew gardens
Decline
economic decline refers to income and growth in area stopping/reversing
depopulation
decline of total pop
dereliction
areas of cities are abandones and unsafe
decentralisation
shift of shopping activity and amployment away fom cbd
Dereliction in Londons Past
- docks closed in 1981 due to containers needing deeper ports
- deindustrialisation
- high unemployment
- depopulation
counter urbanisation
move out of london to the bordering counties
suburbanisation
inner to outer london for bigger houses
Why has london grown?
- surbubanisaiton
- counter-urbanisation
- increasing divorce - more homes
- fam size has fallen
gentrification
exisiting ppl cant afford the area so wealthier ppl move in and change area
studentification
run down areas turned to areas where students can live
regeneration
long term upgrading of existing places
Studentification negatives + positives
positive
* average age decreases
* old housing improved
negative
* more antisocial behaviour
* local shops have to change to suit younger
* housing princes inflate due to younger renting more
Gentrification negatives + positives
Positives
* crime rate down
* transport networks improve
* more jobs for construction
* aesthetivally pleasing
* stratford shopping centre jobs
negatives
* unemployment for locals
* local businesses relocated
* contrusction scheme for olympics - disrupt ppl
stratford regeneration scheme
- reducing deprivation
- 8000 new homes
- cleaned canals
- westfield
rebranding
changing appearance of a place
probs with rebranding
- pop rising more than houses being built
- environmental quality - less green spaces for buildings
- economi challenge - expensive to live and rent, pushing old residents out
Cornwall challenges
- decline in primary sector - farm, fishing, mining
- overcrowding - internal migration of old
- primary industry declining due to outsourcing
- low wages
- employment is seasonal
- only 38% have a doctros surgery
- young ppl travel for education
Why is calc the median better than mean?
mean can be distorted by extreme values, doesnt fairly represen tpop
rural diversification
when farms and other rural businesses create other sources of income eg bed and breakfast or tourist attractions
