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Anatomy: Upper Extremity > UE Bones > Flashcards

UE Bones Flashcards

1
Q

“Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle” - name the bones! In what direction does this pneumonic list them?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hammate; listed laterally to medially (thumb toward pinky)

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2
Q

In the hand, the base of the metacarpal is [proximal/distal] to the head of the same metacarpal.

A

PROXIMAL

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3
Q

Digits 2-5 consist of four bones. What are they (list from proximal to distal)?

A

Metacarpal, proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx (plural = phalanges)

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4
Q

In the anatomical position, the radius is [medial/lateral] to the ulna.

A

Radius is LATERAL to the ulna

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5
Q

The head of the radius articulates with the ulna at ____.

A

The radial notch of the ulna

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6
Q

The ulna articulates with the humerus at the ____ of the ulna and the ____ of the humerus.

A

Trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the TROCHLEA on the humerus

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7
Q

The _____ is the only articulation between the trunk/axial skeleton and upper limb.

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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8
Q

What structures are involved in the sternal clavicular joint?

A

Clavicular notch of the manubrium, sternal (medial) end of clavicle, and cartilage of 1st rib

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9
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint? How many degrees of freedom does it allow?

A

Modified saddle (synovial joint), divided into 2 separate cavities by a disk (lateral and medial joint spaces). 3 DEGREES OF FREEDOM.

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10
Q

What ligaments are involved in the sternoclavicular joint? Specify what structures they connect/where they run.

A

INTERCLAVICULAR LIGAMENT (between clavicles, along top of manubrium); ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR STERNOCLAVICULAR LIGAMENTS (from sternum to medial end of clavicle, both on anterior and posterior sides); COSTOCLAVICULAR LIGAMENT (1st rib to inferior/undersurface of clavicle)

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11
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint? What does it connect?

A

Plane synovial joint. Between lateral end of clavicle and acromion process

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12
Q

What ligaments are involved in the acromioclavicular joint? Specify where they are/what they do.

A

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR LIGAMENT (thickening of fibrous joint capsule), sometimes has a DISK (usually worn down in older adults and looks like a ring)

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13
Q

The coracoclavicular joint is a ____ [type of joint] and is considered part of the ____ joint.

A

Coracoclavicular = FIBROUS joint, part of ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint

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14
Q

The coracoclavicular joint runs between the _____ and _____. It is supported by the ____ and ____ ligaments. These ligaments act to do two things: ___ and ____.

A

Lateral clavicle and coracoid process. Supported by the TRAPEZOID and CONOID (deeper on coracoid process) ligaments. Action: hold clavicle down and limit depression of the scapula

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15
Q

You’re a hockey player and you side-check the glass like an idiot. This drastic, violent depression of the scapula downward results in the tearing of some ligaments and is referred to as a _____ _____. What did you likely tear?

A

Shoulder separation. Likely tore acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) and coracoclavicular ligaments.

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16
Q

The team doctor told you this injury is classified as a 1st degree A-C separation. What does that involve?

A

1st degree AC separation - some tearing of fibers, no hypermobility

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17
Q

HA! The doctor lied. Now he thinks you have a 2nd degree A-C separation. What’s that?

A

2nd degree AC separation = some tearing of fibers, some hypermobility

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18
Q

Even with your 2nd degree shoulder separation, you decide to go back in and keep playing. You hit the wall again. Idiot. Now you may have a 3rd or 4th degree shoulder separation. How bad is it, doc??

A

3rd degree - total joint disruption with complete tear of coracoclavicular ligaments (end of clavicle is elevated)

4th degree - pivot and tear at sternal end too.

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19
Q

How many degrees of motion does the sternoclavicular joint have? The acromioclavicular joint? What are the movements of the clavicle?

A

BOTH the SC and AC joints have 3 degrees of motion: the clavicle rotates upward/downward, elevates/depresses, and protracts/retracts.

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20
Q

The clavicle and scapula move [together/separately] via movement at both the sternal clavicular joints and sternal costal joints.

A

Clavicle and scapula move TOGETHER b/c of movement at the sternal clavicular and sternal costal joints.

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21
Q

The coracoacromial ligament acts to limit movement. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE: the coracoacromial ligament does NOT limit movement, but rather bridges two bony processes on the scapula.

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22
Q

The coracoacromial ligament is a [strong/weak] ligament that attaches the _____ to the ___.

A

STRONG ligament that attaches the lateral coracoid to edge of acromion

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23
Q

The ______ sits beneath the coracoacromial ligament and above the supraspinatus tendon. It creates a roof under which the supraspinatus tendon has to pass, so it limits _____ when the arm is in _____ rotation.

A

Subacromial bursa sits beneath the coracoacromial ligament and above the supraspinatus tendon. Bursa limits ABDUCTION when shoulder is in INTERNAL rotation

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24
Q

The glenohumeral joint describes the connection between the ____ and the _____. This joint is deepened by the ____.

A

Glenohumeral joint = head of humerus and glenoid fossa. Glenoid fossa is deepened by the glenoid labrum.

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25
Q

The glenohumeral joint is a ____ type of joint and allows ___ degrees of freedom.

A

Ball and socket (synovial), allows 3 degrees of freedom

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26
Q

The GH joint capsule is ____, fairly [thin/thick] and [tight/lax], especially in the [inferior/posterior/superior/anterior] aspect. It is designed for ____, not ____.

A

GH joint capsule is FIBROUS, fairly THIN and LAX, especially in the INFERIOR aspect (to allow for stretch and full OH movement). It’s designed for MOBILITY, not STABILITY (as compared to the hip).

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27
Q

The GH joint capsule attaches to the ___ beyond the glenoid labrum to the roof of the ____ and to to the ____ around the anatomical neck.

A

Attaches from scapula beyond glenoid labrum to root of coracoid process and to the humerus around the anatomical neck

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28
Q

The GH joint capsule contains the origin of the ____ head of the biceps.

A

LONG head of biceps originates in GH joint capsule

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29
Q

Thickenings of the GH capsule include the _____ and _____ ligaments.

A

Coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligaments (2 or 3)

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30
Q

The coracohumeral ligament runs from the ___ to the ____ and prevents ____.

A

Runs from the coracoid to the greater tubercle of the humerus and prevents downward displacement of the humerus.

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31
Q

The glenohumeral ligaments are best described as ____ and are best seen from what angle of the joint?

A

GH ligaments consist of 2-3 ligaments described as thickenings of the anterior capsule. They’re best seen from the INTERIOR of the joint.

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32
Q

The long head of the biceps originates on the ___. It runs within the GH joint cavity surrounded by ___ and leaves the joint capsule surrounded by ___. The tendon of the biceps blends with the ____ as the tendon comes into the joint.

A

Originates on supraglenoid tubercle. Surrounded by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE while running through joint cavity, and leaves joint capsule surrounded by SYNOVIAL SHEATH. Biceps tendon blends with the LABRUM as the tendon comes into the joint.

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33
Q

The tendon of the long head of the biceps is held in the bicipital groove by the ______ ligament. This helps to ____.

A

Tendon held in bicipital groove by TRANSVERSE HUMERAL LIGAMENT. This helps to strengthen the joint.

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34
Q

A forceful biceps contraction can tear the ____ in the GH joint. Why?

A

Forceful biceps contraction can tear the LABRUM of the GH joint because the biceps tendon blends with the labrum as it comes into the joint and a forceful contraction (e.g. pro pitchers use biceps to rapidly decelerate forearm at end of movement) can transfer force and tear the labrum.

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35
Q

What is a labrum?

A

Labrum = fibrocartilage on the edge of the glenoid that acts as a gasket/meniscus and helps to deepen the glenoid slightly.

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36
Q

What is the primary function of the rotator cuff?

A

To stabilize/support the GH joint.

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37
Q

Rotator cuff is made up of the tendons of 4 muscles: ___, ___, ___, and ___. These tendons blend with the ____ and add stability to the shoulder joint.

A

Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, and subscapularis (SITS). Tendons blend with the fibrous capsule to add stability to joint.

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38
Q

Two bursas in the GH joint are ___ and ____ bursas. These can become problematic and require clinical attention if they become inflamed (AKA _____)

A

Subacromial and subdeltoid bursas. Inflammation of bursas = bursitis

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39
Q

The most common direction for a shoulder (GH joint) dislocation is to move _____. There is a risk of tearing a nerve when this happens. The most commonly affected nerve to be stretched would be the _____, followed by the _____ nerve.

A

Anterior-inferior (front bottom) dislocation (known as a Bankart Lesion). May stretch the axillary; second most stretched is musculocutaneous n.

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40
Q

Borders of the cubital fossa are…

A

Brachioradialis, pronator teres, and imaginary line along epicondyles. It is an inverted triangular space anterior to the elbow joint.

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41
Q

The cubital fossa contains 3 things: __, __, and __. Does anything pass superficially to it?

A

Think TAN from lateral to medial: Tendon of biceps brachii, Brachial artery (passes just medial to tendon), and median Nerve (just medial to artery). The median cubital vein (connects basilic vein and cephalic vein) runs superficial to the cubital fossa (blood draws).

42
Q

Chart the path of the Radial Nerve (C_-__): (1) From ___ cord of brachial plexus, (2) runs through the ____ with the ____ artery, (3) Runs in the ____ in the posterior compartment, (4) innervates muscles of the [anterior/posterior] compartment and forearm [flexors/extensors]. (5) Found in distal [lateral/medial] arm between these two muscles: ___ and ___. (6) Divides into ___ and ___ branches in the forearm.

A

C5-T1. (1) from POSTERIOR cord, (2) through TRIANGULAR INTERVAL with PROFUNDA BRACHII A., (3) SPIRAL (RADIAL) GROOVE in posterior compartment. (4) innervates POSTERIOR compartment and forearm EXTENSORS. (5) Found in distal LATERAL arm between BRACHIALIS and BRACHIORADIALIS. (6) divides into DEEP and SUPERFICIAL branches in forearm.

43
Q

Chart the path of the Radial Nerve. (No help this time!)

A

(1) From POSTERIOR cord of brachial plexus, (2) runs through the TRIANGULAR INTERVAL with the PROFUNDA BRACHII artery, (3) Runs in the SPRIAL(RADIAL) GROOVE in the posterior compartment, (4) innervates muscles of the POSTERIOR compartment and forearm EXTENSORS. (5) Found in distal LATERAL arm between BRACHIALIS AND BRACHIORADIALIS. (6) Divides into SUPERIFICAL and DEEP branches in the forearm.

44
Q

Path of Musculocutaneous Nerve (C_, _, _). (1) Terminal branch from ___ cord of brachial plexus. (2) Pierces ____. (3) Runs in ___ compartment just ___ to biceps. (4) Innervates muscles of ___ compartment. (5) Terminates as the _____.

A

C5,6,7. (1) Terminal branch from LATERAL cord of brachial plexus. (2) Pierces CORACOBRACHIALIS. (3) Runs in ANTERIOR compartment just DEEP to biceps. (4) Innervates muscles of ANTERIOR compartment. (5) Terminates as the LATERAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF THE FOREARM.

45
Q

Path of Musculocutaneous Nerve (No help this time!)

A

(1) Terminal branch from LATERAL cord of brachial plexus. (2) Pierces CORACOBRACHIALIS. (3) Runs in ANTERIOR compartment just DEEP to biceps. (4) Innervates muscles of ANTERIOR compartment. (5) Terminates as the LATERAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF THE FOREARM.

46
Q

Path of Median Nerve (C_-__) (1) Formed from roots of __ and __ cords. (2) Runs in __ aspect of __ compartment in arm, just __ to deep fascia. (3) It innervates __ in the arm. (4) Continues to forearm. (5a) Innervates most muscles of __ forearm, some muscles of __, and skin in ____ & __. (5b) Runs a little ___ to the brachial artery.

A

C6-T1. (1) Formed from roots of LATERAL and MEDIAL cords. (2) Runs in MEDIAL aspect of ANTERIOR compartment in arm, just DEEP to deep fascia. (3) It innervates NOTHING in the arm. (NO INNERVATION IN ARM!) (4) Continues to forearm. (5a) Innervates most muscles of FLEXOR forearm, some muscles of HAND, and skin in HAND AND FINGERS. (5b) Runs a little SUPERIOR to the brachial artery.

47
Q

Path of Median Nerve (no help this time!)

A

C6-T1. (1) Formed from roots of LATERAL and MEDIAL cords. (2) Runs in MEDIAL aspect of ANTERIOR compartment in arm, just DEEP to deep fascia. (3) It innervates NOTHING in the arm. (NO INNERVATION IN ARM!) (4) Continues to forearm. (5a) Innervates most muscles of FLEXOR forearm, some muscles of HAND, and skin in HAND AND FINGERS. (5b) Runs a little SUPERIOR to the brachial artery.

48
Q

Path of Ulnar Nerve (C_, __) (1) From __ cord. (2) Runs in arm in __ compartment just deep to ___. (3) It innervates __ in the arm. (4) Passes __ to the medial epicondyle and continues in forearm. (5a) Innervates ___ (#) muscles in forearm, and most muscles in ___, some skin in __ and __. (5b) Runs a little __ to brachial artery.

A

C8, T1. (1) From MEDIAL cord. (2) Runs in arm in POSTERIOR compartment just deep to DEEP FASCIA. (3) It innervates NOTHING in the arm. (4) Passes POSTERIOR to the medial epicondyle and continues in forearm. (5a) Innervates 1.5 (#) muscles in forearm, and most muscles in HAND, some skin in HAND and FINGERS. (5b) Runs a little INFERIOR to brachial artery.

49
Q

Path of Ulnar Nerve (no help this time!)

A

C8, T1. (1) From MEDIAL cord. (2) Runs in arm in POSTERIOR compartment just deep to DEEP FASCIA. (3) It innervates NOTHING in the arm. (4) Passes POSTERIOR to the medial epicondyle and continues in forearm. (5a) Innervates 1.5 (#) muscles in forearm, and most muscles in HAND, some skin in HAND and FINGERS. (5b) Runs a little INFERIOR to brachial artery.

50
Q

Axillary Artery changes its name to the ___ artery at lower border of ____.

A

Axial -> BRACHIAL artery at lower border of TERES MAJOR MUSCLE

51
Q

The Brachial artery runs in the ___ compartment of the arm. It gives off the ____ artery. The brachial artery ends by bifurcating into ___ and ___ arteries in the forearm.

A

Brachial runs in ANTERIOR compartment. It gives off the PRUFUNDA BRACHII ARTERY. The Brachial artery ends by bifurcating into the RADIAL ARTERY (laterally) and ULNAR ARTERY (medially) in forearm

52
Q

The profunda brachii artery runs in the ___ with the ___ nerve. It is a branch off of the ____ artery.

A

Profunda brachii a. –> runs in SPRIAL groove with RADIAL NERVE. It is a branch of the BRACHIAL ARTERY.

53
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve pierces the ___ muscle in the arm and then runs between ___ and ____ with ____ laying on top of the nerve.

A

Pierces CORACOBRACHIALIS, then runs between coracobrachialis and brachialis with biceps laying on top of nerve.

54
Q

What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Profunda Brachii A.

55
Q

What runs in the spiral groove of the humerus?

A

Radial N., Profunda Brachii A.

56
Q

Phrenic Nerve (roots)

A

C3, 4, 5

57
Q

Dorsal Scapular N. (roots)

A

C4, 5

58
Q

Nerve to Subclavius (roots)

A

(C5, 6)

59
Q

Suprascapular N. (roots)

A

C5, 6

60
Q

Lateral Pectoral N. (roots)

A

C5, 6, 7

61
Q

Upper Subscapular N. (roots)

A

C5

62
Q

Thoracodorsal N. (roots)

A

C6, 7, 8

63
Q

Lower Subscapular N. (roots)

A

C6

64
Q

Long Thoracic N. (roots)

A

C5, 6, 7

65
Q

Medial Pectoral N. (roots)

A

C8, T1

66
Q

Medial Brachial Cutaneous N. (roots)

A

C8, T1

67
Q

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous N. (roots)

A

C8, T1

68
Q

Supraclavicular N. (roots)

A

C3, 4

69
Q

Upper Lateral Cutaneous N. of the Arm (roots)

A

C5

70
Q

Musculocutaneous N. (roots)

A

C5, 6, 7

71
Q

Radial N. (roots)

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

72
Q

Axillary N. (roots)

A

C5, 6

73
Q

Median N. (roots)

A

C6, 7, 8, T1

74
Q

Ulnar N. (roots)

A

C8, T1 (and often C7)

75
Q

What is Dupuytren’s Contracture?

A

Shortening of the connective tissue of the palmar aponeurosis, usually affecting digits 4 & 5

76
Q

MCP joints are what type of synovial joint? How many degrees of freedom?

A

Condyloid; 2 degrees of freedom

77
Q

What is the palmar ligament at the MCP joint?

A

Palmar ligament = thickening of joint capsule on palmar surface of EACH MCP joint; fused to the synovial sheath of flexor tendons (FDP, FDS) on the palmar side of the MCP joint. Does not cross from one MCP to the next!

78
Q

Where does the deep transverse metacarpal ligament run?

A

Runs BETWEEN the metacarpals and attaches to the palmar ligaments as well as the heads of the metacarpals. It serves to hold fingers together

79
Q

What do the collateral ligaments do at the MCP joints?

A

They run on medial and lateral sides of MCP (both sides of joint), they get taut on flexion (makes sense because MCPs must be in extension to ab and adduct!)

80
Q

What strengthens the MCP joints dorsally?

A

The extensor hoods

81
Q

What ligaments are found at IP joints? Describe the supporting structures ventrally, dorsally, and laterally/medially

A
  1. palmar ligaments (to support ventrally)
  2. collateral ligaments (to support laterally and medially)
  3. Strengthened dorsally by extensor hood/retinaculum
82
Q

The elbow joint is a compound synovial joint with a COMMON ARTICULAR CAPSULE for 3 different joints: ___, ___, and ___

A

Humeroulnar joint, Humeroradial joint, and Proximal Radioulnar joint

83
Q

The Humeroulnar joint runs between ___ and ___. It allows for ____ [movement] of the elbow. What kind of joint is this considered?

A

Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna. Allows for only elbow flexion/extension (HINGE joint, 1 deg. freedom)

84
Q

The Humeroradial joint runs between the ____ and ____. It allows for ____ [movement] at the elbow. What kind of joint is this considered?

A

Between capitulum of humerus and head of radius (top of head at capitulum to flex/rotate). Allows for flexion/extension, AND supination/pronation. Modified PIVOT joint (2 deg. freedom)

85
Q

The Proximal Radioulnar joint runs between the ___ and ___. It allows for ___ [movement] at the elbow.

A

Between head of radius (the side of the head) and the radial notch of the ulna. Allows for supination and pronation.

86
Q

Distally, the ____ also allows for pronation and supination of the forearm. It [shares a/has a separate] joint cavity from the radiocarpal joint.

A

The ulnar notch on the radius: distal radioulnar joint It has a SEPARATE joint cavity from the radiocarpal joint.

87
Q

The annular ligament of the elbow _____ [where is it?] and attaches to ____.

A

Surrounds head of radius (wraps around 4/5th of it and holds it in place). Attaches to the ulna on both sides on the edges of the radial notch

88
Q

The radial collateral ligament is ___ shaped and runs from the ____ to ____. It limits ____.

A

Y shaped, runs from lateral epicondyle to annular ligament and ulna (blends with annular ligament). Limits ADDUCTION (varus.)

89
Q

The ulnar collateral ligament is AKA _____. It is ____ shaped and runs from the ____ to the ____. It limits ____.

A

AKA medial collateral ligament. Triangular shaped. Runs from Medial epicondyle, to medial coronoid process, to olecranon process. The oblique band goes from the olecranon to the coranoid. Limits ABDUCTION (Valgus)

90
Q

The middle radioulnar joint is a ___ joint and consists of the _____ between the ____.

A

Fibrous joint, interosseous membrane between radius and ulna.

91
Q

The articular disc, known as the _____ separates the distal radialulnar joint from the radiocarpal joint. This disc creates one continuous surface across the radius and disk for ____ movements.

A

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). Continuous surface for flexion/extension movements

92
Q

Radiocarpal joint: the radius and articular disc articulate with which respective carpal bones? It has a [shared/separate] joint cavity. It is supported by ____ ligaments.

A

Radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate; the disc articulates with the triquetrum and pisaform. SEPARATE joint cavity. Supported by radial collateral and ulnar collateral ligaments.

93
Q

Name the articulations between the carpal bones and the metacarpals.

A

1st metacarpal: tripezium. 2nd: Trapezoid. 3rd: Capitate. 4th: Hamate. 5th: Hamate

94
Q

The blood supply for the central compartment of the hand consists of 2 arches: __ and ___.

A

Superficial Palmar Arch and Deep Palmar Arch

95
Q

The Superficial Palmar Arch is a continuation of the ___ a.

A

ULNAR artery

96
Q

The Deep Palmar Arch is primarily derived from the ____ a.

A

RADIAL artery

97
Q

The superficial palmar arch has ___ (#) palmar common digital arteries, and __(#) proper palmar digital artery. Where does this one proper palmar digital artery go? Each palmar common digital artery then splits into __ (#) proper digital arteries.

A

Superficial palmar arch: 3 palmar common digital arteries, 1 proper palmar digital artery (goes to ulnar side of 5th digit). Each palmar common digital artery splits into 2 proper digital arteries.

98
Q

The superficial palmar arch runs at the level of the ____.

A

Bottom of the thenar web

99
Q

The superficial palmar arch frequently ____ with the radial artery.

A

ANASTOMOSES (i.e. connects with)

100
Q

Why do the vessels and nerves in the fingers run to the sides of the fingers rather than down the centers?

A

Allows you to grip without compromising blood supply or nervous innervation!

101
Q

The deep palmar arch is found at the level of the ___.

A

Carpometacarpal joint (near the base of the metacarpals)

102
Q

The deep palmar arch is primarily derived from the ___ a. This happens after that artery pierces which muscle?

A

Radial artery; arch is formed after radial a. pierces between the 2 heads of the 1st interosseous muscle

Anatomy: Upper Extremity (4 decks)

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