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Geography > Resource Management > Flashcards

Resource Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Resource

A

Any feature or part of the environment that can be useful to people

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2
Q

Natural resources

A

Those resources that occur in the air, water or on land

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3
Q

Examples of natural resources

A

Abiotic
Biotic
Non renewable
Renewable

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4
Q

Abiotic resources

A

Obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere

Eg minerals, soil, sunlight, precipitation and fresh water

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5
Q

Biotic resources

A

Obtained from biosphere
Capable of reproduction
Eg animals, birds, plants, fungi and other similar organisms

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6
Q

Non renewable resources

A

Those that cannot be remade because they would take millions of years to form
Eg coal, oil, uranium and natural gas

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7
Q

Renewable resources

A

Those that are potentially inexhaustible and can be naturally replenished in a much shorter timescale
Eg wind, solar and hydroelectric power

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8
Q

How much more natural resources are we extracting now compared to 30 years ago?

A

50%

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9
Q

Why are we extracting natural resources?

A

To obtain water, food and energy

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10
Q

Approximately how much raw materials are we extracting a year?

A

60 billion tonnes

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11
Q

What does the natural environment provide us with?

A

Life resources including cotton (clothing), energy (heat and electricity) and building materials (roads and houses)

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12
Q

Why are global consumption demands continuing to increase?

A

The rapid industrialisation of counties such as China and India

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13
Q

Why are life resources being exploited?

A

Global consumption demands increasing due to industrialisation
We need more water, food and energy

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14
Q

Where has the environment been exploited through deforestation?

A

Cameroon

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15
Q

Palm oil

A

A resource often labelled with the umbrella term ‘vegetable oil’ which is one of the primary ingredients used in foods such as chocolate, ice cream and pizza
Also used in non food products such as lipstick and soap

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16
Q

Why has palm oil grown in value?

A

Rising demand for food

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17
Q

% of Cameroon covered by rainforest

A

48%

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18
Q

% of rainforest cut down every year in Cameroon

A

1%

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19
Q

Why are trees cut down in Cameroon?

A

Timber and farming

Palm oil plantations

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20
Q

What does deforestation have an impact on in Cameroon?

A

Ancient forest- one of the earth’s biodiversity hotspots

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21
Q

How many species of plant and mammals live in Cameroon?

A

8000 plant species

250 species of mammal including chimpanzees, gorillas, forest elephants and leopards

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22
Q

What does deforestation result in?

A

Soil erosion, particularly in tropical climates where rainfall falls on cleared land

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23
Q

In Cote d’Ivoie, how many tonnes of soil did each hectare of land lose a year? What did this increase to due to farmland and bare soil?

A

0.03 tonnes
Increased to 90 tonnes per hectare from farmland
Increased to 138 tonnes a year from bare soil

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24
Q

How many tonnes of soil per hectare does Madagascar lose due to soil erosion?

A

400 per year

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25
Q

Why does soil erosion cost developing and emerging counties billions of dollars a year?

A

Direct and indirect damaged through loss of valuable soil, the pollution of water supplies and impact on infrastructure and fishing

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26
Q

What % can careful management reduce soil loss by?

A

95%

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27
Q

What is soil erosion a big problem for without careful management?

A

Future food security

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28
Q

Where is oil extracted?

A

Ecuador

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29
Q

What is the Amazon rainforest considered to be?

A

One of the most diverse places in the world

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30
Q

What is the Amazon rainforest home to?

A

1 in 10 of the Earth’s known species

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31
Q

How many acres does the Amazon rainforest cover?

A

Over 1.4 billion- one half of the planet’s remaining tropical forests

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32
Q

When was oil discovered in the northern region of the Ecuadorian Amazon?

A

During the 1960s

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33
Q

What was the northern region of the Ecuadorian Amazon known as?

A

The Oriente (the East)

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34
Q

What is the Oriente home to?

A

Indigenous tribes who live traditional lifestyles

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35
Q

What do the forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon provide the indigenous tribes with?

A

Physical and cultural subsistence base for their daily survival

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36
Q

What poses a threat to the environment and people in the Ecuadorian Amazon?

A

Operations involved in extracting oil

37
Q

What has oil extraction caused?

A

Pipelines cracking
Waste pits filled with crude oil waste
Toxic sludge overflowing- flows into the rivers of the Oriente, causing widespread pollution. Results in serious damage to local ecosystems and to the natural resources on which local people rely, particularly water for drinking, cooking, bathing and fishing
Risks health and long term survival

38
Q

Where is overfishing common?

A

The North Sea

39
Q

What do millions of people rely on fish for?

A

A source of protein

A form of employment

40
Q

What was believed about the seas and oceans for many years?

A

They could provide a limitless supply of food to feed a growing world population

41
Q

In the last 50 years, what have unsustainable fishing practices resulted in?

A

Critical fish population levels- more being caught than replaced through natural reproduction

42
Q

What has decades of overfishing in the North Sea led to a severe decline of?

A

Cod numbers

43
Q

How have cod catches risen and fallen?

A

300,000 tonnes in 1970s
Fell to 20,000 tonnes in 2006
Recovering to 70,000 tonnes in 2015

44
Q

Where are some rare valuable minerals found?

A

Areas on volcanic activity

45
Q

Examples of rare valuable minerals

A

Gold

Diamonds

46
Q

What impact can the existence of rare valuable minerals have on a country’s economy?

A

Significant influence

47
Q

What minerals are far more common?

A

Eg iron

China, Brazil, India, Russia and Australia are key producers

48
Q

Where are fossil fuels found?

A

Areas made of rocks formed by deposition (sedimentary rocks)

49
Q

Where are the main oil reserves found?

A

The Middle East

Countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran are estimated to have reserves of more than 100 billion barrels

50
Q

Where is natural gas found?

A

Russia

51
Q

What does the biosphere create?

A

Important resources for people, particularly through agriculture and forestry

52
Q

Why do some regions have forests or are suitable for farming?

A

Variations in climate and soil quality
High productivity near the equator due to high precipitation and sun
Lower at the poles and tropics due to very low precipitation and deserts

53
Q

% of Earth made up of farmland

A

40%

54
Q

% of Earth covered by forests

A

30%

55
Q

% of forests that have already been exploited for timber and to create farmland

A

80%

56
Q

What has the geological history of the UK shaped?

A

The distribution of minerals and fossil fuels

57
Q

What resources helped fuel the industrial revolution in the UK?

A

Iron and coal

Far less mined today

58
Q

What is important in the North Sea?

A

Oil and gas but they are declining sources of energy

59
Q

What was the UK once covered by?

A

Broadleaved and coniferous forest

60
Q

% of UK that is woodland

A

12%

61
Q

How much of the UK is ancient forest?

A

1/3

62
Q

Where are some of the largest UK areas of remaining ancient forest?

A

Part of the Caledonian Forest in Scotland

63
Q

% of UK that is farmland

A

75%

64
Q

Where is more pasture for grazing animals in the UK?

A

The wetter and higher land of the north and west

65
Q

Where is UK arable farming?

A

Drier south east

One of the most productive areas is East Anglia

66
Q

What is grown in fertile soils in East Anglia (arable farming)?

A

Potatoes
Cereals
Vegetables
Helped by warm summers and flat land

67
Q

Where are water resources plentiful in the UK?

A

North and west

Annual rainfall higher and population density lower

68
Q

Where are water resources generally lower in the UK?

A

South east
Population density high
Rainfall low

69
Q

What can cause serious water stress in the UK?

A

Combination of high population density and low levels of precipitation in the south east
Supply not able to meet demand

70
Q

Why has the UK implemented a number of strategies?

A

To find new water sources
Reduce leaks
Manage demand for water

71
Q

What is one possible solution in the UK to manage uneven water supply?

A

Redistribute the uneven supply and demand through water transfer schemes
Eg the Ely Ouse transfer scheme in East Anglia, but these are too expensive to put in place for the UK as a whole

72
Q

What are essential for human life?

A

Food
Energy
Water

73
Q

How many times more natural resources are those in developed countries consuming compared to developing countries?

A

10 times

74
Q

How many kg of resources does someone living in North America consume each day on average?

A

90kg

75
Q

How many kg of resources does someone in Africa consume on average per day?

A

10kg

76
Q

What have increased the rates of global resource consumption?

A

Rapid growth in the world’s population

Increased economic development and standards of living

77
Q

Countries where rates of global resource consumption has increased

A

China
India
Brazil

78
Q

What is the global distribution of energy influenced by?

A

A number of key factors
Location of fossil fuel reserves
Ability to harness renewable energy resources

79
Q

Where are coal and oil reserves located?

A

Places such as the Middle East where government instability can mean supply of energy is not always straightforward

80
Q

What will global energy increase by in the next 35 years?

A

56%

81
Q

What is one of the leading contributors to increasing global energy consumption?

A

Asia

82
Q

What will increase as standards of living increase?

A

The economic development of China and India

83
Q

What has Asia’s energy consumption risen to?

A

5545 mtoe in 2014 from 2931 mtoe in 2000

84
Q

What is leading to undernourishment and undernutrition?

A

Average food consumption of less than 2000 calories

85
Q

Why does everyone in the world not get fed despite there being enough food?

A

Greed
Uneven distribution
Poorer countries’ inability to grow sufficient food

86
Q

What is the amount of fresh water available globally limited to?

A

3% of the earth’s water (2% of this is locked in ice caps and glaciers)

87
Q

What makes the global supply of water continuous l?

A

The hydrological cycle

Replenishes the world’s rivers, lakes and aquifers

88
Q

Why is there uneven distribution of water?

A

Amount of rainfall places receive

The rate at which water is lost through evaporation and transpiration

89
Q

Why does evaporation and transpiration rate result in the uneven distribution of water?

A

Many places have a rough balance between the two
Some places eg rainforests and mountainous areas receive more than they lose resulting in a water surplus
Others such as North Africa receive little rainfall and have high rates of evaporation and transpiration resulting in a water deficit

Geography (6 decks)

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