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Addiction Counselor Training > UDA: Chapter 2: Neurochemistry and Physiology of Addiction > Flashcards

UDA: Chapter 2: Neurochemistry and Physiology of Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs that absorb oxygen or drugs into the blood

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2
Q

IV drug use

A

Injecting a drug into a vein

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3
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Tissues lining the nose, gums, cheeks, where drugs can be absorbed

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4
Q

Insufflation

A

Snorting a drug through the nose to be absorbed by mucous membranes

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5
Q

Sublingual use

A

Putting a drug under the tongue so it will be absorbed by mucous membranes

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels lining the intestinal walls and mucous membranes that can absorb drugs

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7
Q

Contact absorption

A

Drug absorption through the skin

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8
Q

Drug distribution

A

The process of getting a drug from its site of absorption to the rest of the body

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9
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

A barrier in the brain that allows only certain substances to penetrate

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10
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord that contains 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion connections

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

A network of nerve cells that connect the central nervous system with its internal and external environments. It is divided into the autonomic and somatic systems.

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous that controls involuntary internal functions such as circulation

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory information to the skin, muscles, and joints.

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14
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

A theory that looks at physiological changes in the brain as survival adaptations

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15
Q

Old brain

A

Part of the brain in all animals that experiences basic emotions and craving and imprints survival memories

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16
Q

New brain

A

The neocortex or outer brain that allows us to speak, reason, create, and remember.

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17
Q

Reward/control pathway

A

Part of the old brain that encourages a human being to remember and repeat an action that promotes survival.

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18
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway

A

Another name for the reward/reinforcement center.

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19
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Part of the reward reinforcement center that is a powerful reinforcer.

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20
Q

Satiation center

A

The part of the brain that tells us when we are satisfied.

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21
Q

Imprinting

A

The neural process of writing an emotional memory of euphoria or pain relief on the brain.

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22
Q

On/off switches

A

Parts of the brain that trigger craving and stop craving.

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23
Q

Satiation point

A

The level of satisfaction that stops craving.

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24
Q

Nerve cells (neurons)

A

Building blocks of the nervous system, each containing four essential parts: dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and terminals.

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25
Q

Synaptic gap

A

The space between the terminal of one cell and the adjoining cell.

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26
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Microscopic bits of messenger chemicals that transmit messages from one cell to another.

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27
Q

Vesicles

A

Storage sacs in nerve cells that hold neurotransmitters.

28
Q

Endorphins/enkephalins

A

Pain control neurotransmitters developed inside the body.

29
Q

Norepinephrine/epinephrine

A

Neurotransmitters that provide energy for the body.

30
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that stimulates the reward/reinforcement center.

31
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that helps control mood stability including depression and anxiety.

32
Q

GABA

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in 25-40% of all synapses in the brain.

33
Q

Anandamide

A

A neurotransmitter that has an affinity for receptor sites that accommodates the THC in marijuana.

34
Q

Receptor

A

A cellular mechanism on a nerve cell that is designed to receive a compatible neurotransmitter.

35
Q

Reuptake ports

A

Mechanisms on the tips of neurons that reabsorb neurotransmitters.

36
Q

Agonists

A

Psychoactive drugs that mimic or facilitate the effects of neurotransmitters.

37
Q

Antagonists

A

Psychoactive drugs that block neurotransmitters.

38
Q

Tolerance

A

The adaptation of the body to accommodate larger and larger abominates of a drug.

39
Q

Tissue dependence

A

Biological changes in the body due to prolonged use of drugs.

40
Q

Psychological dependence

A

The formation of thoughts and emotions that create a mental dependence on a drug.

41
Q

Withdrawal

A

The body’s attempt to rebalance itself after cessation of prolonged use of a psychoactive drug.

42
Q

Metabolism

A

The body’s mechanism for processing, using, and inactivating a drug or food in the body.

43
Q

Excretion

A

The process of eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body.

44
Q

Liver

A

The key metabolic organ that breaks down and processes the chemical structure of drugs.

45
Q

Kidneys

A

The key excretory organs that filter waste from the blood into the urine.

46
Q

Abstinence

A

Avoiding any use of a psychoactive drug.

47
Q

Experimentation

A

Occasional use of a drug to satisfy curiosity only limited negative consequences.

48
Q

Social/recreational

A

A level of drug use where the person seeks and uses a known drug but there is no established pattern.

49
Q

Habituation

A

A definite pattern of drug use with few negative consequences.

50
Q

Drug abuse

A

The continued use of a drug despite negative consequences.

51
Q

Addiction

A

Loss of control over drug use and continued use despite negative consequences.

52
Q

Substance-related disorders

A

A category of mental illnesses that includes substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders.

53
Q

Substance use disorders

A

Patterns of drug use especially substance dependence and substance abuse.

54
Q

Substance-induced disorders

A

Conditions caused by use of specific drugs: intoxication, withdrawal, and certain mental disorders.

55
Q

Addictive disease model

A

This medical model maintains that addiction is most influenced by heredity.

56
Q

Behavior/environmental model

A

The model says that environmental factors can change brain chemistry.

57
Q

Academic model

A

In this model, addiction occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical level.

58
Q

Diathesis-stress theory of addiction

A

This theory says the genetic and environmental predisposition to substance abuse aggravated by drug use can cause addiction.

59
Q

Heredity

A

The process whereby physical and behavioral traits are passed by genes from one generation to another.

60
Q

Twin studies

A

The use of identical twins raised in the same or in different environments to study the influence of heredity on addiction.

61
Q

DRD2A1, Allele gene

A

The first gene discovered that signals a tendency to alcoholism (and other addictions)

62
Q

Environmental influences

A

Factors that foster addiction including abuse, stress, family relationships, and peer pressure.

63
Q

SPECT scan

A

Single photon emission computerized tomography scan.

64
Q

PET scan

A

Positron emission tomography scan.

65
Q

CAT scan

A

Computerized axial tomography x-ray scan.

66
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging scan.

Addiction Counselor Training (4 decks)

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