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UK Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Current population of the UK

A

Over 64 million

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2
Q

What causes the population to increase?

A

A combination of natural increase and migration

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3
Q

What is a political issue that divides opinion across the UK?

A

Immigration

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4
Q

What does immigration put pressure on?

A

The resources of the UK

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5
Q

What is the population of the UK predicted to be by 2035? What is it supposed to be by 2050?

A

70 million

85 million

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6
Q

What will an increasing population need? (6) What will this put strain on?

A 
Housing 
Education 
Employment 
Power 
Food 
Water 
Resources
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7
Q

What will there need to be a growth in for the UK to meet the needs of a growing population? (4)

A

Energy production
New housing
Schools
Hospitals

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8
Q

What may an increase in food production lead to an increase in?

A

Agribusiness in the UK or food imported in larger quantities

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9
Q

What could the expansion of agribusiness lead to a reduction of?

A

Habitats eg through destruction of hedgerows

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10
Q

Why are hedgerows destroyed?

A

To provide larger fields

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11
Q

What will the need for housing put more pressure on local and national governments to release?

A

Greenfield sites

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12
Q

What does the use of green belt land for housing destroy?

A

Open spaces

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13
Q

How does building on greenfield sites prevent drainage?

A

More impermeable surfaces preventing drainage and causing increased surface runoff and erosion

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14
Q

Where could new housing be built?

A

On floodplains

Greenfield and brownfield sites

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15
Q

What would housing being built on floodplains increase the likelihood of?

A

Flooding, causing more surface runoff

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16
Q

What will increased water demand put pressure on? What will this result in?

A

Local water systems through increased consumption and water treatment requirements

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17
Q

What could increase greenhouse gas emissions?

A

Increased use of fossil fuels

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18
Q

What do greenhouse gas emissions lead to?

A

Climate change

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19
Q

The use of what could help stop greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change?

A

Alternative, sustainable energy sources

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20
Q

What could be done to meet increased demand for energy in the UK?

A

Choosing alternative, sustainable energy sources

Increased energy conservation

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21
Q

What would allow more greenfield land to be used for farming and habitats?

A

Building at higher densities

Using brownfield sites for new home building instead of greenfield sites

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22
Q

What could reduce greenhouse emissions from increased energy demands?

A

Switching to alternative energy sources

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23
Q

What could reduce the risk and impact of flooding?

A

Managing river catchments

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24
Q

What will educating people on conservation of resources do?

A

Reduce energy demands in homes and businesses

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25
Q

How to boost domestic water sources

A

Find new water sources

Reduce wastage and leaks

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26
Q

What is responsible for a significant amount of the UK’s energy consumption? What in particular?

A

Transport

Fossil fuel

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27
Q

What is the consumption of fossil fuels a key contributor to? What causes health problems?

A

Global climate

Air pollution

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28
Q

What will encourage people to leave cars at home?

A

Improving public transport systems

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29
Q

Why will improving public transport help climate warming?

A

Buses, trams and trains use less fuel per head than private cars in most circumstances
Eg commuter trains are especially efficient in high density cities

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30
Q

What encourages people to not drive?

A

Creation of cycle routes and highways

Making public access to bicycles easier

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31
Q

What do car sharing schemes do?

A

Encourage commuters to share car journeys to reduce the number of cars on the road and the amount of fuel used
Reduces pollution

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32
Q

What are hybrid or electric cars examples of?

A

Reduced or zero emission vehicles

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33
Q

What do hybrid or electric cars reduce the impact of?

A

The vehicle on air quality

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34
Q

What is the congestion charge in London an example of?

A

A specific scheme used within the UK to make transport more sustainable

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35
Q

How many people die in London each year due to the effects of air pollution?

A

9500

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36
Q

What was introduced in London to reduce congestion and pollution?

A

Congestion charge

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37
Q

When was the London congestion charge introduced?

A

2003

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38
Q

% decrease of London traffic levels since the congestion charge has been introduced

A

10.2%

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39
Q

What has reduced in the congestion charge zone?

A

Greenhouse gas emissions

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40
Q

% decrease of pollutants that have had an adverse affect on air quality and health of Londoners since congestion charge

A

12%

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41
Q

In 2010, how many deaths were caused in London by air pollution?

A

9400

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42
Q

Two speed economy

A

Economic growth within the UK is not uniform across the whole country

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43
Q

Where is economic growth highest in the UK?

A

London

South east of England

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44
Q

Where is economic growth slower?

A

Northern parts of England and Scotland

Western areas of England and Wales

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45
Q

What are evidence of significant investment and growth in the south east?

A

Large construction projects in and around the capital eg the Shard
New transport systems such as the Crossrail

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46
Q

What is one effect of economic growth in London and the south east?

A

More and more people are moving or commuting long distances south from areas such as Yorkshire to work

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47
Q

What does people moving to the south east reduce?

A

The locally available workforce

Business investment in the north

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48
Q

Where are house prices rising fastest?

A

London

The south east

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49
Q

What are the current economic policies not helping regenerate?

A

The more northern and western parts of the UK

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50
Q

What are current solutions to improve the North and South focused on?

A

Transportation to improve mobility of people, goods and skills

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51
Q

What is the High Speed Rail 2?

A

A railway between London and northern cities

The construction will take place outside the capital and therefore generate most jobs away from London

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52
Q

What will investing in better transport to improve the movement of workers and freight across the north result in?

A

It being easier for new businesses to set up and move their goods

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53
Q

What will encourage travel and investment from abroad?

A

Improvements in connections to northern airports eg Manchester

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54
Q

What will ‘smart tickets’ make easier?

A

Transport links

More attractive for people to use

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55
Q

What is needed to cope with a rising population and provide for economic development?

A

New housing, industry and transportation links

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56
Q

What two sites could be built on?

A

Greenfield

Brownfield

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57
Q

Advantages of greenfield sites

A

Cheap
Faster house building
Layout not hampered by previous development so can easily be made efficient and pleasant
Healthier environment

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58
Q

Disadvantages of greenfield sites

A

Valuable farm or recreational land lost
Wildlife and habitats lost or disturbed, partly due to more noise and light pollution
Often far from work and services, generating more traffic
Encourages suburban sprawl

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59
Q

Brownfield sites advantages

A

Reduces loss of countryside and land that might be put to agricultural or recreational use
Helps revive old and disused urban areas
Services such as water, gas and sewage already in place
Located nearer to main areas of employment, commuting reduced

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60
Q

Brownfield sites

A

More expensive- old buildings must be cleared and land cleaned of pollutants
Surrounded by rundown areas so doesn’t always appeal to wealthy people as a residential location
Higher levels of pollution

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61
Q

When is HS2 expected to be fully completed? What will it’s total cost be?

A

2033

£43 billion

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62
Q

Net migration

A

The difference between the number of people entering a country and leaving a country

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63
Q

Why is the UK’s net migration currently positive?

A

More people permanently enter than leave

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64
Q

% of UK’s population that comes from net migration

A

50%

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65
Q

Why is the accuracy of migration statistics debatable?

A

Do not include everyone entering or leaving the country eg:
Travellers on holidays or business trips who are only in the UK temporarily
People entering the UK illegally and those without travel papers
People who have left but are not shown in the statistics

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66
Q

What are economic migrants?

A

People who move in search of better job opportunities

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67
Q

Reasons why people migrate

A

Jobs
Join family
Study
Retire

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68
Q

% of migrants to UK in 2014 who were fleeing war, persecution or disaster

A

4%

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69
Q

What age groups are most immigrants and emigrants in?

A

25-44

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70
Q

What does immigration offer businesses and the government?

A

An increase in workers who help the economy grow and pay taxes
Bring useful skills

71
Q

What is migration good for improving?

A

Multicultural aspects of society so we learn about different ideas and cultures

72
Q

What will migration balance in the longer term?

A

The UK’s ageing population

73
Q

What do some local governments feel migration puts pressure on?

A

Local services such as health, school places and housing

74
Q

Why are some policial parties against the idea of economic migrants coming to the UK?

A

They believe economic migrants can take jobs that would otherwise have gone to British workers or make use of the UK’s social benefits scheme

75
Q

What do almost all policial parties agree about refugees?

A

They should be allowed to move to the UK to find safety from conflict, persecution or natural disasters

76
Q

When were the first UK National Parks set up?

A

1951

77
Q

How many National Parks are there in the UK?

A

15

78
Q

Why were National Parks set up?

A

To protect areas of beautiful countryside, cultural heritage, wildlife and habitat

79
Q

What does each National Park Authority produce?

A

A five year National Park Management Plan

80
Q

What is the National Park Management Plan made in collaboration with?

A

Local landowners
Communities
Organisations

81
Q

Why was the National Park Management Plan made?

A

To help develop the parks sustainably

82
Q

Examples of strategies in the National Park Management Plan

A 
Conservation apprentices 
Change transport habits 
More sustainable energy sources 
Converting old farm buildings 
Funds to small businesses 
Training and environmental audits
83
Q

Why are conservation apprentices being created?

A

To encourage young people to continue living in the rural areas, maintaining traditional countryside management methods and addressing youth unemployment

84
Q

Why are people being encouraged to change their transport habits?

A

Reduce carbon dioxide emissions from tourists travelling to, in and form National Parks

85
Q

Why are old farm buildings being converted into new business premises?

A

Provide more employment in National Parks

86
Q

Why are funds being provided to small businesses in National Parks?

A

Create job stability and encourage further investment

87
Q

Conservation organisations that work with the National Park authorities

A

National Trust
English Heritage
RSPB
Woodland Trust

88
Q

How many UK properties are at risk from flooding today? What will this increase to?

A

330,000

Increase to between 630,000 and 1.2 million by 2080

89
Q

What will increase flood hazard from rivers and flash flooding?

A

Increasing population
Changes in land use
Climate change

90
Q

Why will an increasing population increase flood hazards?

A

More people are affected by flooding including in new developments built on flood plains

91
Q

Why will changes in land use increase flood hazards?

A

More impermeable surfaces increases surface runoff

92
Q

Why will climate change increase flood hazards?

A

More extreme rainfall events

93
Q

How is flood risk managed?

A

Controlling development in flood plains

Making impacts of flooding less serious

94
Q

How are floods made less likely?

A

Controlling development in flood plains, building flood defences (hard engineering) and managing rivers and land use (soft engineering)

95
Q

How are the impacts of flooding made less serious?

A

Helping people prepare for flooding and giving flood warnings

96
Q

When were the Somerset floods?

A

2013-14

97
Q

Why is Somerset prone to flooding?

A

Low lying

Crossed by several rivers

98
Q

How was flood risk reduced in Somerset?

A

The River Tone was diverted to a new embanked channel in the Middle Ages
More recently embankments have been built on the River Parrett and dredged to remove silt

99
Q

What caused the Somerset floods?

A

Very heavy rainfall throughout the winter of 2013-2014

100
Q

How many hectares of land were flooded in Somerset?

A

7000

101
Q

How many houses were flooded in Somerset? Where were they mainly?

A

Over 600

small rural settlements

102
Q

What did local people in Somerset complain about the flood defences?

A

Flood defences were not good enough and only protected nearby towns

103
Q

What did the local people in Somerset claim had made the rivers Parrett and Tone unable to contain the massive volumes of water?

A

Silt

104
Q

Why was the Environment Agency blamed?

A

For not dredging the rivers Parrett and Tone

105
Q

What did the Environment Agency blame?

A

Lack of funds

106
Q

Why were farmers blamed for the Somerset floods?

A

Poor land management that allowed rain to run off their land, eroding soil and clogging up drainage channels

107
Q

Hard engineering techniques to prevent flooding

A 
Dams and reservoirs 
Raise levees 
Dredge river beds 
Channelisation 
Concrete walls
108
Q

Soft engineering techniques to prevent flooding

A

Afforestation in the drainage basin
Land use zonation
Allow natural flooding

109
Q

After the Somerset floods, what was planned to happen?

A

Tidal barrier
Improvements to relief channels
More regular dredging
Permanent pumping stations to remove flood water

110
Q

Why will Somerset be at greater risk of coastal flooding in the future?

A

Sea level rise

111
Q

What can coastal flooding have a huge impact on?

A

Homes, businesses and farmland

112
Q

What is coastal flooding often the result of?

A

Storm surges

113
Q

What are storm surges?

A

When sea levels are significantly higher than normal

114
Q

What causes storm surges?

A

A combination of high tides, low atmospheric pressure and strong winds

115
Q

Why can coastal surges cause flooding?

A

They often overwhelm coastal defences, which are designed to prevent coastal erosion and not coastal flooding

116
Q

When were the storm surges in East England and Scotland?

A

December 2013

117
Q

What was done to prevent flooding from the storm surge?

A

The Thames Flood Barrier was raised in advance of the storm to protect the high value land in London
Temporary flood barriers were erected in areas such as Norfolk

118
Q

Why were people told to avoid contact with the flood water during the storm surges?

A

Possible contamination from farm chemicals and sewage

Possibility of rats moving into people’s homes after the floodwater had receded

119
Q

Due to flood protections in place, combined with prediction and warning systems, how many homes in England were protected from the storm surge?

A

800,000

120
Q

What can be used to make prevent flooding in coastal areas as well as coastal erosion?

A

Sea walls

121
Q

Disadvantages of a sea wall

A

Hard engineering, expensive

Need to be maintained

122
Q

Why is managed retreat sometimes better than a sea wall?

A

If sea levels rise and a sea wall broke, a significantly higher volume of water would flood onto the land, causing even more destruction

123
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

When low lying land is allowed to flood up to a newly built flood defence built on higher land

124
Q

What will managed retreat result in?

A

Salt marshes in the newly flooded areas

125
Q

What will salt marshes act as?

A

Natural defences and habitats for wildlife

126
Q

Where will managed retreat only work?

A

Areas of low quality farmland and low density population

127
Q

How many times has the Thames Flood Barrier been raised?

A

Over 175 times

128
Q

Why is the Thames Flood Barrier being used more frequently?

A

Climate change

129
Q

What do climate scientists use to work out the effects of rising temperature on the atmosphere and oceans?

A

Computer modelling

130
Q

What will change in the UK due to climate change?

A

Our temperate climate

131
Q

What do climate scientists also need to consider due to climate change?

A

Possible changes to greenhouse gas emissions

132
Q

What do greenhouse gas emissions depend on?

A

Factors such as population growth and development

Changes to energy use and technology

133
Q

Why do the computer models set out a range of possible future climates?

A

What will happen due to climate change is uncertain

134
Q

What is significant about significant volcanic eruptions in the 21st century?

A

Nobody knows if they will affect the climate

135
Q

How much have UK average temperatures increased by in the last 100 years?

A

1 degrees Celsius

136
Q

What season had the most temperature increase in the UK?

A

Summer more than winter

137
Q

By 2080, how much are winter temperatures likely to rise by in the UK?

A

2-4 degrees Celsius in different parts of the UK

Average range of 3-10 degrees Celsius

138
Q

By 2080, how much are summer temperatures likely to rise by in the UK?

A

3-5 degrees Celsius

Average range of 15-22 degrees Celsius

139
Q

What does computer modelling suggest about precipitation?

A

Winters will become wetter and summers drier

Extreme rainfall will be more frequent and intense

140
Q

How much wetter will the UK be in summer?

A

15-30%

141
Q

How much drier is the UK expected to be in summer?

A

15-30%

142
Q

What will changes to precipitation result in?

A

More extreme flash floods and river flooding

143
Q

What will rising sea levels increase the risk of?

A

Coastal flooding

144
Q

Why will flood hazard increase?

A

Increasing UK population

Pressure on land on flood plains for development eg housing

145
Q

How is the annual cost of flood damage supposed to rise?

A

From £2 billion to £12 billion by 2080

146
Q

What will increase the risk of drought?

A

Warmer and drier summers

147
Q

Why will warmer and drier summer increase the risk of drought?

A

Lower rainfall and increased evaporation

148
Q

What will lower rainfall and increased evaporation result in?

A

Less water in rivers, soil and groundwater

149
Q

What will less water in rivers, soil and groundwater lead to?

A

Water deficits and threats to water security for a growing population, agriculture and industry

150
Q

What areas of the UK will be particularly vulnerable to water security threats?

A

London and the South East

151
Q

Why will London and the South East be particularly vulnerable?

A

Drier areas

High population densities

152
Q

Why will there be pressure on the NHS?

A

More frequent summer heatwaves

153
Q

Why will more frequent heatwaves put pressure on the NHS?

A

People will suffer from the effects of high temperatures

154
Q

How will ecosystems be affected by climate change?

A

Many plants and animals will have to try to adapt while already under pressure from human activities
Some species many become extinct or migrate

155
Q

Where will some species migrate to?

A

Cooler areas

156
Q

What will some species experience competition from?

A

Non-native species moving to the UK

157
Q

What will drought cause in other parts of the world?

A

Reduced food supply and increased food prices

158
Q

Who may wish to migrate to Europe?

A

Climate change refugees

159
Q

What is it impossible to predict about climate change?

A

The changes that will occur

The specific impact it will have

160
Q

On a local scale, what changes can be made to reduce climate change?

A

Individuals and families can make changes to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and resource consumption

161
Q

What actions can be made on a local scale to address climate change? (5)

A

Walking or cycling to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
Locally produced food rather than imported
Recycling
Installing insulation and double glazing to reduce heat loss in the home so that heating systems don’t need to be used constantly
Installing solar panels to generate energy in the home

162
Q

On a national scale, what changes can be made to reduce climate change?

A

Governments can launch campaigns or legislation

163
Q

What will government campaigns or legislations encourage people to do? (3)

A

Recycle
Reduce resource consumption
Limit carbon emissions from industry and agriculture

164
Q

What do national governments face pressure to increase?

A

Economic growth

165
Q

What could an increase in economic growth involve?

A

Greater consumption of resources

166
Q

What does the pressure to increase economic growth make it difficult to do?

A

Strike a balance between the need for environmental concern and the need to encourage economic development among businesses

167
Q

Why do some cities in the UK use significantly more energy than others across the world?

A

A larger city will consume more energy resources and need more food and water supplies

168
Q

What does a city needing more food and water supplies and consuming more energy resources lead to an increase of?

A

Greater demand for energy and greater emissions of carbon dioxide

169
Q

How could governments try to address the issue of urban sprawl?

A

Legislation

170
Q

Why could legislation to address the issue of urban sprawl be very unpopular with voters?

A

It could be viewed as trying to stop businesses from developing

171
Q

What is vital on an international scale to combat global climate change?

A

Cooperation between different governments

172
Q

What problems do international plans to reduce climate change have? (2)

A

Balancing the need for economic development with the need for environmental conservation
Allow economies to grow without limitations on production of pollutants

173
Q

Why do governments need to have pollutants?

A

To increase industrial production

Geography (6 decks)

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