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Anatomy: Upper Extremity > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the skin is…

A

(1) Protection, (2) Waterproof (hydroregulation), (3) Temperature Regulation [radiation/perspiration or constriction of vessels], (4) Secretion [sweat, sebum/oil], (5) Selective Absorption, (6) Sensory Reception

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2
Q

Integumentary System consists of…

A

Skin, glands, hair, nails, associated blood vessels, associated nerves

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3
Q

Skin layers are…

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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4
Q

Cell type in the epidermis

A

4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Thick skin consists of ____ layers of epidermis; thin has ____ layers.

A

Thick = 5 layers of epidermis; thin = 4 layers of epidermis.

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6
Q

Stratum Basale is also known as stratum ______

A

Stratum Basale = Stratum Germinativum

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7
Q

The stratum basale (germinativum) is a single layer of _____ cells resting on ______ membrane

A

Stratum germinativum = single layer of cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane.

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8
Q

Stratum germinativum cells are constantly dividing via meiosis or mitosis?

A

Stratum germinativum cells divide constantly via mitosis.

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9
Q

Superficial 3-4 layers of epidermis consist of cells that gradually do 3 things…

A

(1) gradually dehydrate, (2) die, (3) become keritinized (inclusion of keratin as cells die; filled with keratin). Top layer sloughs off with friction. Top layer varies a lot in thickness.

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10
Q

3 cell types in the epidermis

A

(1) Keratinocytes, (2) Melanocytes, (3) Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells)

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11
Q

Keratinocytes represent ___% of epidermal cells, are found in ____ layers of epidermis, and produce ______.

A

Keratinocytes: 90% of epidermal cells (most numerous); found in ALL layers of epidermis, and produce keratin

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12
Q

Melanocytes represent ____ % of epidermal cells. These cells are found in the ______, and they produce _____.

A

Melanocytes: ~8% of epidermal cells; found in stratum basale; produce melanin.

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13
Q

People with different skin colors differ in the (A) number of melanocytes or (B) the level of activity of melanocytes?

A

(B) The # of melanocytes does NOT vary across people of different skin colors; only the level of ACTIVITY of melanocytes differs

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14
Q

Heat is lost through the skin via…

A

Radiation and/or perspiration

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15
Q

Heat is conserved in the body by…

A

Constriction of blood vessels

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16
Q

Tactile Cells are also referred to as…

A

Merkel Cells

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17
Q

Tactile cells are found in the _____.

A

Stratum basale

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18
Q

For the most part, the epidermis is with or without sensation?

A

The epidermis is mostly WITHOUT sensation.

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19
Q

The dermis is the _____ layer of the integument and consists of _____, ______ connective tissue.

A

Dermis = middle layer of integument. Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue.

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20
Q

The dermis contains…

A

Dermis contains many blood vessels; contains nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, and dermal papillae (projections of dermal tissue into the epidermis)

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21
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Projections of dermal tissue into the epidermis

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22
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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23
Q

The Papillary layer of the dermis is the most ____ layer, has papillae, and is the layer that creates the ____.

A

Papillary layer - most superficial layer of dermis, has papillae, and creates the fingerprint (epidermis follows the papillary layer indentations)

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24
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis is ____ to the papillary layer, contains A, B, and C, and is [thinner/thicker] in thick skin.

A

Reticular layer - deep to the papillary layer, contains (A) sweat glands, (B) sebaceous glands, (C) hair follicles, and is THICKER in thick skin.

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25
Q

Other structures found in the dermis include…

A

Blood vessels (arterioles and venules), lymphatics, sensory receptors, and nerve fibers (sympathetic and somatic sensory)

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26
Q

Epidermal derivatives (developmentally) include…

A

Hair, nails, and exocrine glands (sebaceous and sweat glands)

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27
Q

Hair consists of three parts:

A

Bulb, root, and shaft

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28
Q

The function of hair is:

A

Protection

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29
Q

The arrector pili muscle is associated with the ____ of hair and is innervated by a _____ neuron

A

Arrector pili: associated with the ROOT of hair and has SYMPATHETIC innervation

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30
Q

Exocrine glands are found in the ______.

A

Dermis

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31
Q

Two types of exocrine glands are:

A

Sebaceous (oil glands) and sweat glands

32
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands are associated with _______, secrete ______, and functions in _____ and _____.

A

Sebaceous glands: associated with hair follicles, secrete sebum (oil), and functions in lubrication and waterproofing.

33
Q

Sweat glands are innervated by the _____ nervous system.

A

Sweat glands = Sympathetic

34
Q

The hypodermis is the ____ layer of the integument and is also known as the _____.

A

Deepest layer, AKA epimysium. This is a subcutaneous layer.

35
Q

The hypodermis consists of ______ tissue and _____ tissue.

A

Hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

36
Q

The deep fascia consists of _____ connective tissue covering _____. It is also known as the _____.

A

Deep fascia = dense connective tissue covering muscles; AKA epimysium

37
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Lymphatic system drains, filters, and recirculates extracellular fluid.

38
Q

Tiny lymph vessels are found ______ and collect ______.

A

Throughout the body & collect extracellular fluid.

39
Q

As lymph fluid is drained into the thorax, it passes through ______ which contain _____, immune cells that monitor to see if there are any _____ in the lymph fluid.

A

Lymph fluid passes through LYMPH NODES which contain LYMPHATOCYTES that monitor for antigens in lymph fluid. They mount an immune response and send antibodies if they find antigens

40
Q

Lymph fluid is recycled in _____.

A

Venous blood

41
Q

Partial thickness burn results in loss of ____.

A

Epidermis and/or portion of dermis

42
Q

Full thickness burn results in loss of ____.

A

Total disruption of epidermis and dermis - may involve deeper structures to bone

43
Q

First degree burns affect ____. Burn site is _____.

A

Epidermis. Burn site is red, painful, NO blisters. E.g. mild sunburn. Long term tissue damage may be skin coloration (darker or lighter)

44
Q

Second degree burns affect ____. Burn site is ___.

A

Epidermis and part of dermal layer. Red, blistered, swollen, painful.

45
Q

Third degree burns affect ____.

A

Epidermis, dermis, and potentially deeper (may damage underlying, bones, muscles, or tendons).

46
Q

Third degree burn sites appear ______. There is ______ sensation in the area because ____.

A

Appear white and charred. There is NO sensation in the area because nerve endings have been destroyed.

47
Q

Tendons connect ___ to ___.

A

Muscle to bone.

48
Q

Most tendons are _____ in shape, but some are flat and broad, known as _____.

A

Most tendons are thick and round, but some are flat and broad = aponeurosis.

49
Q

Ligaments connect ____ to ____. Their function is to _____.

A

Bone to bone. Function: support/add stability to the joint.

50
Q

Two types of fascia are considered connective tissue: ___ and ___. Other fascia are found around _____.

A

Superficial and deep fascia are connective tissues. Other fascia are found around neurovascular bundles.

51
Q

If you cut your finger and you do NOT bleed, what layer(s) of skin did you cut? Why aren’t you bleeding?

A

Cut only epidermis - it is AVASCULAR. Blood that gets to living cells (i.e. stratum germanitivum) gets there via effusion.

52
Q

Is the epidermis innervated? If so, which layers?

A

Yes - basal layer has some receptors and nervous innervation, but other layers do NOT.

53
Q

Is the dermis innervated?

A

YES

54
Q

If you cut your finger and you have pain AND blood, what layer(s) of skin did you cut?

A

Epidermis AND dermis. Epidermis is AVASCULAR, so you must have cut into the vascularized dermis. Epidermis has some innervation, but the dermis is HIGHLY innervated - a cut there would definitely induce pain.

55
Q

____, ____, and ____ originate in the dermis and pass through the epidermis.

A

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair

56
Q

A dermatome is _____.

A

Dermatome = area of skin innervated by a single spinal cord segment.

57
Q

A myotome is _____.

A

Myotome = a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single spinal cord segment. Note: Fibers do not have to be from the same muscle!

58
Q

Muscles, bones, and dermis develop from ____.

A

Somites

59
Q

Somites form from ______ on the _____ surface of the embryo.

A

Somites form from MESODERM on the DORSUM of the embryo.

60
Q

By week 5 of development, there are ___-___ pairs of somites.

A

42-44 pairs of somite pairs by week 5

61
Q

List the 5th week of development somite pairs.

A

4 occipital; 8 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral; 8-10 coccygeal (5-7 of these disappear)

62
Q

By beginning of week 4, cells of somite most ____ and ____ migrate _____ (direction) to develop into _______.

A

Cells of somite most VENTRAL and MEDIAL migrate MEDIALLY to develop into VERTEBRAE (sclerotome)

63
Q

Remainder of somite (after differentiation into vertebrae) differentiates into ______ and _______.

A

Dermatome (forms dermis) and myotome (forms muscle).

64
Q

Each somite develops into ____, ____, and ____.

A

Bone, muscle, and part of skin (ie. dermis).

65
Q

Limb muscles begin to develop around week ___ and appear near the ____ of the limb bud.

A

Week seven, appear near base of limb bud.

66
Q

Limb muscles are derived from ____.

A

Myotome

67
Q

Cells from the ____ and _____ migrate into the limb bud in a ____ fashion.

A

Myotome and dermatome cells migrate into limb bud in a segmental fashion.

68
Q

Each myotome is innervated by ____ spinal segment(s).

A

Myotome innervated by a SINGLE spinal segment.

69
Q

As limb bud lengthens, myotomes divide into ___ and ____ groups. They loose their segmentation and fuse, so individual muscles in the limb are derived from _____ somite(s).

A

Myotomes divide into FLEXOR and EXTENSOR groups. Segmentations are lost as the myotomes fuse, so individual muscles are derived from MORE THAN ONE somite.

70
Q

The biceps are comprised of myotomal fibers from ____ and ____.

A

Biceps = myotomal fibers from C5 & C6.

71
Q

Muscle fibers derived from the SAME myotome function to produce [the same/opposing] muscle action(s).

A

Same myotome = tend to produce SAME action (e.g. C5, C6 elbow flexion)

72
Q

Each ______ is associated with the same spinal nerve and innervate the same patch of ____.

A

Dermatome; innervate same patch of SKIN

73
Q

Dermatomes that migrate into the limb bud eventually lose their physical skin-connection with the axial portion as the limb bud lengthens, but they retain their ______.

A

Segmental innervation

74
Q

Dermatomal pattern of ____ and myotomal pattern of _____ can indicate spinal cord or nerve root pathology.

A

Dermatomal = sensory loss, myotomal = weakness

75
Q

Embryo develops with three layers: ___, ___, and ____.

A

Ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inner)

Anatomy: Upper Extremity (4 decks)

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