UE 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Absorbs molecules and minerals that would pass through your wall
A
Absorption
2
Q
Enzyme that aids in starch ( white organic compound from green plants)
A
Amylase
3
Q
The mixture when the food being associated with saliva
food becomes a semi fluid mass/paste
S E M
A
Chyme
4
Q
Occurs after your g i would do the absorption and reabsorption process
We need to evacuate excess by-product
A
Elimination
5
Q
Three phases of elimination
A
Urination
Perspiration and
elimination
6
Q
Patient being inserted with tube inside the mouth to know what’s happening in the stomach lining
A
Fibroscopy
7
Q
HCL normal value
A
1.5-2.0
8
Q
Parietal cell with not do HCL
Manifestations:
1. Presence of gas/flatulence
2. Bloated
3. Constipation (limited motility, hypoactive bowel sounds, high fiber and fluids)
A
Hypocholorohydria
9
Q
Hypochlorohydria
Nursing interventions:
A
- Give HCl supplement (to stimulate parietal cell)
- betadine hydrochloroxide - Vitamins essential for digestion
-Zinc
-calcium
-vit B complex (B12 cobalamin)
10
Q
process of absorbing nutrients or food into the body by eating or drinking
A
Ingestion
11
Q
Gastric secretion (needs cobalamin) for reabsorption of nutrients
A
Intrinsic factor
12
Q
Enzyme for fat
A
Lipase
13
Q
Enzyme for protein (sodium bicarbonate
Found in your pancreas
A
Pepsin
14
Q
Enzyme found in small intestine
villi: cats amino acid/ peptide to be absorbed by the body
A
Trypsin
15
Q
GI Tract length
A
23-26 ft long
16
Q
2 process of digestion in mouth
A
Mechanical: mastication
Chemical: saliva
Oral cavity
17
Q
Carry food to esophagus
A
Pharynx
18
Q
Carry food to stomach
prevents reflux of gastric contents
do passive diffusion
A
Esophagus
19
Q
Secretes bile
purify blood thus accommodate new nutrients inside the body
A
Liver
20
Q
Storage of your food chemical digestion is happening
A
Stomach
21
Q
Stores bile
bile release in small intestine
A
Gallbladder
22
Q
Absorb water
A
Large intestine
23
Q
Create pancreatic juices
A
Pancreas
24
Q
Has 3 sisters: D J I
help in further digestion of nutrients
A
Small intestine
Important: Ileum because it’s absorbs vitamins minerals fats and proteins
25
8 inches chamber
receives stool going into colon send signal to the brain (cerebrum) to eliminate
Rectum
26
Passageway of stool going out to the body
Anus
27
Functions of GI
-chewing and swallowing
- gastric function
- digestive enzyme
28
I. Food is being broken down into pieces ( process of chemical)
II. 1.5 liters of saliva is secreted daily (parotid gland)
III. Ptyalin - enzyme that begins digestion of starches ( first digestion of starch)
IV. 2 lubricants that facilitate swallowing ( water and mucus)
Chewing and swallowing
29
Voluntary
Medulla oblongata
Swallowing
30
Also an enzyme for amylase
Saliva
31
I. Stomach
II. HCl - 2.4 L/day ang ma produce
III. Pepsin
IV. Intrinsic Factor - Cobalamin
V. Peristaltic Contraction - ipropel niya imong gikaon sa stomach
- it would take 30 minutes to propel the residual going into your stomach to the pylorus
Gastric function
32
A storage or a site where gastric and hcl acid is associated with food
Stomach
33
What are the digestive enzymes
Ptyalin
Amylase
Sucrase
Lactase
All of them are responsible for carbohydrates
34
Enzymes responsible for protein breakdown
Pepsin
Trypsin
Aminopeptidase
HCl
35
Enzyme for fats
Steapsin
Pancreatic Lipase
Bile
36
Major gastrointestinal regulatory substance
-acetylcholine
-norepinephrine
-gastrin
-cholecystokinin
- secretin
-histamine
37
Stimulate production of gastric juices
has and effect in secretion
Acetylcholine
38
Inhibitory (pangpaubos)
I-slow down niya tanan so that all the gastric juice will be at a minimum amount
Norepinephrine
39
For stomach distension with food
Bisag unsa ka daghan food ma accomodate gihapon sa tiyan
Iyang i-increase ang gastric level
Gastrin
40
Fats in your duodenum
breakdown of fats to doudenum to prevent cholecystitis
releases bile to break down fat
Cholecystokinin
41
pH in your chyme
Secretin
42
Appendix is responsible for this hormone
responsible for preventing allergic reactions to GI
Histamine
43
Small Intestine Function
Segmentation Contraction
Intestinal Contraction
44
Produces mixing waves that moves the intestinal contents back and forth in a churning motion
iyang ipaubos ang food
prevent food reflux
Segmentation contraction
45
Propels the contents of the small intestine towards the colon
Padung na elimination
Chyme would stay for 3-6 hours sa small intestine
Reabsorption of minerals and nutrients (ileum)
Intestinal Contraction
46
I. 4 hours after eating - waste and residua would pass into ileum (in the ileum there is a persitaltic wave- one responsible for reabsorption of fats)
II. Major bacteria
III. Effiecient reaborption
Colon Function
47
Colon Function:
Found in large intestine
Helps in the development of parietal cell
Aids in breakdown of waste (scavengers)
II. Major Bacteria
48
Colon Function:
villi is not enough for reabsorption
III. Efficient reabsorption
49
Colon Function: III. Efficient Reabsorption
2 components (B&M)
1. electrolyte solution (bicarbonate)
2. Mucus
50
Neutralize acidity inside the stomach
Electrolyte solution
Neutralizer: bicarbonate
51
Provides adherence for fecal masses
Mucus
52
Gerontologic considerations
Age-related changes
Low GI motility
Malabsorption
Incontinence
53
Assessment
1. Ask for (abdominal) pain
-common: ulcer
-sharp, dull, aching
-Location aha ang pain (quadrants)
2. Is the patient experiencing dyspepsia
3. Elimination Pattern (pila ka days malibang)
4. Has any previous surgery
5. Changes in bowel and bladder movement
6. Culture and Consideration sa Pt.
weight and abdominal girth
54
Indigestion
Common Manifestation:
-Bloating
-Pyrosis (heartburn)
-Fullness
Assess: ask if pt. ate any fatty foods
Causes: fatty foods and stress
Dyspepsia
55
Sensation of sickness
Ask/Assess:
Unsay gikaon
Recall of foods past 24 hours
Tramadol - titrate
Nausea and Vomiting
56
Ask:
Nikaon ba ug gaseous food (eg. chewing gum), foods high in fiber (eg. cabbage) or roughage foods
Intestinal Gas
57
NDCF
No Dark Colored Foods
-iron, red meat, chocolate, has coloring (eg. coke)
58
Stool Characteristics
1. Bulky, foamy and greasy
2. Light-Gray
3. Mucoid
4. Small, dry rock-hard masses
5. Loose, watery
59
Stool characteristics
Bulky, foamy and greasy
sign of infection
60
Stool characteristics
Light-gray and Mucoid
Bowel disease/disorder
61
Stool characteristics
Small, dry rock hard masses
Constipation
62
Stool characteristics
Loose, watery
Diarrhea
63
Assessment sequence
I A PE PA
auscultation: 5-35 clicks
64
a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract. These conditions can include infection (such as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor nutrient absorption, or cancer.
Stool Examination
65
is a lab test used to check stool samples for hidden (occult) blood. Occult blood in the stool may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum — though not all cancers or polyps bleed.
-if suspected of GI bleeding; to determine MELENA
Fecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT)
66
Nursing consideration of FOBT
1. 1 week before test, avoid fresh fruits and vegetables, red meat
2. Do not drink iron and Vit C
3. White meat is okay
67
A distinct green color (no blue), appearing on or at the edge of the smear within 60 seconds after adding Hemoccult developer should be interpreted as negative for occult blood. A blue or blue-green color should be interpreted as positive for occult blood
Hemoccult II
68
Pus of blood in the upper abdomen, INSIDE
Melena
69
Fresh blood present in stool, OUTSIDE
Hematochezia
70
-Evaluate Carbohydrate absorption
-Evaluate the number of bacteria present in intestine
Hydrogen Breath Test
71
if naay kidney problem, physician will basically order this test
fremitus breath
Urea Breath Test
72
-High frequency soundwave
-Provide information for direct treatment
-Internal body structure only
Ultrasonography
73
To see what's happening inside the stomach
Endoscopic Ultrasonography
74
Barium Swallow
Fluoroscopic Exam
Multiple Xrays
Enteroclysis
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Study
75
Assess if allergic to iodine and shellfish
Assess kidney function (kung maka ihi ba)
-Give visualization in any areas of obstruction
-See polyps/tumor
-After 1 hour of drinking barium, will do multiple xrays
Barium Swallowing
76
up to 1L of radio isotope ipa inom sa patient
NC:
NPO
Colon Cleansing (laxatives)
Drink lots of fluids aron ma eliminate ang dye
Enteroclysis
77
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Study
15-30 mins during x-ray images are obtained
1. Double and water contrast agent
2. CT Scan
3. MRI
4. Endoscopy
5. Colonoscopy
6. Sigmoidoscopy
78
15-30 mins during x-ray images or obtained
4 plates
Anterior
Posterior
Side-lateral (left and right)
79
Double and water contrast agent
-give laxative (dolculax)
Preparation:
1. Cleansing bowel
2. NPO
3. Increase oral intake
4. Assess the bowel function
80
-Cross Sectional
-Pwede ra mogamit ug contrast dye
-surrounding system
-painless
CT Scan
81
-Most powerful among the 3
-Evaluates blood vessel, presence of polyps and any obstruction
-Uses radio waves
Preparation:
1. Ask if claustrophobic
2. Loud sounds are normal
3. Never contract an MRI if there are any metal/plates worn
MRI
82
Position in Endoscopy
Left lateral position
83
To evaluate GI as well as tissue for cytology
NC:
-8 hours before: NPO post-midnight
-Give atropine sulfate (anticholinergic) - moubos ang salivary secretion ug gastric motility
-usually runs 30 mins
WOF:
Frequent swallowing
Return of gag reflex (if naa pa, i-NPO pa)
30 mins before naka anesthesia, lidocaine spray usually gina hatag
Endoscopy
84
-Sa lobot i-agi
-If perforated ang lobot, i-agi nalang sa large intestine
-Position: left lateral knee chest position
Preparation:
Colon cleansing (laxative) 8 hours before
Lavage - labhan ang large intestine, usually sa pt. na NPO
WOF:
Nausea
Bloating
Cramps
Abdominal fullness
Colonoscopy
